Colon after what. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation (1956)

Punctuation marks between parts of a non-union sentence

There are two types of complex sentences in Russian: conjunction and non-conjunction. In allied complex sentences, the parts are interconnected by intonation and conjunctions or allied words. In non-union complex sentences, the parts are connected only by intonation.

Compare three examples:

And

The squirrel jumped from branch to branch, That's why Snow fell in flakes on our heads;

The squirrel jumped from branch to branch - snow fell on our heads in flakes.

Let's try to determine the semantic relationships between the parts of the sentence in each example. In the first sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by the coordinating conjunction I, the main meaning of which is to indicate the sequence of events. In the second sentence, the two parts are connected, in addition to intonation, by a conjunction (more precisely, a conjunction analogue) THEREFORE, the main purpose of which is to indicate the consequence of those events that are described in the main part of the complex sentence. But in the third example there is no conjunction; we cannot accurately determine the essence of the relationship between the parts of the sentence. We can say that there are both cause-and-effect relationships and an indication of the sequence of events at the same time.

So, complex non-union sentences differ from complex allied sentences in that the semantic relationships between the parts are less clearly expressed in them. In order to make the semantic relationships between the parts of a complex non-union sentence clearer, different punctuation marks are used in writing: comma, semicolon, colon and dash.

The use of each punctuation mark is determined by a special rule.

Let's start with those cases when between the parts of a non-union sentence there is a comma or semicolon.

1. A comma is placed between the parts of a non-union complex sentence if it simply lists some facts. In this case, you can easily insert the union I after the comma. For example:

It was just getting dark, I told the Cossack to heat the kettle in the field style(According to Lermontov).

2. Between the parts of a non-union complex sentence, which lists some facts, a semicolon can be placed if the parts of the sentence are very common (contain homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases, clarifications, etc.). For example:
His head ached; he got to his feet, turned around in his closet and fell back onto the sofa(Dostoevsky).

3. A semicolon can also be placed in a non-union sentence where the parts are completely independent of each other. This difficult sentence without destroying the meaning, you can break it down into several simple ones. For example:

He was wearing a Life Campaign uniform; his head was heavily stained with mud and beaten in several places(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

Now let's turn to the staging rules colons and dashes. The choice of these two punctuation marks depends on the meaning of the parts of the sentence.

There are three cases when between parts of a complex non-union sentence you need to put colon:

1) if the second part indicates the reason for what is described in the first part, for example: In developed countries, the middle class decides the outcome of elections: it constitutes the majority of the population. You can insert the conjunction BECAUSE into this sentence;

2) if after the first part there is an explanation of what is being discussed in the first part, for example: Write a work plan: what needs to be purchased and prepared, where to start, what time frame the project can be completed.” or Like all Moscow priests, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and ranks(Griboyedov). In these sentences between the parts you can insert the conjunction NAMELY;

3) if the second part has the meaning of an addition, and the conjunction WHAT can be inserted before it, for example: Yes, I wanted to report yesterday: the harrows need to be repaired(Tolstoy). In some cases, in addition to this conjunction, the missing predicate AND SAW or AND HEARD can be added to the sentence, for example: He looked into the room: a man was sitting at the table and was quickly writing something.

Dash between parts of a complex non-union sentence is placed under one of four conditions:

1) if a complex sentence has the meaning of opposition and a conjunction A or BUT can be inserted between the parts, for example: I looked around several times - there was no one there(Tolstoy);

2) if in the first sentence there is a meaning of time or condition and the conjunction WHEN or IF can be inserted before it, for example: The authorities want us to obey(Gogol);

3) if the second part of the sentence indicates a consequence of what is described in the first part and the conjunction SO THAT can be inserted before it, for example: Gruzdev called himself get in the body(Proverb);

4) in rare cases, a dash is also used to indicate a rapid change of events, for example: The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it(Krylov).

Exercise

I looked at my watch and realized that the train had already left.

We can leave these things - they won’t be useful to us.

Snow fell and traffic jams began in the city center.

Ivlev looked around - the weather had become dull - livid clouds were gathering from all sides (Bunin).

The rank followed him; he suddenly left the service (Griboyedov).

The swallows have arrived_ it will be a good summer.

Suddenly Ivan Ivanovich screamed and was stupefied; a dead man seemed to him (According to Gogol).

Eyewitnesses give conflicting testimony - it is difficult to make the right decision.

I know there is both pride and direct honor in your heart (Pushkin).

Decisions were not made easily; over a long period of time, it was necessary to take into account the interests of all parties.

Thunder will not strike; a man will not cross himself (Proverb).

And we march in this order: Nikolai walks ahead with drugs or atlases, I follow him, and behind me, modestly bowing his head, walks a draft horse... (Chekhov).

But let’s leave these arguments aside; they don’t go here (Gogol).

But this is the purpose of education - to make pleasure out of everything (Tolstoy).

At the present time, the most useful thing is denial - we deny (Turgenev).

We need to introduce him - he is timid, still a beginner... (Goncharov).

Yes, let them swallow each other alive - what do I want? (Dostoevsky).

You are still in danger - the wound may open (Pushkin).

