Reducing your appetite is very easy! Find out which products healing herbs And medications will help you with this. And get 8 effective techniques to combat bouts of evening eating.

Eating habits are the basic factor on which a slim figure depends healthy person. What are eating habits? This is what a person eats, how often he eats, and also how much food he feels full of. It is important to take into account psychological attachments. For example, if in a stressful situation a person reaches for sweets, this will most likely provoke the appearance of extra pounds over time.

The “lever” for controlling eating behavior is appetite. Moderate appetite is an indicator of health. And unbridled appetite most often pushes a person into breakdowns, which entail painful reproaches of conscience for eating more than normal.

Psychology of overeating

How to reduce your appetite in the evening

If you are familiar with the problem of increased hunger in the evening, then use these recommendations:

1. Eat right. Be sure to have breakfast (the morning meal should be the largest) and lunch. For dinner it is better to eat something protein: 250 g of boiled chicken fillet and two cucumbers, 200 g of shrimp and 200 g of baked vegetables (for example, zucchini + tomatoes), 250 g of cottage cheese (5-9% fat) and 1 grapefruit.
2. If after dinner you still feel drawn to the refrigerator, drink green tea with lemon.
3. Switch to some activity: get a manicure, sort through files on your computer, read a book.
4. Take a walk outside.
5. Give yourself a “royal” bath: use aromatic oils, salts, foam, herbs. This will also relieve stress after a hard day.
6. Try meditating.
7. Do 30 squats and 30 reps of the abdominal exercise.
8. Try on things that you would like to fit into: this will perfectly curb your appetite and motivate you to continue your struggle to stay slim.

A good appetite has always been considered a sign of good health. The correct operation of the mechanism responsible for satisfying the need for nutrients and obtaining pleasure from it indicates that the body functions without any special deviations. However, human appetite is a variable quantity. It depends on the nutritional culture instilled in childhood, taste preferences (which can change more than once during life), weather, mood and many other factors. Therefore, periodic loss of appetite is normal. A complete lack of interest in food, especially when it lasts long enough, may be a sign serious problems with health.

Appetite is regulated by a special food center located in the brain. When toxins enter the body, the functioning of this structure is temporarily blocked, since the main work of all systems at that moment is aimed at trying to get rid of dangerous substances. Intoxication can be caused by:

• food poisoning;
• overdose of nicotine or alcohol;
• exposure to chemical compounds contained in household chemicals, cosmetics or perfumes, as well as paint used in the production of fabrics, and other harmful components contained in objects with which a person has frequent direct contact;
• carbon monoxide poisoning;
• use of medications;
• acute infection (flu, ARVI, hepatitis, etc.).

As a rule, after toxic substances are removed from the body, appetite returns.

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Patients suffering from pathologies gastrointestinal tract, often experience unpleasant symptoms dyspepsia: abdominal pain, belching, flatulence, nausea. In such cases, the loss of appetite is associated with a reflexive fear of eating.

Of course, such patients should not eat at all: this will only aggravate the painful condition. The way out is a special diet that excludes spicy, salty, sour foods, fried and smoked foods, fast food and canned food. Food should be semi-liquid and have an enveloping effect (for example, slimy porridges and purees are useful).

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Oscillations hormonal levels greatly affect appetite. This is especially noticeable during pregnancy, when serious changes in a woman’s body can lead to very specific nutritional needs and changes in taste preferences.

Pathological abnormalities in the functioning of the endocrine glands usually cause a decrease in appetite. This process is characterized by gradualness: for example, with a decrease in function thyroid gland(hypothyroidism) the desire to consume food decreases or disappears completely over a long period, in parallel with the general loss of body tone, development fatigue, the appearance of drowsiness, tearfulness and other signs of the disease.

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Decreased appetite may also be due to psychogenic reasons. So, with depression, food stops giving a person pleasure; Often even the smell of food causes nausea. At the same time, patients complain of a feeling of fullness in the stomach and too rapid saturation. People who are severely depressed sometimes have to be force-fed.

One of the most common psycho-emotional disorders, characterized by a lack of appetite, is anorexia. For young women suffering from an inferiority complex and dissatisfied with their bodies, the desire to lose weight at any cost leads first to following unreasonably strict diets, artificial emptying of the stomach from absorbed food, and then to an absolute rejection of any food. This is a severe neuropsychic disorder that must be treated by specialists; it often requires hospitalization.

