Brain functions large brain frontal lobe. Symptoms of damage to various lobes of the brain

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal deep central sulcus Sulcus centralis.

It starts on the medial surface of the hemisphere, passes to its upper lateral surface, goes along it a little obliquely, from back to front, and usually does not reach the lateral sulcus of the brain.

Approximately parallel to the central sulcus precentral sulcus,sulcus precentralis, but it does not reach the upper edge of the hemisphere. The precentral sulcus borders the precentral gyrus anteriorly gyrus precentralis.

Upper and lower frontal furrows, sulci frontales superior et inferior, are directed from the precentral sulcus forward.

They divide the frontal lobe into the superior frontal gyrus, gyrus frontalis superior, which is located above the superior frontal sulcus and extends to the medial surface of the hemisphere; middle frontal gyrus, gyrus frontalis medius, which is limited by the upper and lower frontal furrows. The orbital segment of this gyrus passes to the lower surface of the frontal lobe. In the anterior sections of the middle frontal gyrus, the upper and lower parts are distinguished. inferior frontal gyrus, gyrus frontalis inferior, lies between the lower frontal sulcus and the lateral sulcus of the brain and the branches of the lateral sulcus of the brain is divided into a number of parts.

Lateral groove, sulcus lateralis, is one of the deepest furrows of the brain. It separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal. The lateral groove lies on the upper lateral surface of each hemisphere and goes from top to bottom and anteriorly.

In the depths of this furrow is a depression - lateral fossa of the brain, fossa lateralis cerebri, whose bottom is the outer surface of the island.
Small furrows, called branches, depart upward from the lateral furrow. The most constant of these are the ascending branch, ramus ascendens, and the anterior branch, ramus anterior; the upper posterior part of the furrow is called the posterior branch, ramus posterior.

inferior frontal gyrus, within which the ascending and anterior branches pass, is divided by these branches into three parts: the posterior - the covering part, pars opercularis, bounded in front by the ascending branch; middle - triangular part, pars triangularis, lying between the ascending and anterior branches, and the anterior - the orbital part, pars orbitalis, located between the horizontal branch and the inferolateral edge of the frontal lobe.

parietal lobe lies posterior to the central sulcus, which separates it from the frontal lobe. The parietal lobe is delimited from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus of the brain, and from the occipital lobe by a part of the parietal-occipital sulcus, sulcus parietooccipitalis.

Runs parallel to the precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus, gyrus postcentralis bounded posteriorly by the postcentral sulcus, sulcus postcentralis.

From it posteriorly, almost parallel to the longitudinal fissure of the large brain, goes intraparietal sulcus, sulcus intraparietalis, dividing the posterior superior parts of the parietal lobe into two gyrus: superior parietal lobule, lobulus parietalis superior, lying above the intraparietal sulcus, and lower parietal lobule, lobulus parietalis inferior located down from the intraparietal sulcus.

In the lower parietal lobule, two relatively small convolutions are distinguished: supramarginal gyrus, gyrus supramarginalis, lying anteriorly and closing the posterior sections of the lateral groove, and located posterior to the previous angular gyrus, gyrus angularis, which closes the superior temporal sulcus.

Between the ascending branch and the posterior branch of the lateral sulcus of the brain is a section of the cortex, designated as fronto-parietal tire, operculum frontoparietale. It includes the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus, the lower sections of the precentral and postcentral gyri, and the lower section of the anterior part of the parietal lobe.

Occipital lobe on the convex surface, it has no boundaries separating it from the parietal and temporal lobes, with the exception of the upper part of the parietal-occipital sulcus, which is located on the medial surface of the hemisphere and separates the occipital lobe from the parietal. All three surfaces occipital lobe: convex lateral, flat medial And concave lower, located on the cerebellum, have a number of furrows and convolutions.

Furrows and convolutions of the convex lateral surface of the occipital lobe are unstable and often uneven in both hemispheres.

