Being in a passive position, the victim is motionless, cannot independently change the adopted position, the head and limbs hang down. This position of the victim occurs in an unconscious state.

The victim takes a forced position to alleviate a serious condition and relieve pain; for example, when the lungs or pleura are affected, he is forced to lie on the affected side. The victim takes the supine position mainly in case of severe abdominal pain. With kidney damage, some victims keep the leg (on the affected side) bent at the hip and knee joint, since this relieves pain. The main indicators of the body's vital activity are preserved breathing and cardiac activity.

Signs of life of an injured or injured person.

- Preserved breathing. It is determined by movement chest and abdomen, by fogging applied to the nose and mouth, by the movement of a wad of cotton wool or bandage brought to the nostrils.

- Preserved cardiac activity. It is determined by palpating the pulse - jerky, periodic oscillations of the walls of peripheral vessels.

The pulse can be determined on the radial artery, located under the skin between the styloid process radius and the tendon of the internal radial muscle. In cases where it is impossible to examine the pulse on the radial artery, it is determined either on the carotid or temporal artery, or on the legs on the dorsal artery of the foot and the posterior tibial artery.

Usually the heart rate is healthy person 60-75 beats/min, pulse rhythm is correct, uniform, filling is good. It is judged by squeezing the artery with varying degrees of force with the fingers. The pulse quickens with cardiac insufficiency as a result of injuries, with blood loss, during pain. A significant decrease in heart rate occurs in severe conditions (traumatic brain injury).

- Pupil reaction to light. It is determined by directing a beam of light from any source onto the eye; constriction of the pupil indicates positive reaction. In daylight this reaction is tested as follows. Cover the eye with your hand for 2-3 minutes, then quickly remove your hand; if the pupils narrow, this indicates the preservation of brain functions.

The absence of all of the above is a signal for immediate resuscitation measures (artificial respiration, indirect massage heart) until signs of life are restored. It becomes impractical to revive the victim 20–25 minutes after the start of resuscitation if there are still no signs of life. The onset of biological death - the irreversible cessation of the body's vital activity - is preceded by agony and clinical death.

The agony of an injured, injured or injured person.

Characterized by darkened consciousness, absence of pulse, breathing disorder, which becomes irregular, superficial, convulsive, decreased blood pressure. The skin becomes cold, with a pale or bluish tint. After the agony, clinical death occurs.

Clinical and biological death of an injured, injured or injured person.

Clinical death is a human condition in which the basic signs of life are absent - heartbeat and breathing, but irreversible changes in the body have not yet developed. Clinical death lasts 5–8 minutes. This period must be used to provide resuscitation measures. After this time, biological death occurs.

Signs of biological death are:

– Lack of breathing.
– No heartbeat.
– Lack of sensitivity to painful and thermal stimuli.
– Decrease in body temperature.
– Cloudiness and drying of the cornea of ​​the eye.
– Lack of gag reflex.
– Cadaveric spots of blue-violet or purple-red color on the skin of the face, chest, and abdomen.
– Rigor mortis, which appears 2–4 hours after death.

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Most people only know how to provide first aid from films or fiction books. However, movie footage is often very far from the truth. Each of us needs to know how to properly resuscitate a person who shows no signs of life. Do not think that this will not affect you, or that in a difficult situation someone will provide help for you. The famous doctor spoke about what to do when a person needs first aid.

If a person does not show any signs of life, in medicine this is considered a critical situation. The main signs of a critical situation: lack of reaction to the environment, lack of breathing, lack of pulse.

Determining whether a person needs help

The first thing you should do when you see a person without signs of life is to make sure that he did not just lie down to rest. There is no need to hit him in the face, slap him or sniff something, or try to bring him to his senses. You must take his hand and call out to him. If a person does not respond to sound, find out if he is breathing.

To do this, there is one rule that you need to remember, it is called the “SOS rule”: listen, feel, see. You need to lean towards the victim so that your ear is located near his nose, and try to feel the breath with your cheek and hear it with your ear. At this time, look at the chest and notice if it moves. At the same time, determine whether a person’s heart is beating: to do this, feel the pulse in the carotid artery, or the brachial or radial artery.

Doing CPR

If you find out that a person is not breathing, you need to act immediately. The first thing you need to do is cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This manipulation begins with a closed heart massage.

How to do closed cardiac massage:

Make sure the victim is lying on a flat, hard surface.

Place the base of your palms on the lower third of the sternum and begin the massage: apply your body weight to the chest and perform only 30 presses.

After this, you must perform artificial respiration.

How to do artificial respiration:

You need to tilt the victim's head back and breathe air into him, while keeping his nose closed. When inhaling, the victim's chest should rise. We take only 2 breaths, after which we continue the heart massage.

It is necessary to remember the ratio of compressions on the sternum and inhalations: for all people of all ages these will be the same numbers - 30 compressions and 2 inhalations.

If for some reason you cannot inhale, just do a heart massage, it’s better than nothing.