Lack of appetite

Introduction

Lack of appetite in adults indicates a lack or decrease in the desire to eat, which can occur at any time in life. When a complete refusal of food occurs, it is more correct to call this condition anorexia.

There are various reasons that can cause a decrease in desire to eat, usually classified by:

• pathological,
• psychosomatic,
• physiological,
• psychiatric,
• and genetic reasons.

Many diseases cause loss of appetite, which is often associated with:

• nausea,
• weight loss,
• malnutrition.

In general, once the disease is cured (if curable), the appetite returns.

Lack of appetite in adults may also be due to certain anxiety or anxiety conditions, seasonal changes, mental disorders (such as anorexia nervosa) or, to a lesser extent, genetic inheritance (often occurs in children than adults if there are parents who in turn suffered from anorexia).

Loss of appetite can affect all age groups:

• adults,
• elderly,
• children

and cause not only loss of appetite and, therefore, weight, but also, if it persists for a long time, also a psychophysical deterioration in the condition of the victim.

In fact, one must understand that food is not just a moment of pleasure in human life, but also, most importantly, a vital act of survival: with the help of food, we supply our body with all the nutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats and sugars ), which, among other things, are essential sources of energy that enable all mental and physical activities of daily life, such as walking, talking, thinking, remembering, etc...

Causes

Among the many reasons for lack of appetite are:

• chronic;
• (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease);
• hepatitis;
• metabolic diseases;
• endocrine disorders;
• HIV (human immunodeficiency virus);
• pregnancy;
• fever;
• infections:
  • (For example, );
  • Airways(for example, and);
  • mouth and pharynx (for example);
• toothache;
• taking medications;
• drug use;
• alcohol abuse;
• tumors;
• dementia;
• depression;
• anxiety;
• anorexia nervosa;
• food intolerance/;
• recovery after surgery;
• exanthematic diseases (for example,);
• change of season, climate;
• insomnia and sleep disorders.

In pregnancy time Lack of appetite develops mainly in the first trimester and is often due to morning sickness, which occurs in women waiting to wake up, and sometimes accompanies them throughout the day, reducing their desire to eat.

Even some physiological conditions such as old age, may be associated with loss of appetite: especially in the case of older people who are left alone (death of a partner, separation of children or other family members), toothlessness, depression, affected by dementia or other diseases that involve the consumption of many medications every day.

One of the typical symptoms tumors is severe weight loss due to decreased appetite due to various conditions that can affect a neoplastic patient:

• feeling sad or downright depressed after a cancer diagnosis;
• presence of pain;
• treatment (chemotherapy, radiation therapy).

Some types of cancer are more often associated with loss of appetite, such as stomach, and.

Almost everything medicines considered possible side effect nausea or vomiting and therefore also cause lack of appetite or change the sense of taste, making food less enjoyable; for example, chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, codeine, morphine.

On the other side, anorexia nervosa typical of most adolescents with, characterized by uncontrollable mania about their own weight and a distorted perception of their physical fitness. The cause is still not fully understood and is thought to lie in possible genetic factors, imbalances in the hypothalamus or certain neurotransmitters, conflicting mother-child relationships, and harsh parenting.

When anorexia nervosa lack of appetite is associated with pathological the anorexic's desire to lose weight, or rather, the fear of gaining weight, which he fights every day in various ways: with serious restrictions in food intake, vomiting after meals, the use of laxatives, enemas and diuretics, intense physical activity.

Dangers

Lack of appetite may be due to a temporary and reversible condition, and in these cases it should not cause serious concern because it will usually resolve in a short time with appropriate remedies. The affected person will regain the desire to eat and any weight loss, without long-term effects or complications.

However, in cases where lack of appetite may be prolonged, it may be due to organic disease Therefore, it is necessary to identify and treat the disease with appropriate caution to avoid the occurrence of other more serious symptoms.

Among the main risks associated with long-term loss of appetite are the appearance of other symptoms, such as:

• feeling of general malaise;
• severe weight loss;
• mild irritability;
• increase in heart rate ();
• with iron deficiency;
• nutritional deficiency
• state ;
• exhaustion even after light work;
• ketosis;
• decreased immune defense and the occurrence of infections;
• fever;
• growth retardation/weight loss (in children).