The largest of the furrows- transverse occipital sulcus, sulcus occipitalis transversus. Sometimes it is a continuation of the posterior intraparietal sulcus and in the posterior section passes into a non-permanent semilunar sulcus, sulcus lunatus.

Approximately 5 cm anterior to the pole of the occipital lobe on the lower edge of the upper lateral surface of the hemisphere there is a depression - preoccipital notch, incisura preoccipitalis.

temporal lobe has the most pronounced boundaries. It distinguishes convex lateral surface and concave inferior.

The obtuse pole of the temporal lobe faces forward and somewhat downward. The lateral sulcus of the large brain sharply delimits the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe.

Two furrows located on the upper lateral surface: superior temporal sulcus, sulcus temporalis superior, and inferior temporal sulcus, sulcus temporalis inferior, following almost parallel to the lateral groove of the brain, divide the lobe into three temporal gyri: top, middle and bottom, gyri temporales superior, medius et inferior.

Those parts of the temporal lobe that are outer surface directed towards the lateral sulcus of the brain, cut by short transverse temporal sulci, sulci temporales transversi. Between these furrows lie 2-3 short transverse temporal gyri, gyri temporales transversi associated with the convolutions of the temporal lobe and the insula.

Islet share (islet) lies at the bottom of the lateral fossa big brain, fossa lateralis cerebri.

It is a three-sided pyramid, turned by its top - the pole of the island - anteriorly and outwards, towards the lateral groove. From the periphery, the islet is surrounded by the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, which are involved in the formation of the walls of the lateral sulcus of the brain.

The base of the island is surrounded on three sides circular groove of the island, sulcus circularis insulae, which gradually disappears near the lower surface of the island. In this place there is a small thickening - islet threshold, limen insulae, lying on the border with the lower surface of the brain, between the insula and the anterior perforated substance.

The surface of the islet is cut by a deep central groove of the islet, sulcus centralis insulae. This furrow separates islet on anterior, large, and back, smaller parts.

On the surface of the islet, a significant number of smaller insular convolutions are distinguished, gyri insulae. The anterior part has several short insula convolutions, gyri breves insulae, back - more often one long gyrus of the island, gyrus longus insulae.

In the anterior part of each cerebral hemisphere is the frontal lobe (lobus frontalis). It ends in front with the frontal pole and is bounded from below by the lateral groove (sulcus lateralis; sylvian furrow) and behind a deep central furrow. The central sulcus (sulcus centralis; Roland's sulcus) is located in the frontal plane. It begins in the upper part of the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, cuts across its upper edge, descends without interruption along the upper-lateral surface of the hemisphere down and ends a little before reaching the lateral groove.

Anterior to the central sulcus, almost parallel to it, is the precentral sulcus (sulcus precentralis). It ends at the bottom, not reaching the lateral furrow. The precentral sulcus is often interrupted in the middle part and consists of two independent sulci. From the precentral sulcus, the upper and lower frontal sulci (sulci frontales superior et inferior) go forward. They are located almost parallel to each other and divide the upper-lateral surface of the frontal lobe into convolutions. Between the central sulcus at the back and the precentral sulcus at the front is the precentral gyrus (gyrus precentralis). Above the superior frontal sulcus lies the superior frontal gyrus (gyrus frontalis superior), which occupies the upper part of the frontal lobe. Between the upper and lower frontal sulci stretches the middle frontal gyrus (gyrus frontalis medius).

Down from the inferior frontal sulcus is the inferior frontal gyrus (gyrus frontalis inferior). The branches of the lateral sulcus protrude into this gyrus from below: the ascending branch (ramus ascendens) and the anterior branch (ramus anterior), which divide the lower part of the frontal lobe, hanging over the anterior part of the lateral sulcus, into three parts: tegmental, triangular and orbital. Tire part (frontal tire, pars opercularis, s. operculum frontale) is located between the ascending branch and the lower part of the precentral sulcus. This part of the frontal lobe got its name because it covers the insular lobe (islet) lying deep in the furrow. The triangular part (pars triangularis) is located between the ascending rear and the anterior branch in front. The orbital part (pars orbitalis) lies downward from the anterior branch, continuing to the lower surface of the frontal lobe. In this place, the lateral groove expands, and therefore it is called the lateral fossa of the brain (fossa lateralis cerebri).

