The rarest human blood type in the world. The most valuable blood type for donation Which blood type is rare positive or negative

Content

Blood loss - dangerous phenomenon, fraught with a sharp deterioration in health and death. Thanks to advances in medicine, doctors are able to compensate for blood loss by transfusion of donor biomaterial. Transfusions must be carried out taking into account the type of blood of the donor and recipient, otherwise the patient’s body will reject the foreign biomaterial. There are at least 33 such varieties, of which 8 are considered basic.

Blood type and Rh factor

For a successful transfusion, you need to know exactly the blood type and Rh factor. If they are not known, you need to do special analysis. According to its biochemical characteristics, blood is conventionally divided into four groups - I, II, III, IV. There is also another designation: 0, A, B, AB.

The discovery of blood types is one of the most significant events in medicine over the last hundred years. Before their discovery, transfusions were considered a dangerous, risky business - only sometimes it was successful, in other cases the operations ended in the death of the patient. During the transfusion procedure, another important parameter is also important - the Rh factor. In 85% of people, red blood cells contain a special protein - an antigen. If it is present, the Rh factor is positive, and if it is not, the Rh factor is negative.

85% of Europeans, 99% of Asians, 93% of Africans have a positive Rh factor, while the rest of the people of the listed races have a negative Rh factor. The discovery of the Rh factor took place in 1940. Doctors were able to determine its presence after long research biomaterial of rhesus macaques, hence the name of the antigen protein - “Rhesus”. This discovery made it possible to sharply reduce the number of immunological conflicts observed during pregnancy. If the mother has an antigen and the fetus does not, a conflict occurs that provokes hemolytic disease.

Which blood group is considered rare: 1st or 4th?

According to statistics, the most common group is the first: its carriers are 40.7% of the world's population. There are slightly fewer people with type “B” biomaterial – 31.8%, these are mainly residents of European countries. People with the third type make up 21.9% of the world's population. The rarest blood type is considered to be the fourth - this is only 5.6% of people. According to available data, the first group, unlike the fourth, is not considered rare.

Due to the fact that not only the group of biomaterial is important for transfusion, but also the Rh factor, it must also be taken into account. Thus, in the world there are 4.3% of people with a negative Rh factor of biomaterial of the first variety, 3.5% of the second, 1.4% of the third, and only 0.4% of the fourth.

What you need to know about the fourth blood group

According to research data, the AB variety appeared relatively recently - only about 1000 years ago as a result of mixing blood A and B. People with the fourth type have a strong immune system. But there is information that they are 25% more likely to suffer from heart and vascular diseases than people with blood A. People with the second and third groups suffer from cardiovascular diseases 5 and 11% less often than those with the fourth.

According to therapists and psychologists, carriers of AB biomaterial are kind, selfless people who are able to listen, show sympathy and provide help. They are able to feel the full depth of feelings - from great love to hatred. Many of them are real creators, they are people of art, sensitive to music, appreciating literature, painting, and sculpture. There is an opinion that among representatives of the creative bohemia there are many people with this type of blood.

Their creative nature is in constant search of new emotions, they easily fall in love, and have a high sexual temperament. But they have their drawbacks: they are poorly adapted to real life, they are absent-minded, and they get offended over trifles. Often they cannot cope with their emotions; their feelings take precedence over reason and sober calculation.

Features of transfusion

The transfusion procedure should be carried out taking into account the Rh factor - both the donor and the recipient. If these laws are neglected, the recipient's immune system will reject the donor's biomaterial, which causes kidney failure, red blood cell clumping, shock and death of the patient.

In order for the donor biomaterial to be ideally combined with the recipient’s immune system, it must be of the same type and Rh factor. However, in some cases, blood of different types and Rh factors combines well, as can be seen from the red blood cell compatibility table (horizontal - recipient, vertical - donor).

The rarest blood type in the world

According to statistics, the rarest blood group is negative fourth: its carriers make up only 0.4% of the world's population. Ideally, such people need to donate their own biomaterial in advance so that, if necessary, they can have a transfusion at any time. In addition to the eight most common combinations, there are also other, rare varieties. So, in 2013, photo and video evidence appeared of the existence of the Vel-negative type, which occurs in 0.04% of people.