When to see a doctor

It is always recommended to consult with family doctor when lack of appetite continues for a long time, whether voluntary or not, without a clearly known cause and/or when it is associated with other symptoms such as:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• fever;
• dysentery (diarrhea with blood);
• changes in tastes;
• tachycardia;
• anxiety.

Doctor examines general state, paying Special attention weight and body weight measurements obtained by calculating BMI.

BMI (Body Mass Index) is a simple parameter that relates a subject's height and weight, and is calculated using the following formula:

• BMI = body weight (kg)/height 2 (in meters).

The result allows you to classify a person’s problem into the following categories:

• extreme thinness<16,5;
• underweight 16-18.49 g;
• normal weight 18.5-24.99 g;
• and so on for overweight or obesity.

The doctor also takes the patient's medical history (history) by asking questions such as:

• How long have you been experiencing loss of appetite?
• Are you eating little or not at all? Don't want to eat one type of food?
• Do you have stress, depression, nervous disorders, for some reason?
• Do you have other illnesses such as nausea, pain, fever, fatigue, vomiting?
• Have you lost weight? If yes, for how much and for what time?
• Are you taking medication?
• What diseases do you suffer from?

Finally, useful for correct diagnosis are:

• blood tests:
  • platelet analysis;
  • and ALT transaminases;
  • direct, indirect and total bilirubin;
  • HIV test;
  • marker for major viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV);
  • tumor markers;
  • electrolyte analysis (sodium, chlorine, calcium);
  • creatinine;
  • azotemia;
  • whey proteins;
  • toxicology tests;
• food intolerance test (only scientifically based approaches are recommended!);
• possible radiological studies (X-ray, ultrasound or, in some cases, CT or other more complex studies).

Therapy

In case of loss of appetite, it is important to introduce a number of measures aimed at increasing nutrient reserves and restoring lost weight, for example:

• eat foods rich in calories and protein;
• take any nutritional supplements if prescribed by your doctor;
• small frequent meals are preferable if there are 3 classic main meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner);
• keep a diary of what you eat and drink;
• Carry out regular physical activity, even a simple 30-minute walk at a fast pace will help.

Correction of the organic disease that begins with the state of lack of appetite is important if it is identified and feasible.

If lack of appetite in an adult caused by emotional distress, such as those associated with bereavement, a recent cancer diagnosis or other dramatic events, some measures may be helpful, along with supportive psychological therapy. Here are some measures that can help your diet:

• eating with family or friends;
• visiting some of your favorite restaurants;
• change your diet, cook what you like;
• allow yourself to relax (hot and relaxing baths, yoga classes, hobbies).

Any foods that cause intolerance or malabsorption should be eliminated from the diet, and possible changes in medications or dosages of medications taken should be carefully assessed: all this should be carried out exclusively by the doctor and not by the patient.

Higher education (Cardiology). Cardiologist, therapist, functional diagnostics doctor. I am well versed in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. Graduated from the academy (full-time), with extensive work experience behind her.

Specialty: Cardiologist, Therapist, Functional diagnostics doctor.

Loss of appetite is a signal from the body that something is wrong. A healthy person always needs food as a source of energy. Therefore, you should treat this symptom responsibly and find out its causes. Of particular concern is a decrease in appetite that lasts more than ten days.

Causes of poor appetite in adults

A person may lose interest in food due to several factors. But they all have a negative effect on the body.

Lack of appetite due to illness

Appetite decreases when various diseases appear:

• ailments from the gastrointestinal tract. They can be both inflammatory and infectious in nature;
• diseases of the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys;
• diabetes and thyroid diseases;
• rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases;
• influenza and ARVI;
• oncology;
• neurological and mental disorders.

Wrong diet

The appetite of someone losing weight can also decrease significantly if they have an insatiable desire to get rid of excess weight in any way. An ill-conceived diet based on a small amount of calories exhausts the body.

A person becomes fixated on the fact that eating more food is a serious crime. Uncontrolled and long-term use of widespread methods of rapid weight loss can lead to anorexia, when any food causes painful aversion.

Incorrect fasting technique

The popularization of the so-called “miraculous” fasting, which supposedly improves health and eliminates even incurable diseases, often leads people to acquire additional problems, including loss of appetite. Most often this happens when they are treated independently, without the supervision of a nutritionist.

Protest fasting, uncontrolled by specialists, also brings painful consequences.