And at this time...

While you are administering first aid, other people present at the scene call ambulance. If there is no one nearby, the algorithm of actions for an adult and a child will be different:

Adult: first we call an ambulance, then we do resuscitation.

Child: resuscitation immediately, only after this we interrupt to make a call

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation must be carried out until help arrives.

What to do after resuscitation

If the patient comes to his senses after resuscitation, remember that he can get worse at any moment. Lay the victim on his side so that he does not roll over; in this position he should wait for the doctor. You don’t need to give him food, drink or offer medicine; at most, you can cover him with a blanket. If we are talking about a baby, you hold him in your arms, slightly tilted to one side. Do not leave the victim alone for a second.

The main mistakes made when providing assistance

Soft or uneven surface

Lost time

Uncertainty and fear

Insufficient pressure force: the chest should drop approximately 5 centimeters when pressed.

Let's sum it up

In a critical situation, you need to cast aside all your fears and act as quickly as possible. Remember: no one else will help a person except you. So, let’s summarize the order of actions that need to be performed in a critical situation:

1. Heart massage

2. Artificial respiration

3. At the same time, we call for help

4. We are waiting for the doctor in a stable position

Presence of a pulse in the carotid artery. To do this, the index and middle fingers are applied to the depression in the neck in front of the upper edge of the sternospinomastoid muscle, which is clearly visible on the neck.

The presence of spontaneous breathing is established by the movement of the chest, by moistening the mirror applied to the victim’s mouth and nose.

Pupil reaction to light. If open eye cover the victim with your hand, and then quickly move it to the side, then a constriction of the pupil is observed. If signs of life are detected, you must immediately begin providing first aid. First of all, it is necessary to identify, eliminate or weaken life-threatening manifestations of the lesion - bleeding, respiratory and cardiac arrest, obstruction of the airway, severe pain. You should always remember that the absence of heartbeat, pulse, breathing and pupil reaction to light does not mean that the victim (injured) is dead. At the same time, providing assistance is pointless when obvious signs death, namely:

clouding and drying of the cornea of ​​the eyes;

when you squeeze the eye from the sides with your fingers, the pupil narrows and resembles a cat's eye;

the appearance of cadaveric spots and rigor mortis.

When providing assistance, it is necessary to take measures to restore breathing, report the incident by radio, and receive advice (by radio), and if possible, take the patient ashore. Calling specialists should not interrupt the provision of medical care. You should always remember that providing assistance involves certain risks. In some cases, contact with the victim (his blood and other secretions) can lead to infection with infectious diseases, including syphilis, AIDS, infectious hepatitis, etc. This in no way relieves the ship's management and crew members from civil and moral responsibility to provide medical care to the victim, but requires knowledge and compliance with simple safety measures. If contact with blood is necessary, wear rubber gloves or wrap your hands in a plastic bag. When assisting a drowning person, you need to swim up to him from behind or remove him from the bottom using life-saving equipment (lifebuoy, vest, ropes, etc.) In case of a fire, measures should be taken to prevent poisoning from combustion products, for which you should urgently remove the victim from the area burning or dangerous place.

Revival procedure

Resuscitation or revitalization is the restoration of vital functions of the body, primarily breathing and blood circulation. Revitalization is carried out when there is no breathing and cardiac activity, or they are depressed and do not meet the body’s needs. Revival is based on the fact that death never occurs immediately; it is always preceded by a transitional stage - a terminal state. The changes that occur in the body during dying are not immediately irreversible and, with timely assistance, can be eliminated, that is, the person is brought back to life.

In the terminal state, a distinction is made between agony and clinical death. Agony is characterized by blackouts of consciousness, a sharp disturbance in cardiac activity, a drop in blood pressure, respiratory distress, and absence of a pulse. The victim's skin is cold, pale or bluish. It must be borne in mind that after the agony, clinical death occurs, in which the main signs of life, breathing and heartbeat, are absent. It lasts 3-5 minutes. This time should be used for resuscitation. After the onset of biological death, revival is impossible. The few minutes separating the state of clinical death from biological death does not leave time for conversations, consultations, reflections and any expectations. In a terminal state, timely assistance provided is more effective than the most complex medical procedures carried out subsequently, after clinical death, therefore crew members, and even more so, the management team, need to know the basic techniques of resuscitation and assistance and be able to apply them correctly.

First of all, you need to make sure there is a pulse in the carotid artery and breathing. If there is a pulse, but there is no breathing, begin artificial ventilation immediately. First, ensure the restoration of airway patency. To do this, lay the victim on his back, tilt his head back as much as possible and, grabbing the lower jaw with his fingers, push it forward so that the teeth of the lower jaw are located in front of the upper ones. Check and clean the oral cavity of foreign bodies (pieces of food, sputum, etc.). To do this, use a bandage, napkin, handkerchief, etc. All this must be done quickly, but carefully so as not to cause additional injuries. You can open your mouth during spasm of the masticatory muscles with a spatula, the handle of a spoon, etc. After opening the mouth, insert a rolled bandage between the jaws as a spacer. If Airways are free, begin artificial ventilation using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method.

a) Artificial ventilation “mouth to mouth”. Holding the victim's head back and taking a deep breath, blow the exhaled air into the victim's mouth. Pinch the victim's nose with your fingers to prevent air from escaping.

b) Artificial ventilation “mouth to nose”. Blow air into the victim’s nose, while closing his mouth. It is more hygienic to do this through a moistened napkin or bandage. The effectiveness of artificial ventilation can be judged by the elevation of the victim's chest.

