The procedure for determining the nomenclature of a map sheet. Aleshin V.M.

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INTRODUCTION

For ease of use of maps or plans, a certain assignment system is used.

When mapping large areas of the earth's surface, the map is drawn up on several sheets. A sheet of a separate map is a trapezoid, the base of which are segments of parallels, and the sides are segments of meridians. Separate sheets of map combined unified system notation is called nomenclature, and the system of dividing cards into separate sheets is called layout.

According to the International Classification, the layout is based on spherical trapezoids obtained on the surface of a spheroid, dividing it by meridians through 6˚ into 60 columns. The columns are numbered in Arabic numerals from west to east, starting from the meridian with a longitude of 180˚ (opposite to Greenwich).

The columns are divided into parallels and rows every 4˚ and are designated in capital letters Latin alphabet from the equator.

As a result of this division, a plotting unit is obtained, that is, a million-scale trapezoid.

CALCULATION OF NOMENCLATURE AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE FRAME OF A MAP SHEET OF SCALE 1:10000

The map sheet contains a point with specified values

B=51º48´30´´

L=65º42´15´´

1.1. Based on the latitude and longitude of the point, determine the nomenclature of the map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 according to the international map layout scheme (Figure 1.1).

Rice. 1.1 Scheme of the international layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:1000000

By the latitude of the point, determine the letter of the Latin alphabet denoting the row, and by the longitude - the number of the column N.

We find the letter of the Latin alphabet denoting the series using formula (1):

Nр= (Bº:4)+1(1)

Where Nр- serial number of a letter in the Latin alphabet

Bº- latitude given by condition (here only degrees are taken).

Nр=(51/4)+1=13

Nр=13, this number corresponds to the Latin letter M.

Nз= (Lº:6)+1(2)

Where Nз - six-degree zone number

Lº- longitude given by condition (here only degrees are taken)

Nз=(65:6)+1=11

Find the column number using formula (3):

Nк=Nз+30(3)

Where Nk- column number

Nз- zone number

Nк=11+30=41

1.2 Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:100000. To do this, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1000000 must be divided into 144 sheets of a map at a scale of 1:100000 and calculated by interpolating the latitude and longitude of dividing parallels and meridians.

Interpolation of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 occurs in this way: we find out the difference between the northern and southern latitudes and multiply by the number of minutes that are included in one degree, then divide by 12.

(4º*60´)/12=20´,

therefore, the latitude of a map sheet with a scale of 1:1000000 is interpolated every 20 minutes. Interpolation with million-scale longitudes is done in a similar way.

(6º*60´)/12=30´,

interpolation of the longitude of a million-scale map sheet occurs every 30 minutes.

Rice. 1.2 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:1000000

For the example under consideration, the required nomenclature M-41-12.

1.3 Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:10000. To do this, according to the scheme (Fig. 1.3), we divide the sheet of a map at a scale of 1:100000 in sequence according to the scheme:

4 sheets 4 sheets 4 sheets

1:100000 → 1:50000 → 1:25000 → 1:10000

A, B, C, D a, b, c, d 1, 2, 3, 4

Calculate by interpolating the latitude and longitude of the frames of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000 and, using the given values ​​of latitude and longitude, establish the required nomenclature.

After we have interpolated a map sheet at a scale of 1:100000, we proceed to interpolate a sheet for a scale of 1:50000. Draw the square of the number separately 12 and in each corner of the square we sign the geographical coordinate. Then we interpolate it again. By latitude of the map sheet, interpolation will take place after 10 minutes, and by longitude after 15 minutes. In Fig. 1.3 you can see that our original coordinates fall into a square IN. Now we have the required nomenclature M-41-12-V for a scale of 1:50000.