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Blood is the personification of mobility connective tissue, consisting of plasma, as well as formed components, including leukocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. Even from a school biology course, we know that there are generally accepted classifications of this liquid, which include the ABO system and the Rh factor. How to determine a person's blood type? To accomplish this task, a simple medical test is performed in which monoclonal antibodies are added and the reaction is observed. It is thanks to these tests and statistics that today it is not difficult to identify the rarest blood groups, taking into account the Rh factor.

Percentage of blood groups

Thus, the ABO system provides for the conditional division of different blood groups according to the presence of three antigens. At first, there was only Group I, which was considered the primary source of the others. Currently, about 40% of the population of the entire planet are its owners. They mainly live in South and Central America. Blood type II is rarer - it is characteristic mainly of Europeans, it belongs to about 30% of the world's population. Even less common are carriers of blood group III, who are predominantly Asian residents. In total, about 22% of people have this type of blood. And only 5.5% of the population, regardless of location, have group IV. Considering how difficult it is to find a donor for those with the latter type of blood, in some states it is customary to force such people to donate it for storage.

5 rarest blood groups according to the ABO system and Rh factor

It is no secret that in addition to ABO, the Rh factor is used to classify blood groups. There are only two: positive and negative. The first case is widespread. Rh negative is extremely rare and indicates the absence of the D antigen, which in some people is found on the surface of red blood cells. Despite this fact, owners of even a positive fourth blood group are very rare, since there are only more than 5 percent of them in the world.

It is important to understand that it is extremely difficult to find a donor for this blood transfusion. Fortunately, medicine has long been developing the topic related to the creation of blood substitutes. Perhaps in the near future the ABO system and Rh factors will remain only part of the story.

One of the rarest blood groups is considered to be the first negative, whose carriers make up only 4.33% of the total population in the world. It is believed that owners of this fluid are universal donors. That is, their blood is suitable for representatives of other groups. At the same time, in medicine they try to use not only the ABO classification, but also the Rh factor. Accordingly, if possible, for people with the first negative group, they try to look for the same donors. Not at all, they are not easy to find. Therefore, the first positive group is often used in case of emergency situations.

The same trend is observed here as with a positive Rh factor - the higher the group, the less common its owners are. For example, the ratio of second negative blood is only 3.52% of the total number of people on Earth. Only negative groups 1 and 2 are suitable for transfusion.

It is believed that the presence of such blood in a woman, provided that the partner is Rh positive, provides a number of difficulties in bearing a fetus. Actually this is not true. The fact is that Rh conflict can occur not with a man, but with a child. And then only if he inherits a positive factor. As practice shows, children more often accept their mother's Rhesus. However, you will still have to pay due attention to the examinations.

If we take the total population as 7.5 billion people, it turns out that only 97 million of them have a third negative blood group. This figure is 1.3% of the total number of people. Nothing is a small result. Accordingly, in some countries there may be only a few dozen people who can act as a “net donor”. Consequently, the inhabitants of the planet have a hard time with this group. But we should not forget about progress in the field of medicine, and that alternative options are already known. We need to wait a few more years, and artificial blood substitutes will be used everywhere. In any case, that's what I want to believe.

The rarest blood group in the world is the fourth with a negative Rh factor. About 0.40% of the population can boast of having this blood, although there is nothing particularly to be happy about.

Finally, I would like to add that there is a tiny percentage of people in the world whose group it is impossible to define due to the lack of appropriate classification. In 1952, a grandiose scientific discovery took place, for which there is no explanation to date. Experts called the phenomenon the “Bombay Phenomenon.” This happened as part of a study of a malaria epidemic. As a result, three people were found in whose blood antigens could not be found to determine their group and rhesus. It turned out that agglutinogens are not synthesized on the membrane of their blood. We are talking about universal donors.

If we talk about which blood group is considered the rarest, then, of course, it is the fourth negative. This is due to the fact that this blood type is difficult to inherit from parents, since even if the mother and father have the fourth group, the chance that the baby will have this type is only fifty percent. As for the negative Rh factor, everything is simple: only fifteen percent of the world's population can boast of it.

The term “blood group” refers to the presence or absence of a certain type of antigen protein on the membranes of red blood cells. It is worth noting that red blood cells are cells whose main task is to transport oxygen through the plasma to the cells and remove carbon dioxide to the lungs.

