Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations for fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to give to infants? How can you bring down the temperature in older children? What medicines are the safest?
If accounting for finished products is carried out at the standard (planned) production cost, then the organization sets accounting prices for products that remain constant for a sufficiently long time and at which products are delivered to the warehouse and written off from the warehouse during its sale or other disposal within a month . At the end of the month, when all costs are formed and the value of work in progress is determined, the difference between the planned and actual cost is determined. There are two ways to keep records of these deviations - with and without the use of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
If account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is not used, then upon receipt of finished products at the warehouse, the following posting is made within a month:
DEBIT 43 "Finished products"
CREDIT 20 "Main production"
- finished products are accepted for accounting at planned accounting prices.
DEBIT 90 "Sales" subaccount "Cost of sales"
CREDIT 43 "Finished products"
- the cost of sold products was written off in planned and accounting prices.
Example
Within a month, the warehouse of an organization producing car trailers for cars received finished products, the planned cost of which amounted to 75,000 rubles. The cost of goods sold at planned prices amounted to 50,000 rubles. The total amount of costs recorded in the debit of account 20 “Main production” during the month is 90,000 rubles.
a) Suppose that the balance of work in progress at the end of the month is 18,000 rubles.
90,000 rubles - 18,000 rubles = 72,000 rubles.
75,000 rubles - 72,000 rubles = 3,000 rubles.
The actual cost is less than the planned cost, so the savings must be reversed.
The amount of deviation attributable to sold products: (3,000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 50,000 rubles = 2,000 rubles. The amount of deviation attributable to the balance of finished products in the warehouse:
(3,000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 25,000 rubles = 1,000 rubles. Actual cost of goods sold:
50,000 rubles - 2,000 rubles = 48,000 rubles.
The balance of finished products in stock (at actual cost): 72,000 - 48,000 = 24,000 rubles.
| Correspondence accounts | Sum, rubles | Contents of operation |
|
| Debit | Credit | ||
| Within a month |
|||
| 43 | 20 | 75 000 | Accepted finished products to the warehouse at planned accounting prices |
| 90-2 | 43 | 50 000 | |
| In the end of the month |
|||
| 20 | 02, 10, 70, 69, 25, 26 | 90 000 | |
| 43 | 20 | 3000 | STORNO! The amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned one is taken into account |
| 90-2 | 43 | 2000 | STORNO! The amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned cost in the share of sold products is taken into account |
b) Suppose that the balance of work in progress at the end of the month is 12,000 rubles.
Then, the actual cost of finished products:
90,000 rubles - 12,000 rubles = 78,000 rubles.
The sum of the deviation of the actual cost from the planned one is:
78,000 rubles - 75,000 rubles = 3,000 rubles.
The actual cost is greater than the planned cost, so additional postings must be made for the amount of overrun.
The amount of deviation attributable to sold products:
(3,000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 50,000 rubles = 2,000 rubles. The amount of deviation attributable to the balance of finished products in the warehouse:
(3,000 rubles / 75,000 rubles) x 25,000 = 1,000 rubles. Actual cost of goods sold:
50,000 rubles + 2,000 rubles = 52,000 rubles.
The balance of finished products in the warehouse (at actual cost): 78,000 rubles - 52,000 rubles = 26,000 rubles.
In the accounting of the organization, these transactions are reflected as follows:
| Correspondence accounts | Sum, rubles | Contents of operation |
|
| Debit | Credit | ||
| Within a month |
|||
| 43 | 20 | 75 000 | Accepted finished products to the warehouse at planned accounting prices |
| 90-2 | 43 | 50 000 | Written off the cost of goods sold in planning and accounting prices |
| In the end of the month |
|||
| 20 | 02, 10, 70, 69, 25, 26 | 90 000 | Accounted for production costs |
| 43 | 20 | 3000 | The amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned cost is taken into account |
| 90-2 | 43 | 2000 | The amount of deviation of the actual cost from the planned cost in the share of sold products is taken into account |
Please note that this method is a simplified version of the calculation of deviations, since in this case there was no balance of finished products in stock at the beginning of the month.
In cases where there are balances of finished products at the beginning and end of the month, for the correct reflection and distribution of deviations, it is advisable to apply the calculation method, the principle of which is specified in paragraph 206 of Order No. 119n.
If finished products are accounted for at the standard cost or at contract prices, then the difference between the actual cost and the cost of finished products at accounting prices is accounted for on the Finished Products account under a separate sub-account “Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value”. Deviations on this sub-account are taken into account in the context of the item, or individual groups finished products, or for the organization as a whole. The excess of the actual cost over the accounting cost is reflected in the debit of the specified sub-account and the credit of the cost accounting accounts. If the actual cost is less than the book value, then the difference is reflected in a reversal entry.
Write-off of finished products (during shipment, vacation, and so on) can be carried out at book value. At the same time, deviations related to the sold finished products are written off to the sales accounts (determined in proportion to its book value). Deviations relating to the balance of finished products remain on the account "Finished products" (on the sub-account "Deviations of the actual cost of finished products from the book value").
Regardless of the method used to determine discount prices, the total cost of the finished product (account value plus variances) must equal the actual production cost of that product.
Example
The balance of finished products in the warehouse of the organization, the beginning of the month is 240,000 rubles at planned prices, the amount of deviations is 5,000 rubles (overrun). Within a month, the warehouse received finished products at planned prices in the amount of 750,000 rubles. The amount of costs for the production of finished products recorded on account 20 "Main production" amounted to 900,000 rubles, the balance of work in progress - 120,000 rubles. The planned cost of goods sold is 500,000 rubles.
Actual cost of finished products: 900,000 rubles -
- 120,000 rubles = 780,000 rubles.
780,000 rubles - 750,000 rubles = 30,000 rubles.