1.3 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:100000

Now we move on to interpolating the map sheet for a scale of 1:25000. Using exactly the same actions as written above, we perform interpolation. Here it will pass in latitude in 5 minutes, and in longitude in 7 minutes and 30 seconds. In Fig. 1.4 our initial coordinates fall into the square b. Required nomenclature M-41-12-V-b for scale 1:25000

1.4 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:50000

Now we move on to interpolating a map sheet at a scale of 1:10000. Drawing a square b, where in each corner we indicate the geographical coordinate. In latitude, interpolation takes place in 2 minutes and 30 seconds, in longitude - 3 minutes and 15 seconds. In Fig. 1.5 our initial coordinates fall into a square 2.

1.5 Division of a trapezoid scale 1:25000

Required nomenclature M-41-12-V-b-2 for a scale of 1:10000.

1.4 Calculate rectangular coordinates and convergence of meridians in the Gauss-Kruger projection for the corners of a trapezoid frame on a scale of 1:10000.

First, using special Gauss-Kruger tables, we find the coordinates and convergence of the meridians of the corners of the trapezoid frame at a scale of 1:25000, which includes a trapezoid at a scale of 1:10000. The selection of data from the Gauss-Kruger tables is carried out according to latitude B and the deviation of the frame angle from the axial meridian

l=L-Lo (9)

where l is the deviation of the frame angle from the axial meridian

Lo-axial meridian

L - western or eastern longitude of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:25000

lв=65º45´-63º00´00´´=2º45´

lз=65º37´30´´-63º00´00´´=2º37´30´´

Write out the found values ​​on the diagram (Fig. 1.6.) When the trapezoid is located west of the axial meridian, the ordinates and the convergence of the meridians will have negative values. Then calculate the rectangular coordinates and meridian convergence for the corners of the 1:10000 trapezoid frame by linear interpolation between the corresponding values ​​for the corners of the 1:25000 trapezoid frame. Write out the interpolation results on the diagram (Fig. 1.6).

Rice. 1.6 Scheme for calculating the rectangular coordinates of the corners of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000.

Enter the found values ​​for a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000 in the table. 1.1. having previously converted the ordinates (adding 500 km) and indicating the zone number in front.

Table 1.1

1.5 Determine the linear dimensions of the sides of a trapezoid on a scale of 1:10000 in the Gauss-Kruger projection using Gauss-Kruger tables. Select the dimensions according to the latitude of the northern and southern sides of the trapezoid, taking into account corrections for the deviation of the axial meridian lav.

ac-length of the northern frame of the trapezoid = 43.08 cm

ayu-length of the southern frame of the trapezoid = 43.12 cm

c - length of the sides of the trapezoid = 46.36 cm

D- diagonal of trapezoid = 63.27 cm

1.6 Carry out a graphical construction of a trapezoid frame at a scale of 1:10000.

On drawing paper in A-1 format, divide the coordinate grid (kilometer grid) using a Drobyshev ruler. For a symmetrical arrangement of the trapezoid to be drawn later, mark the starting line and the point of the mesh to be divided, taking into account the dimensions of the trapezoid frame and the coordinates of its corners. Digitize the grid for a scale of 1:10000.

Check the correctness of the mesh construction with a regular ruler; deviations of the actual mesh dimensions from their nominal value should not exceed 0.2 mm.

Draw the corners of the trapezoid frame according to their coordinates with control. Check the construction of the frame of the trapezoid by measuring all its sides and diagonals with a normal ruler or caliper. The discrepancy between the actual dimensions and their theoretical value should not exceed 0.3 mm.

1.7 Perform border design of the applied trapezoid.

Apply a minute frame at 10 second intervals. To do this, calculate the linear dimensions of the parts of the minute frame, corresponding to the dimensions in angular measure 1´, 45´´, 30´´, 10´´, taking into account the established linear dimensions of the sides of the trapezoid (Fig. 1.7). Place the obtained values ​​in the table. 1.2

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Map scale is the ratio of the length of a segment on the map to its actual length on the ground.

Scale ( from German - measure and Stab - stick) is the ratio of the length of a segment on a map, plan, aerial or satellite image to its actual length on the ground.

Let's consider the types of scales.

Numerical scale

This is a scale expressed as a fraction, where the numerator is one and the denominator is a number indicating how many times the image is reduced.