There are many antigens on the membranes of red blood cells. How many exactly has not yet been established, but the main ones have been determined: these are antigens A and B, as well as the Rh factor. They do not affect health, but information about them is important during transfusions, as well as during pregnancy, in order to assess the risk of incompatibility between the blood of mother and child. The fact is that if these antigens enter human plasma, which does not contain them, the immune system recognizes them as foreign bodies and produces antibodies (agglutinins).

This leads to red blood cells sticking to each other, resulting in large blood clots that are unable to pass through the capillaries and clog them. As a result, the blocked area of ​​the body, which small vessels supply with oxygen and nutrients, begins to starve, then tissue necrosis occurs, after which in most cases death occurs.

Antigen compatibility

Such incompatibility at one time turned out to be the cause of the death of many patients after blood transfusions or the development of severe complications, which prompted scientists to begin to find out the cause. This is how antigens A and B were discovered, then it was established interesting fact: Some people may have both (which is rare), but in most cases they will not be present at all. There are also people who have only one of the antigens in their blood.

As a result of research, it was determined that a biomaterial containing one or both antigens should under no circumstances be infused into a recipient who does not have this protein. Based on this, the AB0 system was created, where A and B are antigens, while 0 means “zero,” that is, their absence (to facilitate the work of doctors, a special compatibility table was created).

The fourth group is considered the rarest: it contains both antigens. This is the reason why it cannot be infused into people whose blood lacks these proteins or only one is present: the immune system will instantly produce antibodies. People with the fourth group are ideal recipients: they can be infused with any biomaterial according to the AB0 system, since they do not develop antibodies to proteins A and B.

The only thing that needs to be checked is the Rh factor: any type is suitable for those with a positive Rh factor; any biomaterial is also suitable for recipients with a negative Rh factor, but the Rh factor must be negative.

The most common is the first group, in which both antigens are absent. For this reason, it is designated as 0 and is considered the best donor blood, since it can be infused into any person: immunity to it does not develop antibodies, which is why the owner of the first group is considered a universal donor. But since he lacks A and B antigens, his immune system is capable of producing alpha and beta agglutinins. Therefore, you can only infuse him with the first group.

The second group is rarer than the first. It contains antigen A and agglutinin beta. For this reason, it can only be transfused to groups where there is protein A, that is, people with the second and fourth groups. Recipients with the second group can only be given blood that does not contain antigen B, that is, the first and second.

The third group is not as common as the second, but more common than the fourth. It contains antigen B and agglutinin alpha. This means that it can be infused into owners of the third and fourth groups, who also have antigen B. But the first and third groups can be infused: they lack protein A.

What will the baby inherit?

The fourth group is considered the rarest precisely because of the presence of two antigens in it. It is inherited from the parents, and if one of them or even both has blood of the fourth group, it is not at all necessary that the baby will have the same. With the combination of the most popular (first) and the rarest (fourth) groups, the heir will not receive the blood of his parents at all. This is due to the fact that this combination combines blood in which both antigens are present with blood in which they are absent.

As for the combination of the fourth with other groups, you can calculate the baby’s group using the following data:

• II + IV: 25% – fourth and third, 50% – second;
• III + IV: 25% – fourth and second, 50% – third;
• IV + IV: 50% – fourth, 25% – second and third.

Based on these data, it is obvious that it is impossible to accurately predict the baby’s blood type if one of the parents has the rarest group, even using a table. The difficulty is caused by the fact that it is impossible to say exactly what antigen will be on the membranes of red blood cells. If it turns out to be A, it will be the second, B - the third, if both - the fourth. Therefore, it often happens that brothers and sisters have a different blood group, and the children’s blood does not match the parent’s.

What is antigen D

The second most important system for determining blood groups is the Rh factor, by which doctors mean the presence or absence of protein antigen D. According to statistics, it is present on the membranes of red blood cells in 85% of the population, so they are considered to have a positive Rh factor. Those who do not have D antigen are negative. For this reason, people who have the fourth negative group have the rarest blood type.

As in the case of AB0, the immune system of a person with negative Rh is capable of producing antibodies to the D antigen, which causes red blood cells to stick together. Therefore, under no circumstances should positive blood be infused into a person with a negative Rh factor.

Information about the Rh factor is also needed during pregnancy. If the mother has a negative group, and the child has a positive group, if the child’s blood enters the maternal plasma, the immune system begins to produce antibodies, after which it directs them to destroy the baby’s red blood cells (this can also be observed when groups are incompatible according to the AB0 system). This can cause the death of the baby, premature birth, or hemolytic disease after the baby is born.