Percentage of deviations for shipped products:
(5,000 rubles + 30,000 rubles) / (240,000 rubles + 750,000 rubles) x x 100% \u003d 3.54%
The amount of deviations attributable to the shipped products:
500,000 rubles x 3.54% = 17,700 rubles.
Actual cost of shipped products:
500,000 + 17,700 = 517,700 rubles.
The balance of finished products at the end of the month at actual cost:
(240 000 + 5 000) + (750 000 + 30 000) - (500 000 + 17 700) =
= 507,300 rubles, including: planned cost:
240,000 + 750,000 - 500,000 = 490,000 rubles; sum of deviations:
5000 + 30,000 - 17,700 = 17,300 rubles.
We considered the accounting of finished products at the standard (planned cost) without using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
However, for the convenience and clarity of identifying deviations of the actual cost from the planned cost, the organization can use account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”.
In this case, the debit of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" takes into account the actual production cost of products
in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for production costs, the credit of account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" reflects the planned cost of finished products, which is written off to the debit of account 43 "Finished products". At the end of the month, when the actual cost of production is fully formed, by comparing the debit and credit turnover of account 40 “Output of products (works, services)”, the amount of deviations of the actual cost from the planned one is determined. Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts accounting the following procedure for writing off the amounts of deviations is provided:
a) if the credit turnover on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is more than the debit one, that is, the actual cost is less than the planned one and savings are revealed, then an accounting entry is made for the amount of the deviation, made using the “red reversal” method:
b) if the debit turnover on account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is greater than the credit turnover, that is, the actual cost exceeds the planned one (overrun), the usual accounting entry is made for the deviation amount:
Debit 90 "Sales" subaccount "Cost of sales" Credit 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
Thus, account 40 “Output of products (works, services)” is closed monthly and there is no balance on this account.
Please note that the amount of deviations is written off to account 90 "Sales" in full, regardless of the volume of sales of products and thus increase or decrease the cost of products sold in the reporting period.
The balance of finished products in the warehouse in this case is taken into account at the planned cost.
Example
The balance of finished products in the warehouse of the organization at the beginning of the month is 240,000 rubles at planned prices. Within a month, the warehouse received finished products at planned prices in the amount of 750,000 rubles. The amount of costs for the production of finished products, accounted for on account 20 "Main production", amounted to 900,000 rubles
lei, the balance of work in progress - 120,000 rubles. The planned cost of goods sold is 500,000 rubles.
| Correspondence accounts | Sum, rubles | Contents of operation |
|
| Debit | Credit | ||
| 20 | 10, 70, 69, 25, 26 | 900 000 | Reflected the costs of the current period |
| 40 | 20 | 780 000 | The actual production cost of finished products is reflected (900,000 rubles -120,000 rubles) |
| 43 | 40 | 750 000 | Finished products accepted for accounting at planned accounting prices |
| 90-2 | 43 | 500 000 | Written off the planned cost of goods sold |
| 90-2 | 40 | 30 000 | Included in the cost of goods sold (780,000 rubles - 750,000 rubles) is the amount of the identified deviation (overrun) |
The balance of finished products in the warehouse of the organization at planned prices: 240,000 rubles + 750,000 rubles - 500,000 rubles = 490,000 rubles.
Finished products- the main result of the production process of the enterprise. It acts in the form of products and items, the processing of which in this organization is completed completely, corresponding to the standards and specifications adopted by the Quality Control Department and transferred to the warehouse of finished products. Consider typical postings for the issue and in accounting for and account.
The tasks of accounting for finished products in accounting:
- constant control over the volumes of output of finished products and their quality, safety of stocks and their size;
- timely and competent documentation of products shipped to customers;
- clear control over the supply of finished products and their compliance with the concluded contracts in terms of quantity, range and assortment;
- Accurate and timely calculation of sales proceeds, actual cost and profit.
Production and release of finished products in transactions on accounts 43 and 40
The output of finished products is accounted for at the planned or actual cost. In the first case, it is used, from which the actual cost is then written off to and the difference between the actual cost and the planned cost in correspondence with the account .02 is adjusted in a separate posting.
Wiring:
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
| () | ( , ) | Finished products are released from production and delivered to the warehouse at their actual cost | 5000 | Help-calculation, costing |
| Released finished products are taken into account at their planned cost | 5100 | Reference-calculation, act of release of finished products | ||
| .02 | Adjusted the difference in the cost of manufactured finished products (savings) | 100 | Help-calculation (closing of the month) |
How to reflect the sale of products in the postings
The volume of sales includes all finished products shipped to customers, regardless of whether it is paid for or not. The sale of products can take place both with its subsequent payment after shipment, and on an advance payment.
Wiring:
| Account Dt | Account Kt | Wiring Description | Posting amount | A document base |
| 1. Sale of finished products before payment by the buyer | ||||
| 90.02 | Sent for sale of finished products at their actual cost | 5000 | Invoice (TORG-12) | |
| 90.01 | Reflected revenue for sold products with VAT | 7080 | Invoice (TORG-12) and invoice | |
| Reflected VAT on sold products | 1080 | |||
| The supplier's debt for the shipped products is paid off | 7080 | |||
| 2. Sale of finished products on prepayment | ||||
| Received advance payment from buyer | 7080 | Payment order, bank statement | ||
| 76 | VAT charged on prepayment amount | 1080 | sales book, | |
| 90.02 | 5000 | Invoice (TORG-12), invoice | ||
| 90.01 | Accounted sales revenue | 7080 | Invoice (TORG-12), invoice | |
| The previously received prepayment was set off as repayment of the debt to the buyer | 7080 | Help-calculation | ||
| 76 | VAT offset from prepayment amount | 1080 | Invoice | |
In the practice of enterprises various kinds organizational and legal forms and areas of activity, the responsible area of accounting is cost accounting, which accumulates information about the actual costs incurred for the manufacture of a particular type of finished product. In this regard, managers of business entities are looking for an answer to the question: “Actual cost is this?”