Eating at different times and eating Low-quality products or eating at fast food chains can lead to the production of toxins in the body. Their effect weakens a person and ultimately impairs appetite.

With this method of eating, the situation is aggravated by an unbalanced diet. Typically, protein intake is reduced and fat and carbohydrate intake is increased. Essential vitamins and microelements are often missing.

Digestion may be upset, and subsequently metabolism will be disrupted.

Chemical drugs

Side effects of some medications reduce appetite:

• antidiabetic;
• anesthetics;
• antibiotics;
• painkillers;
• cold medicine, etc.

Taking strong medications without medical advice can also be harmful. But usually after a certain time this effect goes away.

Due to strong feelings caused by the departure of loved ones, troubles at work, and domestic quarrels, a person often finds himself in a stressful state, which is fraught with a lack of appetite. Prolonged stay in such situations can lead to depression, which is also characterized by refusal to eat. Antidepressants prescribed by a specialist can help.

In addition to those mentioned, there are a number of other reasons for decreased interest in food. Nicotine, alcohol, drugs, excessive amounts of fatty foods, sweets and carbonated drinks suppress appetite. To these factors you can add low physical activity and prolonged use of herbal infusions.

Health hazards and possible complications

The lack of essential substances supplied with food is first manifested by poor health, a pronounced imbalance in nutritional balance.

1. People engaged in physical labor complain of fatigue.
2. Brain activity in students decreases.
3. Drowsiness, dizziness, and then exhaustion of the body are observed.

Psychopathological disorders in those who lose weight cause anorexia. Now this disease is often neurogenic in nature. In advanced cases, the body cannot absorb food, muscles atrophy, and all systems fail. Possible death.

If you don’t feel like eating for more than two weeks, you need to go to the clinic. Experts will determine what causes this reaction in the body.

What to do if you have no appetite

If the loss of appetite is caused by irregular eating, you need to start eating more often, but little by little. The body will learn to regularly produce enzymes to digest it. During this period, you should refrain from snacking.

There are several other ways to get out of the painful state of food aversion.

Physical exercise

Physical activity in the fresh air helps awaken your appetite. Even after a regular walk, a certain amount of energy is consumed, which must be replenished with food.

1. Simple gymnastic exercises in a room with an open window also stimulate the appetite.
2. It is important to ventilate both bedrooms and workrooms more often.
3. It is necessary to walk on weekends, as well as in the morning and evening, and in any weather, even rainy.
4. You need to drink more water, especially if your physical activity increases. After all, sometimes it is dehydration that causes loss of appetite.

Infusions of plants with healing properties increase appetite,
if taken correctly - 30 minutes before meals. In case of emotional breakdowns, teas are brewed with peppermint, chamomile, lemon balm, and dill.

Bitter infusions of calamus or dandelion roots, wormwood leaves, yarrow, black currant, and plantain can restore appetite. Before using them, you should consult your doctor. Almost every plant has some contraindications for use.

1. Juice from the leaves and stems of yarrow, mixed with honey, drink one teaspoon three times a day.
2. In spring, salads are made from dandelion leaves.
3. An infusion of two teaspoons of crushed dandelion rhizomes is prepared by pouring 200 g of cold water over them and leaving for 8 hours. Drink 50 g 4 times a day.
4. Grind one teaspoon of wormwood and pour 200 g of boiling water. After 30 minutes the infusion is ready. Drink 20 g three times a day 20 minutes before meals.

Food of plant origin

Some common vegetables and fruits are good appetite stimulants:

• onions and garlic are in the lead. Onions activate intestinal motility and strengthen the stomach. Garlic helps with exhaustion of the body;
• radish juice;
• citrus;
• grape;
• peaches;
• apricots;
• bananas;
• sour apples;
• sauerkraut.

Spices and herbs are also on this list. Use in reasonable quantities:

• pepper;
• horseradish;
• mustard;
• anise;
• fenugreek;
• rosemary;
• ginger;
• cinnamon.

Drugs to increase appetite

If the decrease in appetite is not due to illness, the attending physician will prescribe medications that will help cope with this problem. In addition to medications, a course of taking vitamins will be useful. These can be various multivitamin complexes, but it is desirable that they contain a high percentage of the most essential ones: C and B 12.