Numerical scale is a scale expressed as a fraction in which:

• the numerator is equal to one,
• the denominator is equal to the number showing how many times the linear dimensions on the map are reduced.

Named (verbal) scale

This is a type of scale, a verbal indication of what distance on the ground corresponds to 1 cm on a map, plan, photograph.

A named scale is expressed by named numbers indicating the lengths of mutually corresponding segments on the map and in nature.

For example, there are 5 kilometers in 1 centimeter (5 kilometers in 1 cm).

Linear scale

This an auxiliary measuring ruler applied to maps to facilitate the measurement of distances.

Plan scale and map scale

The scale of the plan is the same at all its points.

The map scale at each point has its own particular value, depending on the latitude and longitude of the given point. Therefore, its strict numerical characteristic is the numerical scale - the ratio of the length of an infinitesimal segment D on the map to the length of the corresponding infinitesimal segment on the surface of the ellipsoid of the globe.

However, for practical measurements on a map, its main scale is used.

Forms of expression of scale

The designation of scale on maps and plans has three forms - numerical, named and linear scales.

The numerical scale is expressed as a fraction in which:

• numerator - unit,
• denominator M - a number showing how many times the dimensions on the map or plan are reduced (1:M)

In Russia, standard numerical scales have been adopted for topographic maps

• 1:1 000 000
• 1:500 000
• 1:300 000
• 1:200 000
• 1:100 000
• 1:50 000
• 1:25 000
• 1:10 000
• For special purposes, topographic maps are also created on scales 1:5 000 And 1:2 000

The main scales of topographic plans in Russia are

• 1:5000
• 1:2000
• 1:1000
• 1:500

In land management practice, land use plans are most often drawn up on a scale 1:10 000 And 1:25 000 , and sometimes - 1:50 000.

When comparing different numerical scales, the smaller one is the one with the larger denominator. M, and, conversely, the smaller the denominator M, the larger the scale of the plan or map.

Yes, scale 1:10000 larger than scale 1:100000 , and the scale 1:50000 smaller scale 1:10000 .

Note

The scales used in topographic maps are established by the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation “On approval of requirements for state topographic maps and state topographic plans, including requirements for the composition of information displayed on them, for the symbols of this information, requirements for the accuracy of state topographic maps and state topographic plans , to the format of their presentation in electronic form, requirements for the content of topographic maps, including relief maps" (No. 271 of June 6, 2017, as amended on December 11, 2017).

Named scale

Since the lengths of lines on the ground are usually measured in meters, and on maps and plans in centimeters, it is convenient to express the scales in verbal form, for example:

There are 50 m in one centimeter. This corresponds to the numerical scale 1:5000. Since 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters, the number of meters of terrain contained in 1 cm of a map or plan is easily determined by dividing the denominator of the numerical scale by 100.

Linear scale

It is a graph in the form of a straight line segment, divided into equal parts with signed values ​​of the corresponding lengths of terrain lines. Linear scale allows you to measure or plot distances on maps and plans without calculations.

Scale accuracy

The maximum possibility of measuring and constructing segments on maps and plans is limited to 0.01 cm. The corresponding number of meters of terrain on the scale of a map or plan represents the maximum graphic accuracy of a given scale.

Since the accuracy of the scale expresses the length of the horizontal location of the terrain line in meters, to determine it, the denominator of the numerical scale should be divided by 10,000 (1 m contains 10,000 segments of 0.01 cm). So, for a scale map 1:25 000 scale accuracy is 2.5 m; for map 1:100 000 - 10 m, etc.