Full actual cost - what is it?
The sum of all actually incurred costs for the production and sale of a particular type of product is the actual full cost of production.
Cost types
The cost can be:
- planned;
- actual.
The essence of the concepts of these types of cost is presented in table 1.
Table 1. Planned and actual cost
| Cost type | Essence |
|---|---|
| Planned cost | The planned cost price is understood as an average indicator of the estimated costs for the performance of work, services or production of products for a certain planned period. This type of prime cost is planned on the basis of the existing average norms for the consumption of resources (fuel, energy, materials, raw materials, labor costs, etc.) and certain, established norms for expenses for general production and general business expenses. The planned period in the formation of the planned cost can be a quarter or a year. |
| Actual cost | Under the actual cost is understood the totality of actually incurred costs for the manufacture of products or the performance of work (the provision of services). This type of cost is formed on the basis of actually incurred production costs. |
Formula for calculating actual cost
To determine the actual cost of accounting objects, a method called "normative" is used. This method is based on the formation of the cost at the beginning of the reporting period according to the norms in force for this period. And then, at the end of the reporting period, the planned cost price is subject to adjustment for the amount of deviations from the standards identified in the process of the production process for the manufacture of finished products.
The actual cost of finished products, the calculation formula and an example are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Example of calculating the actual cost
From the calculations presented in Table 2, we can conclude that the actual cost indicator (indicator 3) is found by adding the planned cost calculated on the basis of established consumption rates (indicator 1) and the deviations of the received actual cost data from the planned ones (indicator 2, which can be presented in in the form of savings and have a negative sign (indicator 2a) or in the form of overspending and have a positive sign (indicator 2b)).
How to determine the actual cost of finished products, consider the example presented in Table 2. When considering the example, it can be seen that in 2015, negative deviations of 36674 thousand rubles were obtained, which means cost savings for this amount. And in 2016, positive deviations were received in the amount of 65438 thousand rubles, which means the actual overspending of resources compared to the planned values.
The actual cost is calculated according to the example given in table 2:
2015: 456,789 - 35,674 = 421,115 thousand rubles;
2016: 512,654 +65,438 = 578,092 thousand rubles
The deviation of the actual cost from the planned one can be positive, in which case this means that more resources were spent on the production of products than planned, i.e. there was an overrun, or this indicator can be negative if the resources were spent on production production is less than planned, i.e. these resources have been saved.
Accounting for finished products at actual cost
In the accounting department of an economic entity, operations for accounting for finished products are carried out using account 43, which has the corresponding name "Finished products". Release from production of finished products at actual cost is reflected accounting entry, where in the credit account 20 (i.e., output from the main production), account 23 (output of products from auxiliary production), and in the debit - account 43.
When a sale is made, the actual cost of goods sold is written off in the accounting department of an economic entity. In this case, the posting is drawn up as follows, where account 43 is indicated in the credit (means writing off the actual cost of exactly sold products), and account 90, subaccount 2 (which reflects the cost of sales) is indicated in the debit.
Manufacturing enterprises can produce products on a daily basis and sell them immediately, while separate accounting data is generated for a calendar month. In particular, these are wages and mandatory social insurance contributions, rent, payments for utilities, and the cost of repairing fixed assets. Depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets should not be included in this list, although “I really want to”. After all, depreciation deductions are recognized on the first day of each month following the month of acceptance for accounting of a non-current asset (,).
How to form the accounting cost of production in such conditions?
Paragraph 59 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in Russian Federation(hereinafter - PVBU) proposes to reflect finished products in the balance sheet in three ways:
- direct cost items.
Production cost includes production costs associated with the use of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources in the production process.
Let's take a look at the second method. For our situation, the first method is unsuitable, since products are accepted and shipped for accounting, the actual production costs of which have not yet been formed.
Production cost calculation
When planning the release of a particular product, the company will certainly perform a preliminary estimate of the cost per unit of output. As they say, they will make a planned cost estimate for the elements of upcoming costs. As a rule, it has to be done by an accountant.
The cost of production must be distinguished from the total cost. The latter also includes administrative and commercial expenses. This cost component is called overhead and is usually provided as a percentage of the production cost or any of its items.
Industry-specific features of costing are disclosed in departmental documents (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 29, 2002 No. 16-00-13 / 03). Let's mention a few for example:
- Instructions for planning, accounting and costing of production and enrichment of coal (shale) (approved by the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation on December 25, 1996);
- Guidelines (instructions) for planning, accounting and costing of timber products (approved by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation on July 16, 1999);
- Guidelines for accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of products (works, services) in agricultural organizations (approved by order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of 06.06.2003 No. 792).
Nevertheless, any calculation is made according to the same rules.
Production costs and selling price
How to perform the calculation - will show an example. Take, for example, furniture production.
Example
Consider a workshop for the manufacture of leather sofas. It can accommodate a team of workers, which is able to produce 10 sofas every month. Planned monthly costs (on average) will be:
- the cost of materials - 150,000 rubles;
- wages - 100,000 rubles;
- contributions for social needs - 30,900 rubles (100,000 rubles x 30.9%);
- depreciation of fixed assets - 14,000 rubles;
- utility costs for the maintenance of the workshop (electricity, heat supply, water supply and sanitation, communication services) - 5,100 rubles.
Total production costs for 10 sofas - 300,000 rubles (150,000 + 100,000 + 30,900 + 14,000 + 5,100). Therefore, the planned production cost of one sofa is 30,000 rubles (300,000 rubles: 10 pieces).
Let's say overhead costs are 20 percent of the cost of materials. Then the planned total cost of the sofa is 33,000 rubles (30,000 rubles + 150,000 rubles x 20%: 10 pieces).
The market price of such sofas is 45,000 rubles (excluding VAT).