The function of the frontal lobes is associated with the organization of voluntary movements, the motor mechanisms of speech and writing, the regulation of complex forms of behavior, and thought processes.

The afferent systems of the frontal lobe include conductors of deep sensitivity (they end in the precetral gyrus) and numerous associative connections from all other lobes of the brain. The upper layers of the cells of the cortex of the frontal lobes are included in the work of the kinesthetic analyzer: they are involved in the formation and regulation of complex motor acts.

Various efferent motor systems begin in the frontal lobes. In layer V of the precentral gyrus, there are gigantopyramidal neurons that make up the cortical-spinal and cortical-nuclear pathways (pyramidal system). From the vast extrapyramidal sections of the frontal lobes in the premotor zone of its cortex (mainly from the cytoarchitectonic fields 6 and 8) and its medial surface (fields 7, 19) there are numerous conductors to the subcortical and stem formations (fronto-thalamic, fronto-palpidary, frontonigral, fronto-rubral, etc.). In the frontal lobes, in particular in their poles, the fronto-bridge-cerebellar pathways begin, which are included in the system of coordination of voluntary movements.

These anatomical and physiological features explain why, in lesions of the frontal lobes, mainly motor functions are impaired. In the sphere of higher nervous activity, the motor skills of the speech act and behavioral acts associated with the implementation of complex motor functions are also disturbed.

The entire cortical surface of the frontal lobe is anatomically divided into three components: dorso-lateral (convexital), medial (forming the interhemispheric fissure) and orbital (basal).

The anterior central gyrus contains motor projection areas for the musculature of the opposite side of the body (in the reverse order of its location on the body). In the posterior section of the second frontal gyrus, there is a "center" for turning the eyes and head in the opposite direction, and in the posterior section of the inferior frontal gyrus, Broca's area is localized.

Electrophysiological studies have shown that premotor cortex neurons can respond to visual, auditory, somatic, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli. The premotor region is able to modify motor activity through its connections to the caudate nucleus. It also provides the processes of sensory-motor relationships and directed attention. The frontal lobes in modern neuropsychology are characterized as a block of programming, regulation and control of complex forms of activity.

The frontal lobe of the brain is of great importance for our consciousness, as well as such functions as colloquial. It plays a vital role in memory, attention, motivation and a host of other daily tasks.

The structure and location of the frontal lobe of the brain

The frontal lobe is actually made up of two paired lobes and makes up two-thirds of the human brain. The frontal lobe is part of the cerebral cortex, and the paired lobes are known as the left and right frontal cortex. As the name suggests, the frontal lobe is located near the front of the head under the frontal bone of the skull.

All mammals have a frontal lobe, although different sizes. Primates have the largest frontal lobes of any other mammal.

The right and left hemispheres of the brain control opposite sides of the body. The frontal lobe is no exception. Thus, the left frontal lobe controls the muscles on the right side of the body. Similarly, the right frontal lobe controls the muscles on the left side of the body.

Functions of the frontal lobe of the brain

The brain is complex organ with billions of cells called neurons working together. The frontal lobe works along with other areas of the brain and controls the functions of the brain as a whole. The formation of memory, for example, depends on many areas of the brain.

What's more, the brain can "repair" itself to compensate for damage. This does not mean that the frontal lobe can recover from all injuries, but other areas of the brain can change in response to head trauma.