Scales of topographic maps

Below are the numerical scales of the maps and the corresponding named scales:

Scale 1:100,000

• 1 mm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 1000 m (1 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 10,000 m (10 km) on the ground

Scale 1:10000

• 1 mm on the map - 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 1000m (1 km) on the ground

Scale 1:5000

• 1 mm on the map - 5 m (0.005 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 50 m (0.05 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 500 m (0.5 km) on the ground

Scale 1:2000

• 1 mm on the map - 2 m (0.002 km) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 20 m (0.02 km) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 200 m (0.2 km) on the ground

Scale 1:1000

• 1 mm on the map - 100 cm (1 m) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 1000 cm (10 m) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 100 m on the ground

Scale 1:500

• 1 mm on the map - 50 cm (0.5 meters) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 5 m on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 50 m on the ground

Scale 1:200

• 1 mm on the map - 0.2 m (20 cm) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 2 m (200 cm) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 20 m (0.2 km) on the ground

Scale 1:100

• 1 mm on the map - 0.1 m (10 cm) on the ground
• 1 cm on the map - 1 m (100 cm) on the ground
• 10 cm on the map - 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground

Example 1

Convert the numerical scale of the map to a named one:

1. 1:200 000
2. 1:10 000 000
3. 1:25 000

Solution:

To more easily convert a numerical scale into a named one, you need to count how many zeros the number in the denominator ends with.

For example, on a scale of 1:500,000, there are five zeros in the denominator after the number 5.

If after the number in the denominator there are five more zeros, then by covering (with a finger, a pen or simply crossing out) the five zeros, we get the number of kilometers on the ground corresponding to 1 centimeter on the map.

Example for scale 1:500,000

The denominator after the number has five zeros. Closing them, we get for a named scale: 1 cm on the map is 5 kilometers on the ground.

If there are less than five zeros after the number in the denominator, then by closing two zeros, we get the number of meters on the ground corresponding to 1 centimeter on the map.

If, for example, in the denominator of the scale 1:10 000 cover two zeros, we get:

in 1 cm - 100 m.

Answers :

1. 1 cm - 2 km
2. 1 cm - 100 km
3. in 1 cm - 250 m

Use a ruler and place it on the maps to make it easier to measure distances.

Example 2

Convert the named scale to a numerical one:

1. in 1 cm - 500 m
2. 1 cm - 10 km
3. 1 cm - 250 km

Solution:

To more easily convert a named scale to a numerical one, you need to convert the distance on the ground indicated in the named scale into centimeters.

If the distance on the ground is expressed in meters, then to obtain the denominator of the numerical scale, you need to assign two zeros, if in kilometers, then five zeros.

For example, for a named scale of 1 cm - 100 m, the distance on the ground is expressed in meters, so for the numerical scale we assign two zeros and get: 1:10 000 .

For a scale of 1 cm - 5 km, we add five zeros to the five and get: 1:500 000 .

Answers :

1. 1:50 000;
2. 1:1 000 000;
3. 1:25 000 000.

Types of maps depending on scale

Depending on the scale, maps are conventionally divided into the following types:

• topographic plans - 1:400 - 1:5 000;
• large-scale topographic maps - 1:10,000 - 1:100,000;
• medium-scale topographic maps - from 1:200,000 - 1:1,000,000;
• small-scale topographic maps - less than 1:1,000,000.

Topographic map

Topographical maps are those whose content allows them to solve various technical problems.

Maps are either the result of direct topographic survey of the area, or are compiled from existing cartographic materials.

The terrain on the map is depicted at a certain scale.

The smaller the denominator of a numerical scale, the larger the scale. Plans are drawn up on a large scale, and maps are drawn up on a small scale.

Maps take into account the “spherical shape” of the earth, but plans do not. Because of this, plans are not drawn up for areas larger than 400 km² (that is, areas of land approximately 20 km × 20 km).

• Standard scales for topographic maps

The following scales of topographic maps are accepted in our country:

1. 1:1 000 000
2. 1:500 000
3. 1:200 000
4. 1:100 000
5. 1:50 000
6. 1:25 000
7. 1:10 000.

This series of scales is called standard. Previously, this series included scales of 1:300,000, 1:5000 and 1:2000.

• Large scale topographic maps

Scale maps:

1. 1:10,000 (1cm =100m)
2. 1:25,000 (1cm = 100m)
3. 1:50,000 (1cm = 500m)
4. 1:100,000 (1cm =1000m)

are called large-scale.