Then the planned profit will be 26.7 percent ((45,000 rubles - 33,000 rubles): 45,000 rubles x 100%).
If the planned total cost of production is lower than the market price, then it is pointless to organize its production.
The planned cost is also called the standard cost. The manufacturing company carries out the rationing of costs independently. The norms are determined by the production technology.
Accounting price of finished goods and work in progress
As soon as finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at production cost (planned or actual - it does not play a role), commercial and administrative expenses are monthly written off to cost of sales. There is no alternative to this option. However, it is provided for (paragraph 2, clause 9) and suits accountants.
So, during the month we can receive and ship finished products at planned prices, and take into account production costs in the usual manner - as they arise in actual amounts (based on primary documents).
At the end of the month, you need to display the real financial result. It is determined by the actual cost of goods sold. Meanwhile, this value cannot be determined without taking into account the costs "settled" in work in progress.
Recall that work in progress is understood as products that have not passed all the stages (phases, redistributions) provided for by the technological process, as well as incomplete products that have not passed tests and technical acceptance (paragraph 63 of the PVBU).
Work in progress in mass and serial production can be reflected in the balance sheet (paragraph 64 of the PVBU):
- at actual production cost;
- according to the standard (planned) production cost;
- by direct cost items;
- at the cost of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products.
Continuation of the example
We proceeded from the fact that the brigade produces 10 sofas per month. The volume of work in progress depends on the organization of labor. Sofas can be made sequentially one after another, and then the cost of "incomplete" will not exceed the cost of one sofa. But if the sofas are made synchronously, all 10 at the same time, then the cost of the “incomplete” will increase proportionately. Let's take a look at the first option. Since the degree of readiness of a sofa can vary from 0 to 100 percent, we will take the planned production cost of work in progress equal to 50 percent of the planned production cost of one sofa, that is, 15 thousand rubles (30,000 rubles x 50%).
You can go the other way and determine the value of work in progress by inventory. The easiest way to do this is to evaluate the "work in progress" at the cost of the materials actually contained in it.
But the accounting policy of our enterprise involves accounting for the planned production cost of both finished products (30,000 rubles) and work in progress (15,000 rubles).
Accounting for products at the planned production cost is carried out using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
Monthly financial result
Assume that manufactured products are immediately sold and stocks are not created in the warehouse. This is possible if the sofas are made to order. Under these conditions, the production accounting scheme is as follows.
Throughout the month:
- finished products at planned prices are credited to account 43 “Finished products” in correspondence with account 40;
- sold products at planned prices are written off from account 43;
- current production costs are charged to account 20 "Work in progress".
On the last day of the month, the actual and planned costs for manufactured and sold products are compared (turnovers on the debit of account 20 and the credit of account 40). A smaller turnover is closed for a larger one, and the difference between them (from the debit of account 20 or the credit of account 40) is written off to the debit of account 90 “Sales” subaccount “Cost of sales” (direct or reverse entry). Recall that at the end of the month, account 20 has a permanent balance - the planned cost of work in progress. But account 40 should not have a balance.
On a note
Account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" is designed to identify deviations in the actual production cost of these products, works, services from the standard (planned) cost.
Let's illustrate this accounting policy with specific entries.
Continuation of the example
The accountant of a furniture company made the following entries during one of the months:
DEBIT 43 CREDIT 40
- 330,000 rubles. (30,000 rubles x 11 pcs.) - 11 sofas were credited during the month at a planned price;
DEBIT 62 CREDIT 90 sub-account "Revenue"
- 495,000 rubles. (45,000 rubles x 11 pieces) - revenue from the sale of 11 sofas is reflected (for simplicity, we assume that VAT is not paid);
DEBIT 90 sub-account "Cost of sales" CREDIT 43
- 330,000 rubles. - written off sold sofas;
DEBIT 20 CREDIT 02, 10, 70, 69, 76
- 340,000 rubles. - the actual costs for the production of sofas for the month are reflected (the balance on account 20 is 355,000 rubles = 15,000 rubles + 340,000 rubles);
DEBIT 40 CREDIT 20
- 330,000 rubles. - written off the costs attributable to the manufactured products (account 40 is closed);
- 10,000 rubles. (340,000 - 330,000) - an overrun over the planned costs on account 20 was identified and written off (provided that all products are sold);
DEBIT 90 sub-account "Cost of sales" CREDIT 26, 44
- 35,000 rubles. - written off incurred administrative and commercial expenses for the month;
DEBIT 90 sub-account "Profit / loss on sales" CREDIT 99
- 120,000 rubles. (495,000 - 330,000 - 10,000 - 35,000) - the financial result for the month was revealed.
If the actual costs on account 20 turn out to be less than the planned costs reflected on account 40, then the difference between them characterizes the savings in production. As a result of the collapse of these accounts, a credit balance will appear on account 40. It is written off with a reversal entry (with a negative amount):
DEBIT 90 sub-account "Cost of sales" CREDIT 40
- cost savings on products sold are reversed.
As can be seen, the presented accounting policy ensures compliance with the universal requirement established in paragraph 206 of the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n). It is formulated as follows: regardless of the method of determining the discount prices, the total cost of the finished product (account value plus deviations) must equal the actual production cost of this product. At the end of the month, we did just that.
Collision of norms and distribution of deviations
In fact, everything is not so simple, and few accountants suspect this.