The presence of such a useful mineral as zinc in multivitamins is welcome. Its deficiency leads to a decrease in the sense of smell. And this feeling is very important for increasing appetite.

An effective food additive in this process is yeast. They contain a whole vitamin B complex.

In order for the desire to eat to arise systematically, it is strongly recommended to quit smoking or at least reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. In addition, it is advisable to stick to a daily routine.

One of the main reasons to sit down at the table is its beautiful setting, as well as deliciously prepared and nutritious food. When recovering from a crisis, it is advisable to eat foods rich in proteins.

Conclusion

Long-term loss of appetite is a serious health threat.

Appetite may be absent for a long time due to illness, irregular nutrition, stress, medication, non-compliance with diet rules and therapeutic fasting.

Loss of appetite threatens disruption of processes in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic disorders, and irreversible changes in the body.

You need to eat regularly, increase physical activity, consume infusions of medicinal plants, vegetables, fruits, herbs, and prescribed medications.

In contact with

Loss of interest in food and a sharp reduction in portions are typical already at the initial stage of the disease. The manifestations are caused by a pathological desire to lose weight and constant dissatisfaction with one’s body, even if there is no apparent reason for this. At first, a person may feel hungry, but prefers to maintain strict dietary restrictions. As anorexia progresses, the feeling of hunger disappears, and patients drink only water, tea or coffee for weeks.

Lack of appetite is combined with severe weakness, drowsiness, and loss of ability to work. All systems of the body suffer, metabolic processes are disrupted, therefore, when trying to force feed a patient with anorexia, he begins to vomit, and painful cramps appear in the abdomen. This condition is dangerous to health and life and requires qualified medical care.

Psychological problems

Appetite often decreases with depression, when there is a loss of motivation and interest in life, and a person becomes indifferent to what is happening. Many patients claim that they have ceased to feel the taste of foods. Frequent skipping of meals up to the point of starvation is typical. The symptom also develops during intense acute and chronic stress and emotional upheaval.

Infections

A short-term lack of appetite occurs in the acute period of all infectious diseases, which is caused by massive intoxication of the body with decay products of microbial cells and the accumulation of inflammatory mediators. During the entire febrile period, patients either completely refuse to eat, or eat light, low-fat meals (thin soups, cereals) a couple of times a day.

Appetite is restored after the temperature normalizes; during convalescence, an increased feeling of hunger is noted. In the chronic or latent course of infectious processes, lack of appetite occurs against the background of other symptoms: weakness and weakness for no reason, night sweats, periodic headaches and dizziness. The main infectious factors that cause loss of appetite:

• Respiratory diseases: influenza, infectious mononucleosis, adenovirus and rhinovirus infections.
• Intestinal infections: salmonellosis, dysentery, food poisoning.
• Liver damage: viral hepatitis, echinococcosis, alveococcosis.
• Sluggish processes: tuberculosis, brucellosis, HIV infection.

Intoxication

Lack or decreased appetite is caused by various reasons: poisoning with chemical compounds and toxic industrial products, endogenous intoxication (with uremia, liver failure). The symptom becomes a consequence of damage to the autonomic centers of the brain, a general serious condition. Aversion to food as a component of asthenic syndrome sometimes persists even after detoxification measures.

Gastrointestinal pathologies

Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are accompanied by signs of constant dyspepsia, which provoke a complete absence or decrease in appetite. Sometimes patients independently limit themselves in food, since after eating the intensity of the discomfort in the stomach usually increases. Characteristic is gradual weight loss and exhaustion of patients. The most typical causes from the gastrointestinal tract, causing complete or partial lack of appetite:

• Diseases of the gastroduodenal zone: hypoacid gastritis, peptic ulcer, duodenitis.
• Intestinal pathologies: chronic enteritis and enterocolitis, dysbacteriosis, bacterial overgrowth syndrome.
• Damage to the digestive glands: pancreatitis, toxic and autoimmune hepatitis.
• Functional disorders: dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome.

Endocrine diseases

Hormonal imbalances lead to changes in metabolic processes, a decrease in catabolic reactions, which is why appetite decreases or is lost. The symptom is characteristic of hypothyroidism. With this disease, patients eat significantly less, but do not lose weight, and sometimes, on the contrary, gain weight. There is also coldness and swelling of the skin, constant drowsiness, weakness, and apathy.