The frontal lobes play a key role in future planning, including self-management and decision making. Some functions of the frontal lobe include:

1. Speech: Broca's area is an area in the frontal lobe that helps to verbalize thoughts. Damage to this area affects the ability to speak and understand speech.
2. Motor skills: The frontal cortex helps coordinate voluntary movements, including walking and running.
3. Object Comparison: The frontal lobe helps classify objects and compare them.
4. Memory shaping: Almost every area of ​​the brain plays an important role in memory, so the frontal lobe is not unique, but it plays a key role in the formation of long-term memories.
5. Personality formation: The complex interplay of impulse control, memory, and other tasks helps shape the basic characteristics of a person. Damage to the frontal lobe can radically change personality.
6. Reward and motivation: Most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the brain are located in the frontal lobe. Dopamine is a brain chemical that helps maintain feelings of reward and motivation.
7. attention management, including selective attention: when the frontal lobes cannot control attention, it can develop(ADHD).

Consequences of damage to the frontal lobe of the brain

One of the most infamous head injuries happened to railway worker Phineas Gage. Gage survived after an iron spike pierced the frontal lobe of the brain. Although Gage survived, he lost an eye and a personality disorder occurred. Gage changed dramatically, the once meek worker became aggressive and out of control.

It is not possible to accurately predict the outcome of any injury to the frontal lobe, and such injuries can develop quite differently in each person. In general, damage to the frontal lobe due to a blow to the head, stroke, tumors, and diseases can cause the following symptoms, such as:

1. speech problems;
2. personality change;
3. poor coordination;
4. difficulty with impulse control;
5. planning problems.

Treatment of damage to the frontal lobe

Treatment of damage to the frontal lobe is aimed at eliminating the cause of the injury. A doctor may prescribe drugs for an infection, perform surgery, or prescribe medications to reduce the risk of a stroke.

Depending on the cause of the injury, treatment is prescribed that may help. For example, with frontal injury after a stroke, it is necessary to switch to a healthy diet and physical activity in order to reduce the risk of stroke in the future.

Drugs may be useful for people who have impaired attention and motivation.

Treatment of frontal lobe injuries requires ongoing care. Recovery from injury is often a lengthy process. Progress can come suddenly and cannot be fully predicted. Recovery is closely related to supportive care and in a healthy way life.

Literature

1. Collins A., Koechlin E. Reasoning, learning, and creativity: frontal lobe function and human decision-making //PLoS biology. - 2012. - T. 10. - No. 3. - S. e1001293.
2. Chayer C., Freedman M. Frontal lobe functions //Current neurology and neuroscience reports. - 2001. - T. 1. - No. 6. - S. 547-552.
3. Kayser A. S. et al. Dopamine, corticostriatal connectivity, and intertemporal choice //Journal of Neuroscience. - 2012. - T. 32. - No. 27. - S. 9402-9409.
4. Panagiotaropoulos T. I. et al. Neuronal discharges and gamma oscillations explicitly reflect visual consciousness in the lateral prefrontal cortex //Neuron. - 2012. - T. 74. - No. 5. - S. 924-935.
5. Zelikowsky M. et al. Prefrontal microcircuit underlies contextual learning after hippocampal loss // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 2013. - T. 110. - No. 24. - S. 9938-9943.
6. Flinker A. et al. Redefining the role of Broca's area in speech //Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 2015. - T. 112. - No. 9. - S. 2871-2875.

Furrows and gyrus of the brain superolateral surface

1 . Lateral furrow, sulcus lateralis (Sylvian furrow).
2 . Tire part, pars opercularis,
frontal tire, operculum frontale.
3 . Triangular part, pars triangularis.

4 . Orbital part, pars orbitalis.
5 . Inferior frontal gyrus, gyrus frontalis inferior.
6 . Inferior frontal sulcus, suicus frontalis inferior.
7 . Superior frontal sulcus, suicus frontalis superior.