The fact is that on the basis of (clause 7), the actual cost of inventories in their manufacture by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Therefore, finished products should be listed on the balance sheet based on the actual production cost, adjusted for the write-off methods used (clause 22, clause 24 PBU 5/01). And PVBU (p. 64), as mentioned above, allows other methods of assessment, one of which we used. There is a contradiction between the requirements of two regulations of equal legal force: PBU 5/01 and PVBU - orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia. In favor of which of them to resolve the conflict we have identified?
| Rules for accounting for finished products established by PBU 5/01 | |
| p/n | rule |
| 5 | Finished products are accepted for accounting at actual cost |
| 7 | The actual cost of finished products is determined based on the actual costs associated with its production |
| 22 | Evaluation of finished products at the end of the reporting period is made depending on the accepted method of valuation of inventories upon their disposal (i.e., at the cost of each unit of inventory, average cost, cost of the first acquisitions) |
| 24 | At the end of the reporting year, finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined based on the methods used to evaluate them. |
We will find a direct answer in paragraph 32 of the PVBU. It reads: "when compiling financial statements, the organization is guided by this Regulation, unless otherwise established by other provisions (standards) on accounting." This wording leaves no doubt about the priority of PBU 5/01. How to adjust the above accounting policy - suggests paragraph 206 of the Methodological Instructions, which we have already mentioned. Note that the Guidelines (subclause "b" clause 204) allow the use of standard cost as accounting prices only in accounting, but not in reporting.
For this reason, we will make the necessary amendments to our methodology. Above, we considered the case when all manufactured products are sold. If only part of it is sold, then the deviations between the actual and planned cost should be distributed between the stock of finished products and the cost of sales. This technique is not new - it is well known to accountants who keep separate records of transportation and procurement costs (paragraph 87 of the Guidelines).
We will not delve into general formulations, but return to our example with sofas.
Continuation of the example
Now suppose that 8 out of 11 sofas are sold in a month, so that at the end of the month there will be 3 (11 - 8) sofas on the balance sheet. We will keep accounting of sofas at the planned cost price on account 43 "Finished products" sub-account "Planned cost price".
In this case, the identified cost overrun (10,000 rubles) is subject to distribution between the cost of sales and finished products in the proportion of 8/11 (73%) and 3/11, respectively (27%):
DEBIT 90 sub-account "Cost of sales" CREDIT 20
- 7300 rubles. (10,000 rubles x 73%) - the overspending attributable to sold products was written off;
DEBIT 43 sub-account "Deviations from the planned cost" CREDIT 40
- 2700 rub. (10,000 rubles x 27%) - the overrun related to the balance of products in the warehouse was written off.
The balance of account 43 (total for the sub-accounts "Planned cost" and "Deviations from the planned cost") will be 92,700 rubles (30,000 rubles x 3 + 2,700 rubles). The requirements of RAS 5/01 are met.
Please note: PBU 5/01 does not regulate the valuation of work in progress. This follows directly from paragraph 4 of this standard. This means that there is no reason to doubt the legitimacy of the methods provided for by the PVBU.
Finally, in the event of a change in the discount price, the balance of finished products is recalculated by the time the discount price changes. But such a recalculation is permissible to carry out no more than once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year. Details are in paragraph 207 of the Guidelines.
Now we have considered the situation comprehensively and thoroughly discussed the nuances. Our reader is "forewarned, and therefore armed."
It remains only to add: in the described example with furniture production, tax accounting (Article 319 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) will not differ from accounting.
Elena Dirkova, for the magazine "Practical Accounting"
Read about everything useful for the work of an accountant in the professional accounting press!
The planned cost of production (works, services) is set by the company independently on the basis of the consumption rates of materials, fuel, etc. for production (performance of works, provision of services).
There are two ways to account for products:
- without using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)";
- using account 40 "Output of products (works, services)".
If you use the first method, then when transferring finished products to the warehouse at accounting prices (planned cost), make an entry:
Debit 43 Credit 20 (23, 29)
- Finished products are credited at accounting prices (planned cost).
Finished products are written off on the credit of account 43.
When using the second method, finished products (work performed, services rendered) are reflected on account 40 "Output of products (works, services)" at the standard, or planned, cost.
When transferring finished products to the warehouse, make a note:
Debit 43 Credit 40
- Finished products are credited at the planned cost.
Reflect the cost of manufacturing products by posting:
Debit 40 Credit 20
- reflects the actual cost of production of the main production.
As a rule, the planned cost of production does not coincide with its actual cost.
As a result, there is a balance on account 40.
The debit balance on account 40 is the excess of the actual cost over the planned one (overrun), the credit balance is the excess of the planned cost over the actual one (savings).
Write off the debit balance on account 40 monthly by posting:
Debit 90-2 Credit 40
- the excess of the actual cost of manufactured products over its planned cost was written off.
Write off the credit balance on account 40 monthly with a reversal entry:
Debit 90-2 Credit 40
— the excess of the planned cost of manufactured products over its actual cost was reversed.
LLC "Passive" produced and sold in 2005 1000 sets of glass wine glasses at a price of 118 rubles. for one set for a total amount of 118,000 rubles. (including VAT - 18,000 rubles). "Passive" takes into account finished products at the planned cost (70 rubles per set). The actual cost of the set was 75 rubles.
The accountant "Passiva" made the following postings:
Debit 43 Credit 40
— 70,000 rubles. (70 rubles x 1000 pieces) - finished products are credited at the warehouse at the planned cost;
Debit 40 Credit 20
— 75,000 rubles. (75 rub.
How to write off the cost of goods
x 1000 pcs.) - reflects the actual cost of finished products;
Debit 62 Credit 90-1
— 118,000 rubles. - reflects the proceeds from the sale of products;
Debit 90-2 Credit 43
— 70,000 rubles. - written off the planned cost of goods sold;
— 18,000 rubles. — accrued VAT payable to the budget;
Debit 90-2 Credit 40
- 5000 rubles. (75,000 - 70,000) - the amount of excess of the actual cost of finished products over its planned cost was written off;
Debit 90-9 Credit 99
— 25,000 rubles. (118,000 - 70,000 - 18,000 - 5,000) - reflected the profit from the sale of products (according to the results of the reporting month).
The task of accounting is the calculation of the cost of production, the release of products and the sale of products and goods
The tasks of accounting on the topic of production usually include the following areas of accounting:
- Calculation of the cost of production, closing of accounts for accounting for general business and general production costs.
