Introductory clarifying constructions. Introductory structures

INPUT AND INSERT STRUCTURES

The concept of introductory and plug-in structures

Constructions are called introductory, which are used for subjective information evaluation contained in a sentence or to attract the attention of the interlocutor to it. In structure, they can be represented in one word ( certainly, probably, of course etc.), phrase ( in other words, from the point of view... etc.), sentence ( I'm sure, I think, it seems to me etc.). Introductory constructions are not members of the sentence. The letter is separated by commas.

Designs are called plug-in that carry additional information. In structure, these can be words, phrases, simple or even complex sentences. Like introductory constructions, they are not part of the structure of the sentence in which they are included. When reading, they are pronounced at a faster pace than the main sentence. The following are highlighted on the letter using brackets or dashes: And Raisa (she gave for a hundred) said a kind word to one, to another (she can do it when she wants) - look, and my soul became more comfortable (all people)(F. Abramov).

1. Specify incorrect statement

Introductory constructions can be expressed by phrases.

Input and insertion structures are the same thing.*

Inserted structures are highlighted with dashes or parentheses.

Plug-in designs can be expressed complex sentence.

2. State the correct statement.

Inserted structures are separated by a comma.

Plug-in structures carry additional information.*

Introductory structures carry additional information.

Introductory constructions can only be expressed in words.

Signs of introductory structures

As is known, introductory structures are not grammatically related to the sentence and therefore their boundaries can be easily clarified using the method recesses. It is this method that is remembered from the school course of the Russian language: if an insertion construction is excluded from the text of a sentence, nothing will change grammatically in it. This principle is used to differentiate between introductory constructions and sentence components similar to them like The rain must have stopped temporarily. - There should be no corrections in the certificate.

BUT! Before using the excavation method, you need to understand that:

1. In exactly the same way, the boundaries of any isolated members of the sentence are clarified: Running away we laughed.

2. You can easily remove some minor members from the sentence, which do not need to be isolated at all: IN R at To e he held the rope tightly

3. And finally, in order to correctly isolate an introductory structure, you must be able to SEE it, and for this you need to know the types of introductory structures. This is very important information, read it carefully!

Types of introductory structures by meaning

1. Constructs expressing confidence: of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, certainly, naturally, really, really, in fact, I'm sure etc.

2. Constructions expressing uncertainty: it seems, maybe, probably, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, apparently, we must believe, I think, I hope, I believe, true, it should be, if I'm not mistaken etc.

3. Constructions expressing various feelings: unfortunately, to regret, fortunately, unfortunately, to general joy, to surprise, to horror, to shame, to misfortune, strange thing, no secret etc.

4. Designs to attract attention and invite co-thinking: please, excuse me, forgive me, listen, understand, you know, imagine, say, suppose, believe, agree, believe, if you want to know, etc.

5. Constructions indicating the source of the message: according to the message..., according to..., in the opinion, conveyed, said, heard, from the point of view..., in my opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, as is known, remembered, etc.

6. Constructions used to formalize thoughts: firstly, secondly, it means, so, so, therefore, in a word, finally, more precisely, in short, to put it mildly, it is difficult to say, on the contrary, it is difficult to say, for example, I repeat, by the way, by the way, thus, with one sides etc.

8. Constructions expressing an assessment of the measure of what is being said: at most, at least, at least, without exaggeration etc.

9. Constructions expressing the strength of the manifestation of feelings: funny to say, no offense intended, to be honest, between us, I must admit, jokes aside, a secret etc.

1. Indicate the status of the constructions enclosed in brackets (no punctuation marks!)

(I'm sure) it will be warm tomorrow.

The lion is (I'm sure) a very strong beast.

Select... minor members of the sentence introductory construction part of a complex sentence

(A strange thing) was started by my youngest son.

Select... minor members of the sentence introductory construction part of a complex sentence

I (strange thing) didn’t feel like sleeping at all.