8 . Middle frontal gyrus, gyrus frontalis medius.
9 . Superior frontal gyrus, gyrus frontalis superior.
10 . Lower precentral sulcus, sulcus precentralis inferior.
11 . Precentral gyrus, gyrus precentralis (anterior).
12 . Superior precentral sulcus, sulcus precentralis superior.
13 . Central sulcus, sulcus centralis (Roland's sulcus).
14 . Postcentral gyrus, gyrus postcentralis (gyrus centralis posterior).
15 . Intraparietal sulcus, sulcus intraparietalis.
16 . Upper parietal lobule, lobulus parietalis superior.
17 . Lower parietal lobule, lobulus parietalis inferior.
18 . Supramarginal gyrus, gyrus supramarginalis.
19 . Angular gyrus, gyrus angularis.
20 . Occipital pole, polus occipitalis.
21 . Inferior temporal sulcus, suicus temporalis inferior.
22 . Superior temporal gyrus, gyrus temporalis superior.
23 . Middle temporal gyrus, gyrus temporalis medius.
24 . Inferior temporal gyrus, gyrus temporalis inferior.
25 . Superior temporal sulcus, suicus temporalis superior.

Furrows and convolutions of the medial and lower surface of the right hemisphere of the brain.

2 - beak corpus callosum,

3 - knee of the corpus callosum,

4 - trunk of the corpus callosum,

5 - groove of the corpus callosum,

6 - cingulate gyrus,

7 - superior frontal gyrus,

8 - waist furrow,

9 - paracentral lobule,

10 - waist furrow,

11 - prewedge,

12 - parieto-occipital sulcus,

14 - spur furrow,

15 - lingual gyrus,

16 - medial occipitotemporal gyrus,

17 - occipital-temporal sulcus,

18 - lateral occipitotemporal gyrus,

19 - furrow of the hippocampus,

20 - parahippocampal gyrus.

Brain stem (sagittal section)

1 - medulla oblongata; 2 - bridge; 3 - legs of the brain; 4 - thalamus; 5 - pituitary gland; 6 - projection of the nuclei of the hypothalamic region; 7 - corpus callosum; 8 - pineal body; 9 - tubercles of the quadrigemina; 10 - cerebellum.

Brain stem (back view).

1. thalamus
2. anterior tubercle
3. pillow
4. medial geniculate body
5. lateral geniculate body
6. end strip
7. caudate nuclei of the hemispheres
8. brain strip
9. pineal gland
10. leash triangle
11. leash
12. III ventricle
13. soldering leashes
14. tubercles of the quadrigemina

Brain stem (back view)

A. medulla oblongata:
1. posterior median sulcus
2. thin beam
3. thin tubercle
4. wedge-shaped bundle
5. sphenoid tubercle
6. intermediate furrow
7. gate valve
8. inferior cerebellar peduncles
9. rhomboid fossa
10. posterolateral groove
11. choroid plexus

B. BRIDGE:
12. middle cerebellar peduncles
13. superior cerebellar peduncles
14. upper brain sail
15. bridle
16. auditory loop triangle

C. MIDBRAIN:
17. optic tubercles
18. auditory tubercles
19. legs of the brain

Brain stem (lateral side)

15. quadrigemina

16. leg of the brain
17. pillow of the thalamus
18. epiphysis
19. medial geniculate bodies (auditory)
20. medial roots
21. lateral geniculate bodies (visual)
22. lateral roots (handles)
23. optic tract

Brain stem (sagittal section)

7. anterior commissure
8. mastoid bodies
9. funnel
10. neurohypophysis
11. adenohypophysis
12. optic chiasm
13. prescient field
14. pineal gland

Sagittal section of the brain.

1.trunk of the corpus callosum
2. roller
3. knee
4. beak
5. terminal plate
6. anterior commissure of the brain
7. vault
8. vault pillars
9. nipple bodies
10. transparent baffle
11. thalamus
12. interthalamic adhesion
13. hypothalamic groove
14. gray bump
15. funnel
16. pituitary gland
17. optic nerve
18. Monroe hole
19. epiphysis
20. epiphyseal adhesion
21. posterior commissure of the brain
22. quadrigemina
23. sylvian aqueduct
23. sylvian aqueduct
24. leg of the brain
25. bridge
26. medulla oblongata
27. cerebellum
28. fourth ventricle
29. upper sail
29. upper sail
30. plexus
31. lower sail

Brain (cross section):

1 - islet;
2 - shell;
3 - fence;
4 - outer capsule;
5 - pale ball;
6 - III ventricle;
7 - red core;
8 - tire;
9 - aqueduct of the midbrain;
10 - roof of the midbrain;
11 - hippocampus;
12 - cerebellum

1 - internal capsule;
2 - islet;
3 - fence;
4 - outer capsule;
5 - visual tract;
6 - red core;
7 - black substance;
8 - hippocampus;
9 - leg of the brain;
10 - bridge;
11 - middle cerebellar peduncle;
12 - pyramidal tract;
13 - olive core;
14 - cerebellum.