- Output.
- Sale of finished products.
The condition of the accounting task on the topic of calculating the cost of production, output and sale of products and goods
A manufacturing company produces two types of products. To account for direct costs of production for each type, sub-accounts 20.1 "Main production of products No. 1" and 20.2 "Main production of products No. 2" are used. As of the end of the month, the following data on indirect costs are known, accounted for on accounts 25 "General production costs" and 26 "General business expenses".
| 100 | |
| 1 000 | |
| 25 "General production costs" | |
| 9 000 | |
2. Reflect in accounting the full release of finished products No. 1 at the actual cost, taking into account the initial balance of work in progress.
3. Reflect the sale of finished products to the buyer at a price of 23,600 rubles, including VAT of 3,600 rubles.
Inclusion in the cost of production of overhead and general business expenses
To be included in the cost of production of overhead and general business expenses, it is necessary to distribute them between two types of products - between products No. 1 and products No. 2. The distribution of costs is carried out using the usual proportion. To draw up a proportion, you need to choose the basis for the distribution of indirect costs.
It is allowed to distribute indirect costs proportionally:
- direct payroll costs
- amounts of direct material costs
- total direct costs
Since the condition of the problem does not contain information about the amounts of direct costs for wages or direct material costs, when solving this problem, we will use the total amount of direct costs as the distribution base. Data on expenses are given in the condition in the form of turnovers and balances on accounts 20, 25, 26.
The ratio of direct costs between products #1 and #2 is 1000:2000 or 1:2. Those. one third of the indirect costs should be charged to the cost of product #1 and two thirds of the indirect costs to the cost of product #2. Since indirect costs are distributed every month, but the initial balances of work in progress at the beginning of the month on the sub-accounts of account 20 (100 rubles and 50 rubles) are not taken into account when distributing indirect costs.
That. from 9 000 rub. overhead costs (account 25) amount 9,000 x 1/3 \u003d 3,000 rubles. accounts for products No. 1 and 9,000 x 2/3 \u003d 6,000 rubles. for product number 2.
That. from 36,000 rubles. general business expenses (account 26) the amount of 36,000 x 1/3 \u003d 12,000 rubles. falls on products No. 2 and 36,000 x 2/3 \u003d 24,000 rubles. for product number 2.
Accounting entries for the distribution of overhead and general business expenses
Distribution of overhead costs
Dt20.1 "Main production of products No. 1" 3000.00 rubles.
Kt25 "General production costs" 3000.00 rubles.
Dt20.2 "Main production of products No. 2" 6000.00 rubles.
Kt25 "General production costs" 6000.00 rubles.
Distribution of general expenses
Dt20.1 "Main production of products No. 1" 12,000.00 rubles.
Kt26 "General expenses" 12,000.00 rubles.
Dt20.2 "Main production of products No. 2" 24,000.00 rubles.
Kt26 "General business expenses" 24,000.00 rubles.
The data on the sub-accounts for accounting for production costs after performing the postings described above are as follows. There are no balances on accounts 25 "General production expenses" and 26 "General expenses".
| 20.1 "Main production of products No. 1" | |
| 100 | |
| 1 000 | |
| 3 000 | |
| 12 000 | |
| 16 000 | |
| 16 100 | |
Output
According to the condition of the problem, it is necessary to reflect the operation of the release of finished products at the actual cost for product No. 1. The actual cost after the distribution of indirect costs can be determined as a debit balance on account 20 "Main production". In our example, to account for the cost of manufacturing products No. 1, account 20.1 "Main production of products No. 1" is used. After completing the previous paragraph, as can be seen above, the balance of this account is 16,100 rubles, and 100 rubles. of these, this is the initial balance of work in progress at the beginning of the month, and 16,000 rubles is the amount of actual costs (direct 1,000 rubles and indirect 3,000 rubles.
Accounting for the release of finished products
12,000 rubles, after distribution).
Thus, according to the condition of the problem, all products are released, taking into account the initial balance, which means that the actual cost of manufactured products will be equal to 16,100 rubles.
Accounting entries for the release of finished products
The accounting entries for the release of finished products at actual cost will look like this:
Dt43.1 "Finished products No. 1" 16100.00 rubles.
Kt20.1 "Main production of products No. 1" 16100.00 rubles.
Accounting for product sales
First, let's give some theoretical information about how property sale transactions are reflected in accounting.
Formation of financial results. General provisions on the composition of accounts
To account for the current profit of the organization, account 99 "Profits and losses" is used. It is designed to identify the final financial result of the organization's activities for the current period (reporting year). Recordings are made on a monthly basis throughout the year. On the first day of the new year, there should be no balance on this account.
To generate information on the financial result during the month, a system of synthetic accounts provided for by the chart of accounts is used to account for income and expenses:
- Account 90 "Sales" (income and expenses for the main activity)
- Account 91 "Other income and expenses" (other operating and non-operating income and expenses)
- Account 99 "Profit and Loss" (to determine the total profit or loss for the organization)
Account 90 "Sales" is intended for the formation of information on income and expenses for the conduct of ordinary activities of the organization during the month. Account 90 "Sales" forms the financial result from economic activity, which is the main goal of creating an organization. It represents the difference between the proceeds from the sale and the cost of goods sold (works, services).
Account 91 "Other income and expenses" is intended for the formation of information on other income and expenses that are not the main type of activity. For example, expenses and income from the sale of fixed assets or materials, exchange differences, etc. Account 91 "Other income and expenses" reflects all operating and non-operating income and expenses (except for extraordinary income and expenses and income tax expenses, which are reflected in account 99 "Profits and losses").
At the end of each month, the balance (difference) of income and expenses from accounts 90 "Sales" and 91 "Other income and expenses" is transferred to account 99 "Profits and losses".