Doctors have solved this problem, so if there is a suspicion of incompatibility between the blood of mother and baby, even before the body produces antibodies, a special injection is given. If agglutinin has already been produced, the injection cannot be given, so other treatment methods are used and the health of the mother and child is monitored throughout the pregnancy.

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In medicine, it is customary to divide blood into groups depending on the content of special proteins in it. There are 4 types of biological fluid, and each can differ in one more characteristic - the Rh factor, which is determined by the presence or absence of the D antigen.

Taking blood type into account is vital when transfusing, and is also necessary to maintain pregnancy. The frequency of distribution of blood with different antigens is not the same: the first positive can be found in 40% of the planet's inhabitants, and the rarest blood type is the fourth negative.

Which are the rarest and why?

Uneven distribution of the number of people on Earth with different types blood is explained by the fact that they were formed evolutionarily under the influence external factors. Among the different blood types, the rarest is the one that is considered by the scientific community to have appeared later.

According to scientific research, initially all people who existed on Earth had the first blood type. This was at a time when the main occupation of mankind was hunting. Later, 15,000 - 20,000 years ago, people began to engage in agriculture. This entailed a change in diet. According to the scientific hypothesis, the predominance of plant foods in the diet influenced the emergence of the second group.

Later, around the same historical period when people began raising livestock, a third type of biological fluid appeared. The fourth - the rarest blood group in humans, arose as a result of the appearance of offspring from people with different blood types - second and third.

How often do you get your blood tested?

Poll Options are limited because JavaScript is disabled in your browser.

Only as prescribed by the attending physician 30%, 950 votes

Once a year and I think that’s enough 18%, 554 vote

At least twice a year 15%, 460 votes

More than twice a year but less than six times 11%, 344 vote

I take care of my health and donate once a month 6%, 197 votes

I'm afraid of this procedure and try not to pass 4%, 135 votes

21.10.2019

The Rh factor also influences the determination of which blood group is the rarest in the world. Statistics show that with a positive rate on earth there is about 85%, and with a negative rate - 15%. These differences are important when carrying out blood transfusions, because it is impossible to transfuse material that does not match the rhesus - this can lead to complications and even be fatal.

Thus, among all blood types, there are fewer representatives with a negative Rh factor.

World distribution statistics

World statistics on the rarity of blood groups are presented in the table:

Statistical data is heterogeneous depending on the region of residence. For example, the first type is common in Africa and South America, and the second in Eastern Europe.

Thus, the rarest blood type in the world is the fourth negative. A distinctive feature of people with the fourth group is that they are universal recipients. This means that they can be infused with any type of biological fluid, paying attention only to the Rh factor. They will not begin to develop antibodies to the incoming donor material, so there will be no problems with transfusion.

But the fourth group cannot be used for blood transfusions for recipients of the first, second and third - they are allowed to act as donors only for representatives of the same type.

The article talks about which blood type is the rarest in people. You will also learn what blood types are and what are the best for health.

To determine the Rh group, blood flow should be tested. The laboratory will do a test to identify the antigen, in other words, the Rh factor Rh. The antigen is usually located in the area of ​​​​blood cells - erythrocytes. The majority of patients have an identical component, which is why they are classified as individuals with positive group blood. Other individuals do not have this particle, so they have Rh (-) (negative Rh factor). But this is not what we will talk about next; you will find out which group and Rh factor are the most unique and why.

What is the rarest blood type and why?

Back in the last century, a conditional classification of patients by blood group was developed. It turned out that there are four such groups in total: first, second, third, fourth. Each main type also has a subgroup: negative (-), positive (+). Basically, the blood flow varies in its structure, in the presence of agglutinogens A, B (proteins) in the area of ​​red blood substances. It is these components that determine what type a person’s blood belongs to and establish its Rh factor. As already mentioned, there are two Rh + (plus) and - (minus).

Determination of blood flow type

According to scientific research, the rarest blood is fourth group. Persons with such blood throughout the planet - seven percent. It is interesting that the first blood group is often present in patients, but with positive Rhesus, but with negative the same group is rare.