The structure of the medulla oblongata

1 - olive cerebellar tract;

2 - olive core;

3 - the gate of the core of the olive;

4 - olive;

5 - pyramidal tract;

6 - hypoglossal nerve;

7 - pyramid;

8 - anterior lateral furrow;

9 - accessory nerve

Medulla oblongata (horizontal section)

11. seam
12. medial loop
13. lower olive
14. medial olive
15. dorsal olive
16. reticular formation
17. medial longitudinal bundle
18. dorsal longitudinal bundle

The structure of the cerebellum:

a - bottom view,

b - horizontal section:

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Lobes of the cerebellum

Worm segments

Lobes of the hemispheres

Front

11. uvula of the cerebellum

12. ligamentous gyrus

13. central

14. wings of the central lobule

15. top of the hill

16. anterior quadrangular

rear

18. back quadrangular

19. leaf

20. superior lunate

21. tubercle

22. inferior lunate

23. pyramid

24. thin, digastric (D)

26. tonsil

Klochkovo-nodular

25. sleeve

28. shred, leg, okolochok

27. knot

Cerebellar nuclei (on the frontal section).

A. Diencephalon
B. Midbrain
C. Cerebellum

12. worm
13. hemisphere
14. furrows
15. bark
16. white matter
17. upper legs
18. core tent
19. spherical nuclei
20. cork kernels
21. jagged nuclei

Thalamus and other parts of the brain on the median longitudinal section of the brain:

1- Hypothalamus; 2- Cavity of the III ventricle; 3- anterior (white soldering);

4- The fornix of the brain; 5- corpus callosum; 6- Interthalamic fusion;

7-Thalamus; 8- Epithalamus; 9- Midbrain; 10- Bridge; 11- Cerebellum;

12- Medulla oblongata.

The fourth ventricle (venticulus quartis) and the vascular base of the fourth ventricle (tela chorioidea ventriculi quarti).

View from above:

1-lingu of the cerebellum;

2-high cerebral sail;

3-fourth ventricle;

4-middle cerebellar peduncle;

5-vascular plexus of the fourth ventricle;

6-tubercle of the sphenoid nucleus;

7-tubercular nucleus;

8-posterior intermediate furrow;

9-wedge-shaped bundle;

10-lateral (lateral) cord;

11-thin beam;

12-posterior median sulcus;

13-posterior lateral groove;

14-median opening (aperture) of the fourth ventricle;

15-co-vascular basis of the fourth ventricle;

16-upper (anterior) cerebellar peduncle;

17-block nerve;

18-lower colliculus (roofs of the midbrain);

19-bridle of the upper medullary sail;

20-upper mound (roofs of the midbrain).

IV ventricle:

1 - roof of the midbrain;
2 - median furrow;
3 - medial elevation;
4 - superior cerebellar peduncle;
5 - middle cerebellar peduncle;
6 - facial tubercle;
7 - lower leg of the cerebellum;
8 - wedge-shaped tubercle of the medulla oblongata;
9 - thin tubercle of the medulla oblongata;
10 - wedge-shaped bundle of the medulla oblongata;
11 - thin bundle of the medulla oblongata

Superior surface of the cerebral hemispheres

(red - frontal lobe; green - parietal lobe; blue - occipital lobe):

1 - precentral gyrus; 2 - superior frontal gyrus; 3 - middle frontal gyrus; 4 - postcentral gyrus; 5 - upper parietal lobule; 6 - lower parietal lobule; 7 - occipital gyrus; 8 - intraparietal groove; 9 - postcentral furrow; 10 - central furrow; 11 - precentral furrow; 12 - lower frontal groove; 13 - upper frontal sulcus.