From childhood he was distinguished by his remarkable beauty; besides, he was self-confident, a little mocking and somehow amusingly bile; he couldn’t help but like him (Turgenev).

A minute later there was more squealing and laughter; I had to drive under a huge overhanging rock (Chekhov).

Everything is quiet, calm, and only silent statistics protest - so many people have gone crazy, so many buckets have been drunk, so many children have died from malnutrition... (Chekhov).

"Nothing to do! - Bazarov finally said. - I picked up the tug - don’t say it’s not strong! We came to see the landowners, let’s see them!” (Turgenev).

Just look at this life - the impudence and idleness of the strong, the ignorance and bestiality of the weak, impossible poverty all around, overcrowding, degeneration, drunkenness, hypocrisy, lies... (Chekhov).

We take him to the emergency room, blood is pouring out - a terrible thing, and he keeps asking for his leg to be found, and he keeps worrying about the twenty rubles in his boot on his severed leg, lest they go missing (Chekhov).

Getting put on trial because of Laevsky, wasting time is not worth the candle (Chekhov).

The characteristic features of a cart horse that distinguish him from talent are as follows: his horizons are narrow and sharply limited by his specialty; Outside of his specialty, he is as naive as a child (Chekhov).

He is no stranger to questions of science; he is terribly angry with himself for forgetting to take seeds from a tree from the Flying Island whose juice resembles Russian vodka (Chekhov).

After all, there was a time when no man spoke to her like Kirilin, and she herself broke this time like a thread and ruined it irrevocably - who is to blame for this? (Chekhov)

It’s been a year since we’ve been in a strained relationship; he answers me disgustingly in exams, and I give him unities (Chekhov).

In my opinion, if the play is good, then in order for it to make the proper impression, there is no need to bother the actors; you can limit yourself to just reading (Chekhov).

I often forget ordinary words, and I always have to spend a lot of energy to avoid unnecessary phrases and unnecessary words in writing. introductory sentences _ both clearly indicate a decline in mental activity (Chekhov).

But, imagine, I glanced forward: in the first row, sitting next to each other, was a general with a ribbon and a bishop (Chekhov).

It is not the wind that rages over the forest, it is not the streams that run from the mountains_ Moroz the Voivode patrols his domain (Nekrasov).

All this news is similar to one another and boils down to this type: one Frenchman made a discovery, another - a German - convicted him, proving that this discovery was made back in 1870 by some American, and a third - also a German - outwitted both, proving them that they both made a fool of themselves, mistaking air globules under a microscope for a dark pigment (Chekhov).

Don't come, don't come, you're out of the cold! (Goncharov).

I open the window, and it seems to me that I am seeing a dream; under the window, pressed against the wall, stands a woman in a black dress, brightly lit by the moon, and looks at me big eyes(Chekhov).

Beauty leaves; you don’t have time to explain to beauty how you love it, beauty cannot be retained, and this is the only sadness of the world (Nabokov).

From the point of view of language, a list, or list, is the same sentence (or sentences), written not in a line, like ordinary ones, but in a column (however, sometimes in a line). And since these are almost ordinary sentences, then they are framed almost like ordinary sentences. What follows from this? And the fact is that, for the correct design of the list (list), punctuation marks must be placed at the ends of its lines, and a period must be placed at the end of the sentence. First, let's look at the correct options for designing lists, and then discuss them in more detail.

List design options:

I... sentence before the list.

1. First point.

2. Second point.

3. Third point.

II... sentence before the list:

1. First point.

2. Second point.

3. Third point.

III... sentence before the list:

1) first point;

2) second point;

3) third point.

In some cases, which list design option would be more correct?

If the items in the list are short, consist of one phrase or even a couple of words, then it makes sense to put a semicolon at the end, and start the lines with a lowercase letter (option III). There is always a period at the end of a sentence, so we must also put a period at the end of our sentence written in a column.

If the points are common and consist of several phrases, you should put periods at the end of all points, and start the sentences themselves with a capital letter (options I and II).

Moreover, if you draw up a list with numbers rather than bullets (bold dots or other icons), please note that if the items end with dots, then there should be dots after the numbers (as in options I and II). If there are semicolons at the end of the paragraphs, then it is better to put a parenthesis after the numbers (option III). This is explained by the fact that after the dot there must be a capital letter, and a capital letter in the first word of the paragraph occurs only in cases where dots also appear at the ends of lines. As a rule, parentheses are not placed after Roman numerals, that is, they should not be used in version III.

As for the last sentence before the list, a colon is usually used when the end of the phrase is an explicit reference to the list or contains a generalizing word. For example, if a phrase ends with the words “such as:” or “the following parameters/areas/sections/etc. and so on.". If the list is implied logically, but there are no direct references to it, then it is better to put an end to it.

Another point related to how to properly design a list is stylistic. It lies in the fact that, ideally, all items on the list should be consistent with the sentence preceding the list and represent something like homogeneous members. In this case, a preposition, if it is needed after a generalizing word, is better placed at the beginning of the first or each paragraph (depending on the context), and not left before the list.

For example, inconsistent options would be incorrect:

I wanted to tell my mom:

* things at school;

* vacation plans;

* news from friends.