Select... minor members of the sentence introductory construction part of a complex sentence

2. In which sentence should the introductory construction be isolated?

She looked natural and cute.

Our horror was gradually joined by annoyance.

At least you can rely on him.*

The certificate is valid for a month.

3. Indicate the sentences in which a comma is placed in place of the blanks

In those days, everything he learned seemed new to him.

We just need this person to carry out all our plans.

In essence, beauty is the promise of great humanity in the relationship between a man and a woman.

Onegin was, in the opinion of many, decisive and strict judges, a fellow scientist, but a pedant (A. S. Pushkin)

Introductory words, combinations and constructions are quite widely used in the Russian language. These elements are characteristic not only of written, but also of spoken language. They serve to clarify the meaning of what was said, to express the speaker’s attitude to what he is saying. In writing, all introductory constructions are usually separated by commas.

The rules governing the placement of punctuation marks in introductory words and phrases are as follows.

1. Introductory words and constructions are separated by commas, regardless of their position within the sentence. For example:

• Apparently, this time I was wrong.
• I looked into his honest open face and, of course, smiled.
• Arkady, it seems to me, in all respects looks like a piece of very pure and very soft wax (Pisarev).
• It was pure, calm work and, as our people said, controversial (Chekhov).
• The Cossacks, it was heard, made an excellent attack (L. Tolstoy).
• You, they say, are a great master of singing (Krylov).
• He, I admit, confused me then (Pushkin).
• With his eyes, it seems he would like to eat everyone (Krylov). This, according to Arkady Pavlovich, statesman was of small stature (Turgenev).

Note. Introductory words and constructions, despite their similarity to sentence members and even predicative parts, in fact are not such and do not participate in the formation of sentences. They can be easily omitted. They serve only to express the speaker’s attitude to his words and to add new shades of subjective character.

2. The following are traditionally used as introductory words and constructions in the Russian language:

• without a doubt, probably, maybe, of course, hardly, I don’t think, I’m sure, I think, probably, for sure, etc. (introduce a tinge of confidence or uncertainty of the author in his words)
• firstly, secondly, total, therefore, as a result, means, however, so, etc. (bring consistency and logic to reasoning);
• fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, joyfully, etc. (they introduce a shade of the author’s emotional attitude to what he says) and other groups.

Note 1. Introductory words should be distinguished from adverbial words that answer the questions where? When? How? how? (and other circumstantial issues). For example:

• He took an umbrella with him very usefully: it started to rain (adverbial word, not separated by a comma), BUT: Yes, by the way, take an umbrella with you (introductory word, separated by a comma).

Note 2. Introductory words and phrases should be distinguished from their synonymous intensifying constructions, which are pronounced in a tone of absolute confidence and serve to confirm the meaning of what is said in the sentence. For example:

• Well, you understand this, of course? (introductory word, separated by a comma when writing) BUT: of course, you will arrive before everyone else (an intensifying word, emphasizes the author’s confidence in his words, pronounced in a tone of absolute conviction and is not separated by commas);
• Well, what did you really come up with! (introductory construction, highlighted on both sides with commas) BUT: But he really is not to blame! (reinforcing structure, not separated by commas).

Note 3. If the introductory words “for example”, “say”, “let’s say”, “let’s allow”, etc., come before words that clarify the meaning of what was said before them, then there is no need to put any signs after these words.

Note 4. The conjunctions “a”, “but”, “and”, if they form a single construction with the introductory word, are not highlighted in writing with commas. For example:

• She started eating, which means the crisis is over.
• The most common constructions are: and therefore, and therefore, but therefore, but of course, and by the way, etc.

Theory for task A22 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence (addresses, introductory words, introductory and inserted constructions)

Appeal

Appeal- these are words that name the person to whom the speech is addressed: Old man, I heard many times that you saved me from death. (M. Lermontov)

The appeal is not part of the sentence.

An address may have dependent words; such an address is called common: Hello, Dear Granny!