• Other scales and maps

Topographic maps of the territory of Russia up to a scale of 1:50,000 inclusive are classified, topographic maps of a scale of 1:100,000 are chipboard (for official use), and smaller ones are unclassified.

Currently, there is a technique for creating topographic maps and plans of any scale that are not classified and intended for public use.

A tale about a map on a scale of 1:1

Once upon a time there lived a Capricious King. One day he traveled around his kingdom and saw how large and beautiful his land was. He saw winding rivers, huge lakes, high mountains and wonderful cities. He became proud of his possessions and wanted the whole world to know about them.

And so, the Capricious King ordered cartographers to create a map of the kingdom. The cartographers worked for a whole year and finally presented the King with a wonderful map, on which all the mountain ranges, large cities and large lakes and rivers were marked.

However, the Capricious King was not satisfied. He wanted to see on the map not only the outlines of mountain ranges, but also an image of each mountain peak. Not only large cities, but also small ones and villages. He wanted to see small rivers flowing into rivers.

The cartographers set to work again, worked for many years and drew another map, twice the size of the previous one. But now the King wanted the map to show passes between mountain peaks, small lakes in the forests, streams, and peasant houses on the outskirts of villages. Cartographers drew more and more maps.

The Capricious King died before the work was completed. The heirs, one after another, ascended the throne and died in turn, and the map was drawn up and drawn up. Each king hired new cartographers to map the kingdom, but each time he was dissatisfied with the fruits of his labor, finding the map insufficiently detailed.

Finally, the cartographers drew the Incredible Map! It depicted the entire kingdom in great detail - and was exactly the same size as the kingdom itself. Now no one could tell the difference between the map and the kingdom.

Where were the Capricious Kings going to keep their wonderful map? The casket is not enough for such a map. You will need a huge room like a hangar, and in it the map will lie in many layers. But is such a card necessary? After all, a life-size map can be successfully replaced by the terrain itself))))

It is useful to familiarize yourself with this

• You can familiarize yourself with the units of measurement of land areas used in Russia.
• For those who are interested in the possibility of increasing the area of ​​land plots for individual housing construction, private household plots, gardening, vegetable farming, owned, it is useful to familiarize yourself with the procedure for registering additions.
  
• From January 1, 2018, the exact boundaries of the plot must be recorded in the cadastral passport, since it will simply be impossible to buy, sell, mortgage or donate land without an accurate description of the boundaries. This is regulated by amendments to the Land Code. A total revision of borders at the initiative of municipalities began on June 1, 2015.
• On March 1, 2015, a new the federal law“On amendments to the Land Code of the Russian Federation and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” (N 171-FZ dated June 23, 2014), according to which, in particular, the procedure for purchasing land plots from municipalities has been simplified.You can familiarize yourself with the main provisions of the law.
• With regard to the registration of houses, bathhouses, garages and other buildings on land plots owned by citizens, the new dacha amnesty will improve the situation.

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This publication takes into account proposals from organizations that carry out surveys and use topographic maps. Coordination with the Conventional Signs for topographic plans of scales 1:5000-1:500 was carried out. Designations for topographical objects shown in all cases and according to additional requirements of sectors of the national economy have been delineated

• Replaces the Regulations on the Occupational Safety and Health Management System in the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation 1968 edition

Geodetic points

Settlements and individual buildings

Examples of images of settlements

Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities

Railways and structures attached to them

Highways and dirt roads

Examples of combinations of conventional road network signs

Hydrography

Hydraulic and water transport facilities

Water supply facilities

Bridges and crossings

Vegetation

Main agricultural land

Soils and microforms of the earth's surface

Swamps and salt marshes

Examples of combining images of vegetation and soil

Examples of combining images of agricultural land

Borders and fences

Lettering font samples

Samples of deposit scales

Scale of ink colors used for printing a topographic map at a scale of 1:10000

Explanations for symbols

List of conventional abbreviations

Alphabetical index of symbols