I wanted to tell my mom about:

* affairs at school;

* go on vacation;

* eat well.

This list would be better formatted as follows:

I wanted to tell my mom:

* about things at school;

* about where I want to go on vacation;

* about friends' news;

* that I want to eat well.

If you are going to make a list inside a list, then the design rules will not change in any way. It is advisable, however, to choose other bullets or numbers (for example, not “1.”, but “a)” so that readers understand where one list is interrupted by another and where which listing ends. Also, for the list of each subsequent level, as a rule, a larger indentation is made from the left edge of the page.

Sections: Russian language

Class: 9

For the past seven years, I have been working at the Budennovsky branch of the Poisk Center for Gifted Children as a methodologist in the Russian language department and at the same time as a teacher of the Russian language. Teaching a language at such a Center is both an art and a science. This is not a skill that, once mastered, a teacher can stop improving. It is necessary to expand your professional competence every day, and conduct classes in such a way as to equip children not only with knowledge and skills (the importance of which cannot be disputed!), but also to arouse in children sincere interest, genuine passion and a creative attitude towards reality.

The teaching of the Russian language from grades 5 to 11 is based on the textbooks “Russian Language” edited by Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor S.I. Lvova. In accordance with the program of this complex, students have at their disposal reference books on the Russian language, diagrams and tables on spelling and punctuation, a schoolchild’s etymological dictionary, a dictionary “Let’s speak correctly”, a book “Russian Speech Miracles”. But, along with the use of ready-made methodological manuals and textbooks, I am developing my own courses in the Russian language for students aged 14-17 years.

For the Festival of Pedagogical Ideas “Open Lesson” 2011-2012, I offer a lesson from the course "Punctuation marks. Difficulties of Russian punctuation” on the topic "Colon. The use of colons in different syntactic constructions”, designed for 2 hours. This is the seventh lesson on this course in 9th grade. The main goal of this course is to cover the most difficult and important issues of punctuation, both theoretically and practically. The classes cover the basics of Russian punctuation and the purpose of punctuation marks. The study of punctograms is in organic connection with the study of syntax and speech development. A special role is given to observing intonation. Attention is paid to particularly complex punctuation rules and their practical implementation in texts.

The lesson is based on the technology of critical thinking, which I have been using for many years in almost every lesson at the Center for Gifted Children.

Lesson type: learning new material based on previously learned material.

Type of lesson: research - explanatory.

Lesson Plan

1. Theoretical questions. Colon.
2. Express – question.
3. Theoretical block. Tasks.
4. Problem situation No. 1.
5. Have a good rest!
6. Problem situation No. 2.
7. Theoretical block. Tasks.
8. Diagnostic test.
9. Flash questions.
10. Theoretical block. Tasks.
11. Test.

The purpose of the lesson: to generalize, expand and systematize information about the placement of the colon in various syntactic constructions.

It’s night in my huge city.
I’m leaving the sleepy house - away.
And people think: wife, daughter, -
But I remembered one thing: night.

M. Tsvetaeva

Hello, young literature expert!

You probably guessed, reading the lines of M. Tsvetaeva’s poem, that the objects of our further linguistic research will be such punctuation marks as colons and dashes.

Today we will talk about the colon. The thing is that everyone (at least once in their life) made mistakes associated with ignorance of the placement of this punctuation mark. What do you know about the colon?

I suggest you remember the definition.

A colon is a ____________ sign in the form of two _________ (:) located one above the other, used to indicate that the part of the text after it is connected by ________, explanatory, etc. semantic relations with the part of the text before it.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer: A colon is a punctuation mark in the form of two dots (:) located one above the other, used to indicate that the part of the text after it is connected by causal, explanatory, etc. semantic relations with the part of the text before it.

A little about the colon

It is known that the ancient Greek philosopher Plato sometimes ended entire sections of a book with a colon.

Did you know that in most languages ​​a colon is placed immediately after a word and requires a space after itself; in some (for example, in French writing) it is separated (separated by a narrow, unbroken space) from the previous word.

And in Church Slavonic writing, the colon as a whole was equivalent to the Russian semicolon, but is also used in the functions of ellipsis and even a period at the end of abbreviations.

The colon, as a sign of abbreviation, was generally inherent in old European writings (in the Russian language it was like this until the middle of the 19th century). Among modern languages, this colon function is preserved in Swedish and Finnish, even in the middle of a word: H:ki (Helsinki).

My young friend, you know that a colon is placed in different syntactic constructions.

Task 1. Express – question.

The colon is placed:

1) in a simple sentence after a generalizing word before homogeneous members of the sentence;
2) in a simple sentence after the introductory word, which comes after the generalizing word, before homogeneous members of the sentence;
3) in a simple sentence before a generalizing word, if it comes after homogeneous members of the sentence;
4) in a non-union complex sentence with the meaning of reason;
5) in a non-union complex sentence with the meaning of a condition;
6) in a non-union complex sentence with the meaning of explanation.

___________________

Answer: 1,2,4,6

You have already completed the first task. To complete the rest, let's go on a journey through the pages of Knowledge.

Page one.

Let's consider the rules for using colons in simple sentences with generalizing words with homogeneous members of the sentence.