Why is the fourth group rare among the world's population, because it appeared, unlike the others, only two thousand years ago. And this is phenomenal, because it combines two opposing main types of blood - A, B. According to the facts, patients who are its carriers have good immune system, which is able to adapt to even the harshest climatic conditions. Biologists say that the 4th group is one of the most complex in structure. And who knows whether the patient was lucky or not to be born with such blood, because in case of transfusion it is difficult to find at stations where this procedure is performed.

If you look at the talents of such individuals, then people with the 4th group are always creative and active people. They have great imagination, are very emotional, they have a developed love for the beautiful manifestations of the Universe and they boast ideal taste and appreciate art.

The advantages of such individuals in psychological terms, it is the ability to show characteristics such as empathy, kindness, altruism and selflessly help others. People are very sensitive to other people's troubles. However, this quality is sometimes necessary, but within reasonable limits. If it has too large boundaries, then a person can fall from one extreme to another. Instead of help, they may provide a disservice.

Their fanaticism knows no bounds. Sometimes you might think that such people are not very adapted to living conditions on Earth. In moments of despair, they lose practicality, are not particularly focused and are very offended by loved ones for sometimes not understanding them. They also understand their belonging to beauty differently. Some are able to create entire works that will take leadership positions in this market, others become psychologically dependent and this can even lead to vices.

What are the types of blood: classification of blood group by rarity

As already mentioned, there are currently only four types of blood flow. They all have certain differences in their biochemical composition. This was proven a thousand years ago. The main types of blood flow are designated by letters and Roman numerals. It looks like this: I (0), II (A), III (B), IV (AB).

The most popular and numerous blood carriers are people with I-out (+) type of blood flow. There are only 46 percent of them on earth. Less numerous is second (+). In total, there are about 34 percent of such carriers, mostly Europeans. Third (+) Happens to only 13 percent of people on earth.

Which Rh factor is rare?

From what is written above we can already conclude that it is less common in patients Rh(-). Many people, about 86 percent, have Rh(+). And only 14 percent are patients with negative Rh. So in Africa, almost 92 percent of the population lives with positive Rh and 8 percent with negative Rh. In Asia, only one percent of local residents have Rh(-).

IMPORTANT: That a positive type of blood cannot be transfused into patients with a negative blood type, but a negative blood type can be transfused into a positive patient, and no problems will arise.

When transfusing blood from patient to patient, the group and Rh factor are always taken into account. The process is carried out observing the following rules:

• Positive blood first groups are allowed to be infused with all other types of blood, but it cannot be done otherwise. Only the first person will go with the first group.
• Patients with second positive can share blood with patients not only the second (+), but also the fourth (+). But again, only the second and first will suit them.
• Third (+) will go to patients with the third (+), fourth (+) group. And people with the third need only groups I and III.
• Patients fourth group can give blood to people with the same blood type, and they are given blood from donors with groups I, II, III.

Which blood type is the most common and best for health?

Based on established statistical data, the most common type of blood flow in people on the globe is first (+). And it is practically universal - suitable for all other types of blood flow. If we judge how the type and rhesus influence the health of people, then there is no scientifically proven data yet, there are only observations.

Thus, women with negative Rh are more likely to fail to preserve their fetus during pregnancy than women with positive Rh. These expectant mothers should under no circumstances have an abortion during their first pregnancy, otherwise you may later lose the opportunity to have a baby forever.

Many people are interested in what blood is the best for health? Medical experts believe that I (+) has advantages over other types of blood flow in humans in all its qualities. After all, it has universal characteristics and is ideal for almost all other patients with Rh (+). Other descriptions of other types of blood flow are just facts and observations without any confirmation from scientists.

• People with group I have pronounced characteristics of leaders, they have excellent health, they very rarely suffer from colds. However, they are characterized by pathologies such as gastritis and ulcers. And despite the activity of people with such blood flow, they react poorly to moving and changing climatic conditions.
• Holders Group II less active, but do not get lost when the situation changes. Among these individuals there are often talents with leadership qualities. They have diseases thyroid gland, cholecystitis, gastritis and colds.
• Population with III group- lovers of home comfort, do not like fuss at all. Always choose a profession with calm working conditions. They are characterized by neurosis, because they often lose their balance in stressful situations. Already at a young age, patients are prone to hypertension, pathologies of the heart and blood vessels.
• Persons with IV type blood flow have sociable qualities, they easily get used to a new place. Diseases inherent in them are diseases of the cardiac system, thromboembolism, etc.

Video: Which blood type is less common in people?