The absence of a pulse in the carotid artery indicates cardiac and respiratory arrest, which requires urgent cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In order to restore heart function, sometimes a precordial beat is sufficient. To do this, place the palm of one hand on the lower third of the sternum and apply a short and sharp blow to it with the fist of the other hand. Then re-check for the presence of a pulse in the carotid artery and, if it is absent, perform an external cardiac massage and artificial ventilation of the lungs.

Place the victim on a hard surface and, placing both palms on the lower third of the sternum, vigorously push on the chest wall, using your own body weight. During the push, the chest wall, shifting towards the spine by 4-5 cm, compresses the heart and pushes blood out of its chambers along its natural course. Cardiac massage is performed at a frequency of 60-80 pressures per minute. The results are determined by the pulse that appears in the carotid arteries in time with compressions on the chest. Every 15 pressures, the person providing assistance blows air into the victim’s mouth twice and performs a heart massage again. If resuscitation measures are carried out by a group of rescuers, then one performs cardiac massage, and the other performs artificial respiration in the mode of two air injections through 5 compressions on the sternum. The effectiveness of resuscitation can also be judged by the constriction of the pupil and the appearance of reactions to light. When restoring breathing in cardiac activity, the victim, who is in an unconscious or comatose state, must be placed on his side, in which suffocation does not occur with his own sunken tongue, and in the case of vomiting, with vomit. The retraction of the tongue is indicated by breathing in the form of snoring and difficulty breathing.

When providing first medical care the following should be adhered to

General principles first aid

An accident or a sudden illness often occurs in conditions where there are no necessary medications, dressings, assistants, or means of immobilization and transportation. Therefore, the composure and activity of the first aid provider is especially important so that, to the best of his abilities and capabilities, he is able to carry out a set of the most accessible and appropriate measures to save the life of the victim.

rules:

1. You must act expediently, thoughtfully, decisively, quickly and calmly.

2. First of all, you should assess the situation and take measures to stop the impact of damaging factors - remove the victim from water, fire, rubble, extinguish burning clothing, etc.

3. Quickly assess the condition of the victim, determine the severity of the injury, the presence of bleeding, etc.

4. Examine the victim, determine the method and sequence of first aid.

5. Decide what means are needed to provide first aid, based on specific conditions, circumstances, and capabilities.

6. Provide first aid and prepare the victim for transportation.

7. Organize transportation of the victim to a medical facility.

8. Provide first aid to the maximum extent available at the scene of the incident and on the way to the medical facility.

9. Monitor the injured or suddenly ill person before sending him to a medical facility.

In case of severe injury, suffocation, poisoning, or drowning, a person may lose consciousness, lie motionless, and not answer questions. Disruption of brain activity is possible due to direct brain injury, poisoning, including alcohol, etc.; impaired blood supply (fainting, blood loss, cardiac arrest, etc.); hypothermia or overheating of the brain (freezing, heat stroke, etc.).

The person providing assistance must be able to distinguish between loss of consciousness and death.

If minimal signs of life are detected, it is necessary to begin providing first aid and, above all, revival.

Signs of life are:

1. Presence of heartbeat. Listen with the ear in the nipple area.

2. The presence of a pulse in the arteries.

3. Presence of breathing. Breathing is determined by the movements of the chest, by the moistening of a mirror applied to the nose and mouth, and by the movement of a piece of bandage brought to the nasal openings.

4. Presence of pupillary reaction to light. If you illuminate the eye with a flashlight (or cover the eye with your palm and then quickly move your hand to the side), you will notice a constriction of the pupil.

The presence of signs of life signals the need for immediate revival measures.

The absence of heartbeat, pulse, breathing and pupillary reaction to light does not indicate that the victim is dead. A similar set of symptoms can be observed during clinical death, when it is necessary to provide the victim with full assistance.

Providing assistance is pointless if there are obvious signs of death:

Clouding and drying of the cornea of ​​the eye;

Coldness of the body and the appearance of cadaveric spots;

Rigor mortis, which occurs 2-4 hours after death;

The presence of the “cat’s eye” symptom, when, when the eye is compressed, the pupil is deformed and becomes vertical, like a cat’s.

Having assessed the condition of the victim (sick), they begin to provide him with first aid. At the same time, it is important not only to know the methods of assistance, but also to be able to properly treat the sick person so as not to cause him additional suffering.