Of course, you know that generalizing are words or phrases that act as a member of a sentence, which serves as a more general designation of the homogeneous members that are attached to it.

Let's repeat punctuation for generalizing words and homogeneous members of a sentence.

1. If homogeneous members are preceded by a generalizing word or phrase, then a colon is placed in front of it, for example: Signs of autumn are associated with everything: with the color of the sky, with dew and fog, with the cry of birds and brightness starry sky(K. Paustovsky).

2. If after the generalizing word (phrase) there are words somehow, namely, for example, then a comma is placed before them, and a colon after them, for example: Khor understood reality, that is: he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and with other authorities (I. Turgenev).

Let's work on the assignments and try to resolve some problems.

Exercise 1.

Indicate a sentence with a generalizing word.

1. The softest and most touching poems, books and paintings were written about autumn.
2. Everything around sparkled, shimmered, and sparkled in the sun.
3. The Azov Sea is home to pike perch and bream, mackerel and anchovy.
4. Horse breeds based on their use can be divided into three groups: riding, light draft and heavy draft.

Books, music, painting teach us to understand beauty.

Task 2.

Indicate a sentence that does not contain a generalizing word.

The letters they write are various, tearful, painful, sometimes beautiful, more often useless.

1. Dogs, horses, chickens are all wet, sad, timid.

The sailor met many people, sometimes loud and mocking, sometimes timid and hospitable, sometimes pugnacious and hot-tempered, but no one could help him find the precious pouch.

Vanya recognized old places: abandoned forest roads that led into aspen thickets, clearings overgrown with heather, immortelle and spike grass, and ant trails in the red grainy sand.

Granite, iron, wood, harbor pavement, ships and people all breathe with the powerful sounds of a passionate hymn to Mercury.

Task 3.

Indicate a sentence that does not contain a colon.

Through the milky blue haze, everything around the forest, rocks, islands was dimly blue, everything was dim, ghostly.

1. In all the rooms in the servant's room, in the hall, in the living room it is cool and gloomy, this is because the house is surrounded by a garden, and the upper glass of the windows is colored.

All these people were sailors of different nations, fishermen, stokers, cheerful cabin boys, port thieves, machinists, workers, boatmen, loaders, divers, smugglers - they were all young, healthy and saturated with the strong smell of the sea and fish.

The noise from the flight of a night bird, the falling of snow from branch to branch, the rustling of a dried blade of grass swaying by the light breath of a weak breeze - all this together could not disturb the silence that reigned in nature.

2. All these sounds and smells, clouds and people were strangely beautiful and sad, it seemed like the beginning of a fairy tale,

Problem situation #1

From under the hay one could see a samovar, a tub of ice cream and some other attractive bundles and boxes (L.N. Tolstoy).

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer: From under the hay one could see: a samovar, a tub of ice cream and some other attractive bundles and boxes (L.N. Tolstoy).

Do you know why a colon is added to homogeneous parts of a sentence without a generalizing word?

My friend, a colon is also used when it is necessary to warn the reader that what follows is a list.

Have a good rest!

Did you know that this sign was used very often in the 18th century:

1) when contrasting, for example: We understand one thing clearly and in detail: although we clearly imagine others in our minds, we cannot depict them in detail (M. Lomonosov);

2) before a subordinating conjunction that begins a subordinate clause, for example: With this, the one who enriches himself will not offend anyone: because he acquires for himself an inexhaustible and common treasure (M. Lomonosov)

3) before an adversative conjunction, for example: The test of nature is difficult, Listeners: however pleasant, useful, holy (M. Lomonosov)

4) before the connecting clause, for example: It is known in Italy that recently it happened that thunderclaps sometimes came out of the cellars: and for this reason the cause of them, completely different from Electrical force, was assigned (M. Lomonosov)

It can be noted that the functions of this sign were formulated in a complex and contradictory manner. The process, as we see, was long, but definite - the sign steadily progressed through the accumulation of explanatory significance. In this sense, it is interesting to pay attention, for example, to the fact that in the works of M.V. Lomonosov quite often the colon is at the junction of the main part of the sentence and subordinate causal ones (with causal conjunctions). From a modern point of view, this sign is superfluous, since the meaning of the cause is conveyed lexically - by causal conjunctions.

And gradually, having gained a foothold in this position, the sign began to be associated with the meaning of reason, justification. That is why, already in a non-union sentence, it seemed to take on a causal meaning and became a meaningfully significant sign.

The explanatory function of the colon is firmly preserved, however, as we will see later, a young lover of literature, this sign begins to lose some (not all and not always!) positions and give way to another sign - the dash.

This is precisely the peculiarity of the fate of the colon: with a clear function, the loss of positions where this function is manifested.

Problem situation No. 2

Rewrite the sentence and find the place for the colon!

And, having done this, he felt that the result was the desired one, that he was touched and she was touched (L. Tolstoy).

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer: And, having done this, I felt that the result was the desired one: that he was touched and she was touched (L. Tolstoy)

Just now you learned that a colon is placed before a subordinating conjunction in those rare cases when the preceding main clause contains a special warning about subsequent clarification (at this point there is a long pause and you can insert the words namely).