Similar symptoms occur with hypopituitarism - insufficient function of the pituitary gland. A decrease in the production of all regulatory hormones slows down metabolism and reduces a person’s need for food. Lack of hunger is associated with concomitant damage to the brain structures responsible for the formation of appetite. The combination of loss of desire to eat with a change in skin color to “bronze” is a typical manifestation of Addison's disease.

Tumors

A complete lack of appetite, which is accompanied by unmotivated weakness, lethargy, and weight loss, is a component of the “minor signs” syndrome in cancer pathology. At first, patients need less food to feel full, then the desire to eat disappears, and the frequency of meals is reduced to 1-2 times a day. Atypical eating habits appear, for example, stomach cancer is characterized by an aversion to meat products.

Rare causes

• Autoimmune processes: rheumatism, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma.
• Cardiovascular pathology: chronic heart failure, ischemic heart disease, infective endocarditis.
• Neurological disorders: senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, consequences of severe TBI.
• Mental illness: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.
• Complications of pharmacotherapy: long-term use of cardiac glycosides, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs.

Diagnostics

Lack of appetite is observed in many diseases, so the primary examination of the patient is carried out by a general practitioner. To select a set of instrumental and laboratory studies, it is necessary to carefully collect complaints and the history of the development of the disease, and identify the leading pathological syndrome. Next, specific diagnostic methods are prescribed, the most informative of which are:

• Blood analysis. A standard blood test shows signs of inflammation and anemia, which often indicate a neoplastic cause. Biochemical analysis reveals changes in liver function and decreased excretory function of the kidneys. If the lack of appetite is caused by an infectious process, serological tests are performed to identify the pathogen.
• Coprogram. Macroscopic analysis evaluates the consistency and color of stool, signs of malabsorption syndrome. On microscopic examination, the levels of leukocytes and erythrocytes are elevated, which is a manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease. To establish a diagnosis of dysbacteriosis, stool culture is done. To exclude bleeding, the Gregersen reaction is indicated.
• Visualization methods. Since in adults, lack of appetite is often associated with chronic damage to the gastrointestinal tract, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, targeted scanning of individual organs, contrast radiography, and FGDS are performed. For renal dysfunction, excretory urography is recommended. To detect tumors and destructive processes, ultrasound of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands is used; in women, the ovaries are visualized.
• Neurological examination. After a standard clinical examination (assessment of eye and tendon reflexes, muscle tone, cognitive functions), additional methods are used. MRI of the brain is informative, which allows you to detect tumors or other disorders in the area of ​​the sella turcica. If necessary, the patient is referred for consultation to a psychiatrist.

Treatment

Help before diagnosis

A decrease or lack of appetite during the febrile period of infectious diseases is normal. There is no need to force food in order not to overload the gastrointestinal tract, but it is important to drink plenty of fluids (water, compotes, tea, herbal infusions). If the symptom is caused by stress, you can try to cope with it yourself - doctors recommend decoctions of soothing herbs, walks in the fresh air, and auto-training techniques.

A slight dulling of the feeling of hunger or a sudden change in taste preferences without a significant deterioration in well-being during pregnancy is not a cause for concern, but with a combination of complete refusal to eat and repeated vomiting, consultation with an obstetrician-gynecologist is necessary. When lack of appetite is accompanied by severe weight loss and general malaise, this indicates pathological causes that require medical attention.

Conservative therapy

Treatments for lack of appetite depend on the cause of the symptom. For psychogenic disorders and anorexia nervosa, group and individual psychotherapy comes to the fore. Severe malnutrition is an indication for forced tube or parenteral nutrition. For somatic pathologies, etiotropic and pathogenetic drugs are prescribed:

• Enzymes. Enzyme therapy improves the processes of cavity digestion of food in the small intestine and helps with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. For concomitant dysbiosis, probiotics are used.
• Antibiotics. Antibacterial drugs act on infectious causes of loss of appetite, kill pathogenic microorganisms and ensure rapid recovery. For high fever, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are additionally recommended.
• Hormones. For hypothyroidism, replacement therapy with levothyroxine is indicated; glucocorticoid preparations are effective in the treatment of hypocortisolism. To eliminate hypopituitarism, synthetic tropic hormones are administered.
• Saline solutions. Lack of appetite caused by a state of intoxication requires massive intravenous infusions. Intravenous influences are combined with diuretics to quickly bind and remove toxins from the blood.