Addresses in letters are separated by commas: Full, my steppe, sleep soundly. (A. Koltsov); Oh Pushchin, windy sage\ (A. Pushkin). Sorry, faithful oak forests!(A. Pushkin)

Introductory words, introductory and plug-in constructions

Introductory words- these are words or combinations of words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (for example, confidence, uncertainty, possibility, assumption, joy, surprise, etc.), indicate the sequence of presentation, the source of the message: Certainly, he was right; They, Firstly, they live not so far away, and secondly, on such a day you definitely need to come.

Introductory words are not part of the sentence.

It is necessary to distinguish between introductory words that are not grammatically related to the sentence, and the same words that act as members of the sentence. Wed: They say(aq. cl.), there will be a thunderstorm today. - People do a lot of things They say(predicate). They, it is seen(introductory, next), do not rush. - It is seen(predicate) that they are in no hurry.

Several groups of introductory words differ in meaning:

1. Introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, grief, amazement, etc.): to chagrin, unfortunately, to chagrin, to joy, unfortunately, probably to surprise, to misfortune, strange thing and etc.

2. Introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.): of course, certainly, really, naturally, in fact, really, of course and etc.

3. Introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, in the opinion of (someone), according to (someone), in someone’s opinion, according to (someone’s) message, they say and etc.

4. Introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said: at most, at least without exaggeration and etc.

5. Introductory words indicating the way of expressing the design of thoughts: in one word, in other words, in other words, so to speak, roughly speaking, to put it mildly and etc.

6. Introductory words, which are a call to the interlocutor in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated: listen, do you see, do you see, understand, imagine, pray tell, please and etc.

7. Introductory words describing the assessment of the measure of what is being discussed: at least, at most, without any exaggeration.

Introductory sentences, like introductory words, they express the speaker’s different attitude to what he is communicating, or contain various additional comments and explanations: In the village, according to the stories of old-timers, there once stood a large temple; These conversations (and they lasted a long time) led to big troubles.

Plug-in structures(sentences and phrases) introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main content of the sentence, often falling out of the syntactic structure of the whole, for example: The young sparrow fell out of the nest (the wind was shaking the birch trees of the alley strongly) and sat motionless. (I. Turgenev).

Punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and inserted constructions

Commas highlight:

introductory words and phrases: You, Please, don’t even try to make excuses. (I. Turgenev); May be, stay another day;

introductory sentences: These dogs if I am not mistaken, come from simple mongrels and shepherd dogs. (A. Kuprin).

Note: Words are not introductory and are not separated by commas as if, after all, hardly, approximately, just, after all, certainly, certainly, perhaps, even, exactly, suddenly, I suppose and etc.

The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a sentence: They succeeded however, achieve justice. Wed: However (= but) they managed to achieve justice.

Word finally is introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts, the order of presentation (in the meaning and further), and is not introductory if it means “at the end”, “finally”, “after which”, “as a result of everything”: Can, finally, seek advice from a doctor; Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally.(A. Pushkin).

They are highlighted in brackets.

Complicating a sentence with introductory and plug-in constructions

Inserted constructions are not connected to the main part by predicative relations, do not form phrases, they stand out more clearly intonationally than introductory words (therefore either brackets or dashes). Believe me - our conscience is our guarantee - marriage will bore us. Parentesa. The exclamation point is a minimal insertion structure. It was a magnificent (!) spectacle.

An insertion construction can also be a very complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. In thin speeches, the author's text is often inserted into the hero's speech. (Don’t answer, I know. (She crossed herself) In written speech, plug-in constructions are less common than in spoken speech.

Introductory structures

Introductory structures- these are words, phrases or sentences with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating. This attitude can be different: confidence, assumption, doubt, reference to someone’s opinion, regret for some reason, etc.

Introductory words are not members of the sentence and are not connected with the members of the sentence either by coordinating or subordinating connections. Semantically the same introductory structures are closely related to the whole sentence or part of it, since they are used to more fully express one or another meaning that the author puts into the sentence.