Page two

About the rules for using colons in simple sentences with direct speech.

My friend! Study the table carefully and understand the placement of punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech. Fill in the table with your examples.

If everything worked out for you, then you, of course, noticed that after the words of the author, located before direct speech, a colon is placed; the author's remark coming after direct speech is written with a small letter.

Attention! Question: does this always happen?

That's right, not always. If the author’s words do not contain designations of speech, thoughts, facial expressions and movements or feelings of the speaker and do not allow the insertion of verbs of speech after themselves, then after the author’s words a dot is placed before direct speech, and in cases where the author’s remark comes after direct speech, a capital letter is used . By the way, only under this condition can there be a dot before the dash.

He looked with a grin (and said):

- So I believed you!

I'm tired of the constant arguing.

- Leave me alone!

Task 4. Find and correct errors in the placement of punctuation marks that we have introduced into the text.

1. You spoke, and I thought - “What a strong machine the human body is!”

_____________________________________________________________________

Answer: There should be a colon in this sentence, not a dash before direct speech.

2. She said:

“It was probably a wonderful custom in the old days.” Now it is going out of fashion even in palaces.

And, to smooth out the harshness, she added, smiling

– However, palaces also seem to be going out of fashion.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Find the “third extra” sentence and explain your choice, for example: 1a, the remarks of different persons are next to each other, and in the other two sentences the remarks are separated by the words of the author. There are no punctuation marks.

1. ___________________________________________________________________

a) I think I stayed too long, he said with an embarrassed smile.
b) Why do you think that this is nonsense? Gavrilov asked with his quick grin, not at all offended.
c) Nikolai Ivanovich read the card again and asked what you actually want.

2. ___________________________________________________________________

a) The paramedic respectfully objected Dmitry Vasilyevich yes, you go to sleep.
b) Why did you say that? Sonya asked with a grin.
c) Once, in a moment of frankness, Vasily Gorlov told me By God, Dmitry Vasilyevich, I loved you so much.

Answer: 2b, direct speech comes before the words of the author, in the other two - vice versa.

3. ___________________________________________________________________

a) Tokarev remembered how Tanya asked “It won’t be hard for you” and burst out laughing.
b) Well, goodbye, gentlemen, he said, extending his wide hand to Natasha and Daev. I wish you all the best.
c) It’s a sin to complain about time, Daev seriously objected, time is good and extremely interesting.

4. ___________________________________________________________________

a) Sit on a chair and be silent, he furiously shouted so that I don’t hear your voice anymore.
b) Alexandra Mikhailovna said, breathless, Tanya, listen, don’t be afraid, I’ll arrange everything for you. Don’t be afraid, she repeated joyfully.
c) She repeated, sobbing, “Lord, Lord,” and without looking away, she looked at Tanya.

Answer: 4a, direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, in the other two - vice versa.

5. ___________________________________________________________________

a) Suddenly, with his quick grin, the painter said loudly, “I think that you are talking about this incorrectly!” This is what the foundry worker asked about.
b) The painter decisively cut off. You can’t live in the city. Don’t meddle in the wrong place. Go to the village and manage. Why are you going to manage? - exclaimed the cabman.
c) Everyone is calling you, shouting, with a respectful smile he turned to Osokin. Let me not go, Osokin said beggingly.

Answer: 5c, in sentences with direct speech, the remarks of different persons are separated by the words of the author; in the rest, replicas of different persons stand side by side.

6. ___________________________________________________________________

a) Will your fellow countryman be sympathetic to you? asked the guy in the blouse. The fellow countryman muttered to the man without looking at the guy and sat down.
b) Varvara Vasilievna said Timofey Stepanovich, your tea is completely cold. Let me pour you some fresh one. But now I’ll finish this Baluev hastily finished his tea and handed the glass to Varvara Vasilyevna.
c) Where did Tanya realize Varvara Vasilievna? Sergei chuckled. She went with the craftsman. (According to V. Veresaev).

Answer: 6b, replicas of different persons stand side by side, in the other two replicas are separated by the words of the author.

Page three

Test your knowledge of placing colons in different syntactic constructions by answering quick questions.

Question 1. Give the correct explanation for placing a colon in a sentence.

Throughout the morning, Olenin was completely immersed in arithmetic calculations: how many miles had he traveled, how many remained to the first station, how many to the first city.

1) The second part of a non-union complex sentence reveals the content of the first part.

2) Several parts of a non-union complex sentence reveal the content of the first part.

3) Subordinate parts of a complex sentence explain the content of the first part.

4) The generalizing word comes before homogeneous members.

Question 2. How to explain the placement of the colon in this sentence?

Don’t dig holes for others: you’ll fall into them yourself.

1) The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.
2) The second part of a non-union complex sentence explains and reveals the content of the first part.
3) The first part of a non-union complex sentence is contrasted with the second part.
4) The first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the conditions for performing the action indicated in the second part.

My young friend! You probably already realized that on this page of Knowledge we will talk about placing a colon in the SBP.

I suggest you remember the definition of a complex sentence.

A unionless complex sentence is _____________, the parts of which are interconnected by ___________ and _____________ and are connected without the help of _________ or allied words by intonation and _________________________.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer: a non-union complex sentence is a complex sentence, the parts of which are interconnected in meaning and structure and are connected without the help of conjunctions or allied words by intonation and the order of the parts.

A little theory

A colon in a non-union complex sentence that splits into two parts is placed:

1) if the second part (one or more sentences) explains, reveals the content of the first part (the words “namely” can be inserted between both parts), for example: In fact, Akakiy Akakievich’s overcoat had some strange structure: its collar became smaller and smaller every year, because it served to undermine other parts(Gogol);

2) if in the first part through verbs see, look, hear, understand, know, feel etc. a warning is given that what will follow is a statement of some fact or some description (in these cases, a conjunction can usually be inserted between both parts What), For example: I crawled through the thick grass along the ravine, I saw: the forest ended, several Cossacks were leaving it into a clearing(Lermontov); But (without warning intonation before the second part): I hear the earth shake– comma instead of colon;

3) if the first part contains verbs look out, look around, listen etc., as well as verbs with the meaning of action, warning about further presentation and allowing the words “and saw that”, “and heard that”, “and felt that”, etc. to be inserted after them, for example : I looked up: on the roof of my hut stood a girl in a striped dress with her hair down.(Lermontov).

NB! Pay attention!

In these cases, a dash is also used instead of a colon to convey various additional shades of meaning, for example: I looked at the ice hole - the water was dozing(Shishkov); He looked out of the room - not a single light in the windows(V. Panova) - however, for the purpose of justified unification, it is preferable to put a colon.

4) if the second part indicates the basis, the reason for what is said in the first part (a conjunction can be inserted between both parts because, since, since), For example: And Zhilin became depressed: he saw that things were bad(L. Tolstoy);

5) if the second part is a direct question, for example: There’s only one thing I don’t understand: how could she bite you?(Chekhov).

So, our sixth lesson in the distance learning course “Difficulties of Russian Punctuation” is coming to an end. How much do you already know! I propose to conclude our meeting with a test. I wish success to all Russian language experts!

Test

1. What numbers should be punctuated in place?

1. I love Pushkin (1) for his fun (2) and wisdom (3) and sadness (4) and nobility.

a) 1, 2, 3
b) 2, 3, 4

2. Everything is included in the novel “Eugene Onegin” (1) mind (2) heart (3) youth (4) wise maturity (5) minutes of joy (6) and bitter hours without sleep.

a) 1 - colon, 2, 3, 4, 5 - commas
b) 1 - dash, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - commas

3. And in Onegin (1) and in Tatiana (2) and in Lensky (3) something else is important (4) their spiritual appearance (5) dreams (6) suffering (7) thoughts.

a) 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 - commas, 4 - colon
b) 1, 2, 3, 5, b, 7 - commas, 4 - dashes

4. No one (1) neither mother (2) nor father (3) nor Olga (4) nor neighbors (5) nor even Lensky (6) is able to understand Tatyana.

a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
b) 1 - colon, 2, 3, 4, 5 - commas, 6 - dash

5. Pushkin (1) not only understands his heroine (2) but loves (3) and takes pity on her.

a) 2
b) 1, 2, 3

6. The poet notices the cute little things of everyday life (1) samovar (2) Chinese teapot (3) fragrant smell of strong tea. (According to N. Dolinina.)

a) 1 – colon, 2, 3 – commas
b) 1, 2, 3 - commas

7. Walking (1) reading moral novels (2) playing chess (3) poetry in an album (4) all these are quite possible activities for lovers.

a) 1, 2, 3 - commas, 4 - colon
b) 1, 2, 3 - commas, 4 - dashes

8. A real writer (1) is the same (2) as ancient rock (3) he sees more clearly (4) than ordinary people. (A. Chekhov.)

a) 2, 4 - commas, 4 - dashes
b) 1 - dash, 2, 4 - commas, 3 - colon

9. The creativity of nature (1) and the creativity of man differ in their attitude to time (2) nature creates the present (3) man creates the future. (M. Prishvin.)

a) 2 - colon, 3 - dash
b) 2 - dash, 3 - comma

10. My poetry is an act of friendship with a person (1) hence my behavior (2) I write (3) it means (4) I love, (M. Prishvin.)

a) 2 - colon, 3 - dash, 4 - comma
b) 1,3 - dash, 2 - colon

11. Books connected me with the world (1) books sang about (2) how diverse and rich life is (3) how daring a person is in his desire for goodness and beauty. (M. Gorky.)

a) 1 - colon, 2, 3 - commas
b) 1, 2, 3 - commas

12. The whole difference between smart and stupid is (1) the first will always think (2) and rarely say (3) the second will always say (4) and will never think. (V. Klyuchevsky.)

a) 1 - colon, 3 - comma
b) 1 - dash, 2, 3, 4 - commas

13. It is not only possible to be proud of the glory of your ancestors (1) but also must (2) not to respect it is shameful cowardice. (A. Pushkin.)

a) 1 - comma, 2 - semicolon
b) 1, 2 - dash

14. Struggle is a condition of life (1) life dies (2) when the struggle ends. (V. Belinsky.)

a) 1 - dash, 2 - comma
b) 1 - colon, 2 - comma

I am sure that the test was not easy for you. Because placing a dash also requires close attention and serious study. This is exactly what we will talk about in the next lesson.

The role of generalizing words for homogeneous members of a sentence is:

1) generic concept (general), in relation to which homogeneous members of the sentence are specific concepts (particular): On at the following stations everyone greedily grabbed newspapers: central, local, regional(Kettle.);

2) the name of the whole, in relation to which homogeneous members designate parts:But I seem to see this in front of me picture: quiet shores, expanding moon road straight from me to the pontoon bridge barges and on the bridge long shadows of running people (Kav.).

1. If homogeneous members of a sentence are preceded by a generalizing word (phrase), then a colon is placed in front of them: Signs of autumn are connected at all: with the color of the sky, with dew and fog, with the cry of birds and brightness starry sky (Paust.); The father performed several everyday movements: took out a wallet, rummaged in it, pulled out two old three-ruble coins, received tickets (Nag.); He was a jack of all trades: mechanic, joiner, carpenter and even a mechanic (Cor.); They argued here about anything: about brands of tractors, types of vodka, the second front, German captured automatic machines (Mus.).

2. If after the generalizing word (phrase) there are words somehow, namely, for example, that is, then a comma is placed before them, and a colon after them:Dry swamps are places that bear all the signs of once existing swamps, something like: bumps, traces spring pits and various species of marsh grasses (Ax.); On this coal table fit a dress taken out of a suitcase, namely: trousers to match a tailcoat, new trousers, gray trousers, two velvet vests, and two satin frock coats, and two tailcoats (T.); Red forest includes species of resinous trees, For example: pine, spruce, fir(Sayan.); Khor understood reality, that is: settled down, accumulated money, got along with the master and with other authorities(T.).

3. If homogeneous members of a sentence are not preceded by a generalizing word (phrase), then a colon is placed in front of them only when it is necessary to warn the reader that what follows is a list: From under the hay you could see: samovar, tub with ice cream form and some other attractive ones nodules and boxes (L.T.); There were: Pavel, Chukhonian, staff captain Yaroshevich, sergeant major Maksimenko, red cap, lady with white teeth, doctor (Ch.). Wed. in business and scientific speech: On the meeting was attended by:...; To obtain the mixture you need to take:...; Roles performed by:...; Cast: …

4. If homogeneous members of a sentence, expressed by proper names of persons, are preceded by a common application for them, which does not act as a generalizing word (when reading in this case there is no pause characteristic of pronouncing a generalizing word), then a colon is not placed in front of them: Classic writersGogol, Turgenev, Chekhovpainted pictures from the life of peasants.

A colon is also not placed before homogeneous members in the case when they are represented by geographical names, which are preceded by a common defining word for them, after which there is no pause when reading: Famous for their health resorts resort cities Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk(cf.: …the following resort cities: …).

The same when listing the names of literary works, which are preceded by a generic name that does not play the role of a generalizing word: Novels of Goncharov “Oblomov”, “Cliff”, “An Ordinary Story”form a trilogy of sorts(cf.: The following novels by Goncharov: ...).

Wed. different, although outwardly similar cases: On During the entrance exams in Russian language and literature, applicants were offered the following topics: “ Comparative characteristics Onegin and Pechorin”, “Main images of V. Pasternak’s novel “Doctor Zhivago””, “The place of V. V. Mayakovsky in Russian literature”(a colon is placed after the generalizing word of the topic); Applicants wrote an essay on the topic “M.Gorky is a realist writer."(no punctuation mark is placed after the defined noun on the topic); The topic of the report is “Contemporary young artists”(a dash between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective); Lesson topic: “Unionless complex sentence”(a note on the board in the form of a title in which the second part explains the first; a colon is placed between them).

5. If homogeneous members of a sentence are in the nature of application or clarification, then after the generalizing word a dash can be placed instead of a colon: Scarlet light gently flooded the surroundings - wind mill, slate roofs machine and tractor station, elevators (Cat.); Everyone loves legends and fairy tales- children and adults; Positive character traits appear no matter what— in restraint, in patience, in courage;My friend was a wonderful person— smart, kind, sensitive, ready any minute to help.

6. If a generalizing word follows homogeneous members of a sentence, then a dash is placed in front of it: All played out cheerfulness, self-control, restraint- All left Titka at that moment(Sh.); On the croquet court playground, on the lawn, in the gazebo- everywhere the same hostile silence(Cat.); Both the old man and I - we both had fun (Paust.); Deception, calculation, cold jealous tyranny and horror over the poor broken heart - that's what he realized in this shamelessly no longer hidden laughter(Adv.).

7. If after homogeneous members of a sentence there is an introductory word (phrase) before the generalizing wordin a word, in a word, in short etc., then a dash is placed in front of it, and a comma after it: Wheat, millet, oats, sunflower, corn, melons, potatoes- in a word, everything you look at is already ripe'(Bab.).

8. If homogeneous members of the sentence that appear after the generalizing word do not complete the sentence, then a colon is placed in front of them, and a dash after them: Are all these things: pencil framed, written book, watch, photographic apparatus - Don't they say any more words about the interesting guest?(Priv.); Everywhere: above your head, under your feet and nearby with you - iron lives, roars, celebrating its victories(M.G.).

If, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is required after homogeneous members of the sentence, then it is placed, and the dash is either placed or omitted. Wed:Along with other natural disasters, something like: fire, hail, clearing out grain fields, bad weather or, conversely, great sushi, - there is another disaster in the village(Sol.) - a comma closes a separate phrase with a prepositional combination along with ; The owner carefully inquires about the prices of various large works, somehow: flour, hemp, honey And so on, but only buys small trinkets(G.) - the comma seems to “absorb” the dash.

9. If a generalizing word, in order to strengthen its semantic role with a large number of homogeneous members of a sentence, is used twice - before and after the enumeration, then the punctuation accepted for constructions with homogeneous members and a generalizing word is preserved, i.e., a colon before homogeneous members and a dash after them: All : driving fast carriage on the street, lunch reminder, question girls about the dress that needs to be prepared; even worse, word insincere, weak participation - All painfully irritated the wound, seemed like an insult(L. T.); I wanted to read about everything: about the grass, and about the seas, and about the sun and stars, and about great people, and about the revolution - about everything something that people know well, but I don’t know yet(Paust.).

Instead of a colon before homogeneous members, in these cases a dash is possible (i.e., homogeneous members on both sides are distinguished by a dash; cf. above, paragraph 5): All these people are sailors of different nations, fishermen, stokers, cheerful cabin boys, port thieves, machinists, workers, boatmen, loaders, divers, smugglers- All of them were young, healthy and saturated with the strong smell of the sea and fish(Cupr.).

10. If a group of homogeneous members located in the middle of a sentence, standing after a generalizing word, has the nature of clarification or can be equated to separate applications, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides [see. above, paragraph 9]: All this - sounds and smell, clouds and people - it was strangely beautiful and sad(M.G.); In four cities in Italy - Rome, Naples, Turin and Milan - The final part of the European Football Championship has started(Gas.); All those present are delegates and guests — listened attentively to the speaker.

11. If the homogeneous members of the sentence after the generalizing word are very common and especially if there are commas inside them, then they are separated semicolon[cf. § 9, paragraph 3]: The earth, it turns out, is infinitely large: and seas and snowy mountains in the clouds and boundless sands; and unexpected cities with churches that look like bells stacked on top of each other; with trees like tall ferns; And People, black, as if smeared with soot, naked, scary as devils, and flat-faced, with tiny eyes, in robes, in shlykas, with long braids; And women, wrapped in white canvases from head to toe; and next to the horses are long-eared half-horses, half-calves, and elephants with booths on their backs(Ch.).

How to create lists?

What punctuation mark is placed before the list?

The phrase before the list may end with a colon or a period. Colon is set if:

this phrase contains a word or phrase indicating that a list will follow;

the list explains what is said in the phrase preceding it;

the list directly continues the text.

If these conditions are not met, then the list is preceded by dot.

Note. A colon can also be placed before a list if the list elements begin with a capital letter.

How to select list items?

There are many ways to graphically highlight list items. Here are the main ones:

1. Arabic or Roman numeral with a dot.

2. Arabic numeral with bracket.

3. Capital letter with a dot.

4. Lowercase letter with bracket.

6. Typesetting character (dot, square, diamond, asterisk, etc.).

There are intraparagraph lists (elements follow in the selection) and lists with paragraph elements (list elements begin with a red line).

IN multi-level lists The following distinction is accepted:

capital letters and roman numerals indicate highest level divisions;

Arabic numerals with a dot – intermediate level;

Arabic numerals with brackets, letters with brackets, and type characters are used to indicate the lowest level of articulation.

When do lists use uppercase and when lowercase letters?

The text of each element in the list begins with a capital letter if it is preceded by number with a dot or capital letter with dot.

The text of each element in the list begins with a lowercase letter if it is preceded by number with bracket:

1) new and old;

2) old and new.

Lists whose elements begin with lowercase letter with parenthesis:

a) new and old;

b) old and new.

What punctuation marks are placed after list items?

After paragraphs - elements of the list is placed:

A) comma, if the element paragraphs are very simple - consisting of several words, without punctuation inside, indicated by a number with a closing bracket, a lowercase letter with a closing bracket, a typesetting character (for example, a dash) and starting with a lowercase letter; but it would not be a mistake to place a semicolon after paragraphs in such cases;

b) semicolon, if the elements are not quite simple, with punctuation marks inside, are indicated by a number with a closing bracket, a lowercase letter with a closing bracket, a typesetting sign and starting with a lowercase letter, i.e. lowercase letter at the beginning of an element matches the semicolon at the end of it. An example is this list;

V) dot, if the elements are indicated by a number with a dot or a capital letter with a dot. The dot after the element designation corresponds to the dot at the end of the element.

What to read about the design of lists and categories?

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book / Ed. V.V. Lopatina. M., 2013. pp. 282–286.

A. E. Milchin, L. K. Cheltsova. Publisher's and Author's Guide. 2nd ed., M., 2003. pp. 38–44.