Inferior surface of the cerebral hemispheres

(red - frontal lobe; blue - occipital lobe; yellow - temporal lobe; lilac - olfactory brain):

1 - olfactory bulb and olfactory tract; 2 - orbital convolutions; 3 - lower temporal gyrus; 4 - lateral occipitotemporal gyrus; 5 - parahippocampal gyrus; 6 - occipital gyrus; 7 - olfactory groove; 8 - orbital furrows; 9 - lower temporal sulcus.

Lateral surface of the right cerebral hemisphere

Red - frontal lobe; green - parietal lobe; blue - occipital lobe; yellow - temporal lobe:

1 - precentral gyrus; 2 - superior frontal gyrus; 3 - middle frontal gyrus; 4 - postcentral gyrus; 5 - superior temporal gyrus; 6 - middle temporal gyrus; 7 - lower temporal gyrus; 8 - tire; 9 - upper parietal lobule; 10 - lower parietal lobule; 11 - occipital gyrus; 12 - cerebellum; 13 - central furrow; 14 - precentral furrow; 15 - upper frontal groove; 16 - lower frontal groove; 17 - lateral furrow; 18 - superior temporal sulcus; 19 - lower temporal sulcus.

Medial surface of the right cerebral hemisphere

(red - frontal lobe; green - parietal lobe; blue - occipital lobe; yellow - temporal lobe; lilac - olfactory brain):

1 - cingulate gyrus; 2 - parahippocampal gyrus; 3 - medial frontal gyrus; 4 - paracentral lobule; 5 - wedge; 6 - lingual gyrus; 7 - medial occipitotemporal gyrus; 8 - lateral occipitotemporal gyrus; 9 - corpus callosum; 10 - superior frontal gyrus; 11 - occipital-temporal groove; 12 - furrow of the corpus callosum; 13 - waist furrow; 14 - parieto-occipital sulcus; 15 - spur furrow.

Frontal section of the diencephalon

15. III-ventricle
16. interthalamic commissure
17. plates of white matter
18. front horns
19. median nuclei
20. ventrolateral nuclei
21. subthalamic nuclei

insular lobe

11. circular furrow
12. central sulcus
13. long gyrus
14. short convolutions
15. threshold

BRIDGE (cross section)

A. basilar part
B. axle tire
C. trapezoid body
IV v - fourth ventricle
20. medial longitudinal bundle
21. superior cerebellar peduncles
22. seam
23. transverse fibers
24. bridge core
25. longitudinal fibers
26. reticular formation
27. medial loop
28. lateral loop
29. rubrospinal put
30. tectospinal path

Cross section of the midbrain

K. roof
P. tire
N. brain stem
13. sylvian aqueduct
14. sylvian aqueduct

III. nucleus of the oculomotor n.
IV. trochlear nucleus
15. posterior longitudinal bundle
16. medial longitudinal p.
17. medial loop
18. lateral loop
19. red cores
20. black substance
21. tectospinal tract
22. rubrospinal tract
23. reticular formation
24. frontal bridge path
25. corticonuclear pathway
26. corticospinal tract
27. occipital-parietal-temporal-pontine
28. gray and white matter
29. pretectal nuclei
30. dorsal-thalamic tr.
31. oculomotor nerve

Topography of the bottom of the rhomboid fossa

1. top sail
2. lower sail
3. choroid plexus
4. superior cerebellar peduncles
5. middle cerebellar peduncles
6. inferior cerebellar peduncles
7. median sulcus
8. medial eminence
9. border furrow
10. cranial fossa
11. caudal fossa
12. bluish spot
13. vestibular field
14. brain strips
15. facial tubercle
16. triangle of the hyoid n.
17. triangle of wandering n.
18. independent cord
19. rearmost field

1 - superior cerebellar peduncle;
2 - pyramidal tract;
3 - leg of the telencephalon;
4 - middle cerebellar peduncle;
5 - bridge;
6 - lower leg of the cerebellum;
7 - olive;
8 - pyramid;
9 - anterior median fissure

gyri of the frontal lobe of the brain - four convolutions: one vertical - precentral (anterior central) and three horizontal - upper, middle and lower, separated from each other by furrows; on the lower surface of the frontal lobe, a direct gyrus is distinguished, lying between the inner edge of the hemisphere, the olfactory groove and the outer edge of the hemisphere, and the orbital gyrus.