In oral speech introductory structures are distinguished by special intonation, and in writing - by commas.

By value introductory structures are divided into several groups:

1) Introductory structures, expressing confidence or, conversely, uncertainty of the speaker in the reliability of what is being communicated: of course, certainly, of course, undoubtedly, really, etc. - confidence; probably (probably), must be, maybe, seems, perhaps, apparently, apparently, probably and under. - uncertainty, assumption, doubt: We, of course , started talking about yesterday (F. Dostoevsky); I didn’t know then, of course. , the double meaning of Andersen's fairy tales (K. Paustovsky); This painful and joyful story was apparently necessary for Natasha (L. Tolstoy); Maybe we won’t see each other again (M. Gorky).

2) Introductory structures, expressing an emotional attitude to the reported facts (joy, pleasure, surprise, regret, annoyance, etc.): fortunately, to my happiness, to our pleasure, to our common joy, unfortunately, unfortunately, to our misfortune, to our surprise , what good, etc.: To my pleasure, the priest agreed to my request (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin); Unfortunately, I haven’t heard anything about you (M. Lermontov).

3) Introductory structures, indicating the source of the message, the source of a certain opinion, certain information: in my opinion, in your opinion, according to press reports, in the opinion of the director, in their words, in the words of Pushkin, they say, etc. (Indirectly similar constructions are often indicate the speaker’s incomplete confidence in the reliability of what is being reported.) In my opinion, such winters were best time in Batumi (K. Paustovsky); In my opinion, the fire contributed a lot to its decoration (A. Griboyedov).

4) Introductory structures, indicating the logical connection of thoughts, their sequence (with their help, the speaker emphasizes various kinds of logical relationships between parts of the statement). For example, constructions such as thus, in a word, therefore, therefore, signal the formulation of the conclusion; first of all, firstly, secondly, finally and under. are used when there is a need to emphasize the quantitative composition of a list (most often a list of arguments) and to establish the degree of importance of the components of this list; words, by the way, by the way, by the way, indicate the secondary nature of the utterance in the general logic of a dialogue or monologue; words for example, in particular, in addition, etc. signal the introduction of examples illustrating general position; on the contrary, on the contrary - about the contrast of phenomena, etc. The silence at dawn did not calm, but, on the contrary, intensified his excitement (K. Paustovsky); So, the proposal was accepted (I. Turgenev).

5) Introductory structures, indicating the techniques and ways of forming a thought or the nature of the statement (the style and tone of the statement): in short (speaking), more accurately, more precisely, in a word, in one word, frankly speaking, roughly (to put it mildly), speaking honestly, etc. I took a closer look, got used to the phenomena around me, or, more accurately, the wonders of nature (S. Aksakov); Arkady Pavlych, in his own words, is strict, but fair... (I. Turgenev).

6) Introductory structures, performing a contact-setting function. They are used when directly addressing the interlocutor in order to simply attract his attention (listen, listen, etc.), to win over the interlocutor with the polite nature of the request or question (please, be kind, etc.), to express the trusting nature of the attitude towards the interlocutor (you see , you know, believe me, you understand, etc.): It is impossible, you see, to treat some serious illness in absentia without seeing the patient himself (A. Kuprin); Imagine, our young people are already bored (I. Turgenev).

7) Introductory structures, assessing the degree of normality of phenomena: it happens, it happened, it happens, according to custom, as usual, as a rule and so on.: It happened that he joked funny, knew how to fool the fool and fool the smart one nicely, either obviously, or on the sly... (A. Pushkin ); As often happens, Elena Vasilievna instantly understood everything (N. Pogodin).

8) Introductory structures, indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said (indicate a limitation or clarification of the statement): at most, at least, at least, etc.: ...I, at least, do not attend it too willingly... (And Turgenev).

Use in speech of introductory words and phrases requires stylistic