Account 99 "Profits and losses" reflects: written off from accounts 90 and 91 profit or loss, income and expenses associated with emergency situations, the amount of accrued income tax. As a result, on account 99 "Profit and Loss" the net profit of the organization is revealed.
When reforming the balance sheet on December 31 of the calendar year, the amount net profit of the reporting year, formed on the debit of account 99 "Profits and losses", is transferred to the credit of account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". This entry is made by the closing posting of December of the reporting year in such a way that as of January 1 of the year following the reporting year, account 99 "Profit and Loss" had no balance. Account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" is included in the "Capital" section. The economic content of this account is the accumulation of unpaid in the form of dividends (income) or retained earnings, which remains with the organization as an internal source of long-term financing.
Schematically, the formation of profit or loss can be represented as follows:
How to use account 90 "Sales", the structure of the sales account
Account 90 "Sales" is used not only to calculate the result of the sale of products, goods, works, services for the reporting month, but also to generate accumulative data for the income statement. For this, the following structure of account 90 "Sales" is provided.
Sub-accounts are opened on account 90 "Sales" to reflect the individual components of the financial result from sales.
To account for sales revenue, subaccount 90.1 "Sales revenue" is used.
To account for the cost of sold products (goods, works, services) - subaccount 90.2 "Cost of sales".
To account for value added tax included in the price of products sold (goods, works, services), subaccount 90.3 "Value Added Tax".
Additional sub-accounts may be opened. For example, to account for the excise tax provided for in the price of products sold, subaccount 90.4 "Excises" can be used. Similarly, a sub-account may be provided to account for sales tax and other expenses.
To calculate the result from sales, subaccount 90.9 "Profit / loss from sales" is used.
During the month, postings to account 90 "Sales" are made as follows:
Sales invoice structure
At the end of each month, the turnovers on the specified subaccounts are compared: the sum of debit turnovers on subaccounts 90.2, 90.3, etc. is compared with the total credit turnover on subaccount 90.1. The difference represents the profit or loss on sales for the current month. This amount is recorded as the closing date of the month on the debit of account 90.9 and credit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" (in case of profit) or on the debit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" and credit of account 90.9 (in case of loss).
Thus, at the end of each month, there should be no balance (balance) on the synthetic (general) account 90 "Sales". However, all sub-accounts of this account have a debit or credit balance, the value of which increases from January to December of the reporting year.
In December of the reporting year, after writing off the financial result for the specified month, final entries are made on the closure of all subaccounts within account 90 "Sales". For this purpose, the corresponding balances are written off from all subaccounts to subaccount 90.9. Sub-accounts 90.2, 90.3 are closed with credit entries in the debit of sub-account 90.9. The amount from the sub-account 90.1 is debited from the debit to the credit of the sub-account 90.9. As a result of the entries made, as of January 1 of the new reporting year, none of the sub-accounts of account 90 "Sales" has a balance.
Accounting for product sales
Schematically, the correspondence of accounts for accounting for the sale of products can be represented as follows.
1. The arising debt of the buyer for the products shipped to him is reflected.
2. The actual cost of goods sold has been written off.
3. VAT has been charged on the sale of products.
Accounting entries for the sale of finished products according to the conditions of the task will look as follows.
3.1. The arising debt of the buyer for the products shipped to him is reflected, according to the condition of the problem, the selling price of the products is 23,600 rubles.
Dt60 "Settlements with buyers and customers" 23600.00 rubles.
Kt90.1 "Revenue" 23600.00 rubles.
3.2. Written off the actual cost of goods sold. According to the calculation result in paragraph 2 of this problem, the actual cost of finished products is 16,100 rubles.
Dt90.2 "Finished products" 16100.00 rubles.
Kt43.1 "Finished products No. 1" 16100.00 rubles.
3.3. VAT charged on the sale of products. According to the condition of the problem, the price of products (23600 rubles) includes VAT 3600 rubles.
Dt90.3 "VAT" 3600.00 rub.
Kt68.2 "VAT" 3600.00 rub.
3.4. Although this is not in the condition of the problem, if the buyer made payment for the products shipped to him, then the buyer's payment will be reflected in the next posting.
Dt51 "Settlement account" 23600.00 rubles.
Kt62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" 23600.00 rubles.
Serving farms can manufacture products and perform works (services):
— for the needs of the main and auxiliary industries;
- for the non-production needs of the company on a free and paid basis (for example, services of hostels, cultural centers, etc.);
- for third parties.
The costs of the service economy to ensure the production process are written off to the debit of the accounts of accounting for material assets or production costs.
If the service production itself manufactures any material values, then reflect their actual cost in accounting with the entry:
Debit 10 (43) Credit 29
- materials (finished products) issued by the service production are credited.
Write off the expenses of the servicing economy for the performance of work (rendering of services) to ensure the main production with the following entry:
Debit 20 Credit 29
— the costs of the servicing economy for the performance of work (provision of services) for the main production are written off.
Write off the expenses of the servicing economy for supporting the activities of auxiliary production with the following posting:
Debit 23 Credit 29
- the expenses of the servicing economy for the provision of services to auxiliary production are written off.
It is often difficult to determine what part of the costs of the service economy relates to the activities of the main or auxiliary production. For example, a laundry washes overalls for workers in the main and auxiliary industries. Therefore, it is necessary to distribute such expenses in proportion to some indicator.
Such an indicator can be the wages of workers in various industries, the amount of direct costs of a particular production, etc. Fix the chosen procedure for distributing the costs of service industries (farms) in the accounting policy of the company.
On the balance sheet of CJSC "Aktiv" there is a laundry serving the main and auxiliary production workshops.
Direct expenses in 2005 amounted to: main production - 460,000 rubles, auxiliary production - 40,000 rubles. Laundry expenses - 50,000 rubles.
The accountant of "Active" made the postings:
Debit 20 Credit 10 (70, 69…)
— 460,000 rubles. - the costs of the main production are taken into account;
Debit 23 Credit 10 (70, 69…)
— 40,000 rubles. - the costs of auxiliary production are taken into account;
Debit 29 Credit 10 (70, 69…)
— 50,000 rubles. - Laundry expenses for the provision of services are taken into account.
The accounting policy of "Asset" establishes that the costs of the servicing economy are distributed among individual industries in proportion to the direct costs of their maintenance. It's done like this:
- related to the activities of the main production - 46,000 rubles. (50,000 x 460,000: 500,000);
- related to the activities of auxiliary production - 4000 rubles. (50,000 x 40,000: 500,000).
The accountant made the entries:
Debit 20 Credit 29
— 46,000 rubles. - laundry costs are written off for the costs of the main production;
Debit 23 Credit 29
- 4000 rubles. - Laundry costs are written off for the costs of auxiliary production.
A service farm can perform work (provide services) for the non-production needs of the company for a fee or free of charge.
If your employees use the services of a service facility (for example, a gym) for free, write off the costs of such a facility by posting:
Debit 91-2 Credit 29
- the costs of the servicing economy for services provided free of charge have been written off.
The loss of the servicing economy from the performance of work (rendering of services) for non-production purposes on a free basis does not reduce income tax. The organization can pay off this loss within 10 years at the expense of the profit received by the servicing economy (Article 275.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Write off the costs of performing work (rendering services) for third-party organizations and for yourself for a fee to the debit of sub-account 90-2 "Cost of sales". After the transfer of ownership of the results of the work performed, make an entry in the accounting:
Debit 62 Credit 90-1
- reflects the proceeds from the sale of the results of work (services) by the service sector.
Write off the amount of expenses of the servicing economy for the performance of work (rendering of services):
Debit 90-2 Credit 29
- the expenses of the servicing economy for the performance of works (services) are written off;
Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount "VAT calculations"
- Value added tax charged.
At the end of the month, determine the financial result from the sale of works (services) by the service farm:
Debit 90-9 Credit 99
- reflects the profit from the sale of the results of work (services)
Debit 99 Credit 90-9
- reflected the loss from the sale of the results of work (services).
On the balance sheet of the manufacturing company there is a laundry. It provides paid services to third parties. For the reporting period, the laundry revenue amounted to 23,600 rubles. (including VAT - 3600 rubles). Laundry expenses for the provision of services - 15,000 rubles.
The accountant made the entries:
Debit 29 Credit 10 (70, 69…)
— 15,000 rubles. - reflects the laundry costs associated with the provision of services to third parties;
Debit 51 Credit 62
— 23,600 rubles. - funds received from third parties;
Debit 62 Credit 90-1
— 24,000 rubles.
Cost accounting
- revenue from the sale of laundry services is reflected;
Debit 90-2 Credit 29
— 15,000 rubles. - expenses for the provision of services are written off;
Debit 90-3 Credit 68 subaccount "VAT calculations"
— 3600 rub. - VAT is charged, payable to the budget.
At the end of the month, the accountant will post:
Debit 90-9 Credit 99
- 5000 rubles. (23,600 - 15,000 - 3,600) - income from the sale of laundry services is reflected.
We know perfectly well that each product has a price or value. And what does it consist of? Surely many have heard the formula: cost plus markup. If everything is more or less clear with the margin, then what is the cost price? Consider this concept from the point of view of accounting.
What is cost in accounting?
In economic terms, the cost price is the total amount of expenses of the enterprise for the production of a product, provision of a service or performance of work. And from the point of view of accounting, there are two types of cost: planned and actual.
Planned cost- this is the calculated average cost for the planned period of time - year, quarter. The indicator is calculated based on the normative values of the consumption of raw materials, materials and other costs for the production of the product. All costs are also taken as an average.
Manufactured products are accounted for in accounting on account 43 "Finished products". The release of the product at the planned cost is reflected in the debit of account 43. Based on the results of production, when the product is released, the actual costs incurred are recorded on the credit of account 43. At the time of sale of the product, the actual cost is compared with the standard indicator, and a negative or positive balance, that is, overspending or savings production costs, is written off to the debit of the account - 90.2 "Cost of sales". Depending on whether the difference is negative or positive, a normal posting or a reversal is made.
Also, when accounting for the planned cost, the accountant can use account 40 “Product output (works, services)”. This method of accounting must be fixed in the accounting policy of the enterprise. If account 40 is used, then the sums of the actual production cost and the planned one are written off to it, and at the end of the established accounting period, the negative or positive balance is transferred to account 90 “Sales”.
Actual cost- the cost price, which is formed according to the actual costs incurred for the production of the product. In accounting, the actual cost is recorded on account 43 "Finished products".
What is included in cost accounting?
When calculating the cost from the point of view of accounting, production costs are taken into account, which in turn are divided into direct and indirect costs.
Production costs include:
material costs;
Wages and social contributions;
Depreciation deductions;
Other expenses.
Direct costs are directly related to the production process. Without them, it is simply impossible to produce finished products. For example, basic materials, raw materials, spare parts, equipment rental and depreciation.
Selling process.
Direct costs are included in the cost amount directly, in whole (for example, the amount of materials and raw materials used) or in parts distributed over periods (depreciation).
Indirect costs are the costs of managing and organizing production, without which this production itself would also not be able to function normally. They are distributed among all types of manufactured products, without reference to the cost of a particular product. Their amount is distributed in proportion to the selected indicator - usually these are direct labor costs, or direct costs in their entirety. An example of indirect costs is utility bills, staff development costs, labor protection costs, administrative and management costs, and the like.
Calculation and formation of the cost price in accounting is one of the most difficult and responsible areas, which is entrusted to experienced specialists. The results of the cost calculation directly affect the financial result of the company and the amount of accrued basic taxes.