In the anterior central gyrus, motor projections of all parts of the body are presented: in the upper third - and the leg, in the middle - and fingers, in the lower third - the face and. The anterior central gyrus (fields 4 and 6), from the pyramidal cells of layers III and V of which the corticospinal (pyramidal) path begins, is the motor center of voluntary movements, ensures their execution together with the adjacent posterior sections of the horizontal frontal gyri. In the posterior sections of the superior frontal gyrus, there is a cortex associated with the extrapyramidal system; in the posterior section of the middle frontal gyrus is the frontal oculomotor, which controls the simultaneous rotation of the head and eyes in the opposite direction; in the posterior third of the lower frontal gyrus (fields 44 and 45) there is a speech center (Broca's center), in which the voice and apparatus are represented and which right-handers have only in the left hemisphere, and therefore it is called dominant, in contrast to the right - subdominant hemispheres (see also Motor analyzer, Frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres)

Psychomotor: dictionary-reference book.- M.: VLADOS. V.P. Dudiev. 2008 .

See what the "GORKS OF THE FRONTAL BRAIN" are in other dictionaries:

Folded elevations of the cerebral cortex, limited by furrows; thanks to the convolutions, the surface of the cerebral cortex increases significantly, the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich in an adult is 1200 cm3; in every lobe of the brain...

Lobes of the cerebral hemispheres- Frontal lobe (lobus frontalis) (Fig. 254, 258) contains a number of furrows that delimit the gyrus. The precentral sulcus is located in the frontal plane parallel to the central sulcus and together with it separates the precentral gyrus, in ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

BRAIN TUMORS- honey. Brain tumors are tumors that develop from the substance of the brain, its roots, membranes, as well as metastatic origin. Frequency Brain tumors occupy the 2nd place among malignant neoplasms of children ... ... Disease Handbook

brain dislocation- MRI showing the dislocation of the brain ... Wikipedia

cerebral cortex- (cortex cerebri) plate of gray matter 2-3 mm thick, covering the hemispheres from the outside. The area of ​​the bark is 1400-1600 cm2, 2/3 of the bark is located in the depth of the furrows, and about 1/3 is on the surface. The volume of gray matter is 500 cm3, ... ...

cerebral hemispheres- (hemispheria cerebri) the largest parts of the telencephalon; separated from each other by a deep longitudinal fissure. There is a transverse fissure between the cerebellum and the hemispheres. Each hemisphere has superior, inferior lateral, and inferior medial... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy

Functional blocks of the brain- A general structural and functional model of the brain, the concept of the brain as a material substrate of the psyche, developed by A. R. Luria based on the study of mental disorders in various local lesions of the central nervous system.… … Wikipedia

- [named German. psychiatrist K. Brodmann (K. Brodmann, 1868 1918)] areas of the cerebral cortex, named after Brodmann, who described 52 fields that differ in size, shape, structure and location of nerve cells in them and ... ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

The gyrus, in the posterior third of which is the motor center of speech (Broca's center); (see Convolutions of the frontal lobe of the brain) ... Psychomotor: Dictionary Reference

CRANIO-CEREBRAL TOPOGRAPHY- CRANIO CEREBRAL TOPOGRAPHY, projection on the surface of the skull of various lobes of the brain, convolutions, furrows, border points between the various lobes and convolutions of the brain (temporal, parietal and occipital) and finally the projection of individual centers of the brain. ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia