Presentation about immunity for elementary school. Presentation on the topic "Human Immune System"

What is immunity? Immunity is the ability of human
the body to provide protective functions, preventing
reproduction of bacteria and viruses. Features of the immune system
is to maintain a constant internal environment

Main functions:

Elimination of the negative impact of pathogens
diseases - chemicals, viruses,
bacteria;
Replacement of non-functioning, spent
cells.

Mechanisms of immunity and their classification:

There are specific and non-specific
mechanisms. Impact of specific mechanisms
aimed at ensuring the protection of the individual against
a specific antigen. Nonspecific
mechanisms counteract any
pathogens. Moreover, they answer
for the initial protection and viability of the organism.

Currently, the main types of immunity are distinguished:

Natural

Natural type represents
acquired by inheritance
sensitivity to certain
foreign bacteria and cells,
which have a negative
impact on the internal environment
human body. Tagged
types of immune system
are basic and each of
they are divided into other types.
Concerning natural look, He
classified into congenital and
acquired.

Acquired species

Acquired immunity is a specific immunity
human body. Its formation occurs during the period of individual
human development. When released into the internal environment of the human body
This type helps to counteract pathogenic bodies. This provides
the course of the disease is mild.
Acquired immunity is divided into the following types of immunity:
Natural (active and passive);
Artificial (active and passive).
Natural active - produced after illness
(antimicrobial and antitoxic).
Natural passive - produced through the introduction of ready-made
immunoglobulins.
Artificial acquired - this type of immune system
appears after human intervention.
Artificial active - formed after vaccination;
Artificial passive - appears after the administration of serum.

Congenital

What type of immunity is inherited? Congenital
an individual's susceptibility to diseases is transmitted through
inheritance. It is a genetic trait
individual, helping to counteract some
types of diseases from birth. Activities of this
type of immune system occurs at several levels
- cellular and humoral. Congenital susceptibility to
diseases has the ability to decrease when exposed to
the body of negative factors - stress, incorrect
nutrition, serious illness. If the genetic species is
in a weakened state, the acquired
human protection that supports favorable development
individual.

Immunity by localization of action on the body

General immunity (reactions of the integrity of the body) –
This is immunity, which is associated with defense mechanisms
the whole organism (reactions of the whole organism).
It is formed with the participation of serum antibodies,
contained in the blood and lymph, which in turn
circulate throughout the body.
Local immunity (local protective reactions) is
immunity, which is associated with defense mechanisms
some organs and tissues (local protective reactions).
Such immunity is formed without the participation of serum
AT. It has been proven that in the immunity of mucous membranes
secretory antibodies are of great importance -
class A immunoglobulins.

Immunity according to the direction of action is divided into:

Infectious immunity is immunity directed against infectious agents and their
toxins.
Infectious immunity is divided into antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial,
antifungal, antiprotozoal) and antitoxic.
Antimicrobial immunity (antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal,
antiprotozoal) is an immunity in which the body’s defense reactions are directed at itself
microbe, killing or delaying its reproduction.
Antitoxic immunity is immunity in which the protective action is directed to
neutralization of toxic microbial products (for example, with tetanus).
Non-infectious immunity is immunity directed against cells and macromolecules.
individuals of the same or different species.
Non-infectious immunity is divided into transplantation, antitumor, etc.
Transplant immunity is immunity that develops during tissue transplantation.
Antimicrobial immunity can be sterile or non-sterile.
Sterile immunity (there is immunity, but there is no pathogen) – exists after the disappearance of the pathogen
from the body. That is, when, after suffering an illness, the body is freed from the causative agent of the disease,
while maintaining immunity.
Non-sterile (infectious) immunity (there is immunity if there is a pathogen) - there is only
in the presence of a pathogen in the body. That is, when for some infectious diseases immunity
persists only if there is a pathogen in the body (tuberculosis, brucellosis, glanders, syphilis and
etc.).

Also distinguished:

Humoral immunity - protection predominantly
provided by AT;
Cellular (tissue) immunity immunity is caused by protective
tissue functions (phagocytosis by macrophages, Ig, AT);
Phagocytic immunity - associated with specifically
sensitized (immune) phagocytes.
- permanent,
- appearing after penetration of a pathogenic
microbe

ACCORDING TO THE CHARACTER AND RANGE OF ACTION, THEY ARE DIFFERENTIATED:

Specific mechanisms and factors are effective
only to a strictly defined species or serotype
microbe
Nonspecific mechanisms and factors are the same
effective against any pathogenic
microbe

Immunity
Immunity is the body’s ability to protect its own integrity and biological individuality.
Immunity is the body's immunity to infectious diseases.
Every minute they carry the dead, And the groans of the living Fearfully ask God to calm their souls! Every minute there is a need for space, And the graves huddle together in a close line, like a frightened herd. A.S. Pushkin "Feast during the Plague"
Smallpox, plague, typhoid, cholera and many other diseases deprived a huge number of people of their lives.

Terms
Antigens are bacteria, viruses or their toxins (poisons), as well as degenerated cells of the body.
Antibodies are protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of an antigen. Each antibody recognizes its own antigen.
Lymphocytes (T and B) - have receptors on the surface of cells that recognize the “enemy”, form “antigen-antibody” complexes and neutralize antigens.

Immune system - unites organs and tissues that protect the body from genetically foreign cells or substances coming from outside or formed in the body.
Central organs (red bone marrow, thymus)
Peripheral organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen)
Layout of organs of the human immune system
The immune system

Central immune system
Lymphocytes are formed: in the red bone marrow - B-lymphocytes and precursors of T-lymphocytes, and in the thymus - the T-lymphocytes themselves. T- and B-lymphocytes are transported by blood to peripheral organs, where they mature and carry out their functions.

Peripheral immune system
The tonsils are located in a ring in the mucous membrane of the pharynx, surrounding the point of entry into the body of air and food.
Lymphatic nodules are located at the borders with the external environment - in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tracts, as well as in the skin.
Lymphocytes located in the spleen recognize foreign objects in the blood, which is “filtered” in this organ.
IN lymph nodes the lymph flowing from all organs is “filtered”.

TYPES OF IMMUNITY
Natural
Artificial
Innate (passive)
Acquired (active)
Passive
Active
Inherited by the child from the mother.
Appears after infection. diseases.
Appears after vaccination.
Appears under the influence of healing serum.
Types of immunity

Active immunity
Active immunity (natural, artificial) is formed by the body itself in response to the introduction of an antigen.
Natural active immunity occurs after an infectious disease.

Active immunity
Artificial active immunity occurs after the administration of vaccines.

Passive immunity
Passive immunity (natural, artificial) is created by ready-made antibodies obtained from another organism.
Natural passive immunity is created by antibodies passed from mother to child.

Passive immunity
Artificial passive immunity occurs after the administration of therapeutic serums or as a result of volumetric blood transfusion.

The work of the immune system
A feature of the immune system is the ability of its main cells - lymphocytes - to genetically recognize “self” and “foreign”.

Immunity is ensured by the activity of leukocytes - phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Mechanism of immunity
Cellular (phagocytic) immunity (discovered by I.I. Mechnikov in 1863)
Phagocytosis is the capture and digestion of bacteria.

T lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes (formed in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus).
T-killers (killers)
T-suppressors (oppressors)
T-helpers (helpers)
Cellular immunity
Blocks B-lymphocyte reactions
Help B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells

Mechanism of immunity
Humoral immunity

B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes (formed in the bone marrow, mature in lymphoid tissue).
Antigen exposure
Plasma cells
Memory cells
Humoral immunity
Acquired immunity

Types of immune responses

Vaccination
Vaccination (from the Latin "vassa" - a cow) was introduced into practice in 1796 by the English physician Edward Jenner, who made the first vaccination of "cowpox" to an 8-year-old boy, James Phips.

Vaccination calendar
12 hours first hepatitis B vaccination 3-7th day tuberculosis vaccination 1st month second hepatitis B vaccination 3 months first vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae 4.5 months second vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenzae 6 months Third vaccination Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae, Third vaccination Hepatitis B 12 months Measles, mumps, rubella
Calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia (came into force on January 1, 2002)

Slide 2

• Epidemics of plague, cholera, smallpox, and influenza left a deep mark on the history of mankind. In the 14th century, a terrible epidemic of the Black Death swept through Europe, killing 15 million people. It was a plague that engulfed all countries and from which 100 million people died. Smallpox, called "black smallpox", left a no less terrible mark. The smallpox virus caused the death of 400 million people, and the survivors became blind forever. 6 cholera epidemics have been registered, the last one in 1992-93 in India and Bangladesh. The influenza epidemic called "Spanish flu" in 1918-19 claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people, epidemics are known as "Asian", "Hong Kong", and today - "swine" flu.

Slide 3

• CHOLERA
• O S P A
• PLAGUE

Slide 4

• Now the church is empty; The school is deafly locked; The field is idly overripe; The dark grove is empty; And the village, like a burnt dwelling, stands, - Everything is quiet. One cemetery Does not empty, does not remain silent. Every minute they carry the dead, And the groans of the living Fearfully ask God To calm their souls!

Slide 5

• The most terrible diseases took the lives of some and did not affect others. A person becomes infected more often than he gets sick, in other words, a person does not always get sick. Why?
• It turns out that the body has several barriers to everything foreign: the skin and mucous membranes, as well as in our body there are blood cells that protect our body - these are blood cells, lymphocytes and leukocytes. You are already familiar with them.
• Our lesson is dedicated to one of the most important problems modern medicine– IMMUNITY.

Slide 6

• Immunity - the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens and viruses
• Another definition:
• Immunity is the body's immunity to infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Slide 7

Mechanism of immunity

• The body has special cells, which kill pathogens and foreign bodies - these are lymphocytes, phagocytes.
• Lymphocytes come in two types:
• B-lymphocytes - they themselves find foreign cells and kill them;
• T-lymphocytes - secrete special substances - antibodies that find microorganisms and kill them
• A lymphocyte attacks a cancer cell.
• With the help of corrosive enzymes, he breaks through the cell wall and forces it to commit suicide.

Slide 8

• cellular
• humoral

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

The immune system

• Central organs (red bone marrow, thymus, or thymus gland).
• Peripheral organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen).

Slide 14

Slide 15

Types of immunity

• Natural
• Artificial

Slide 16

Natural immunity

• Congenital
• It is inherited by the child from the mother; people have antibodies in their blood from birth. Protects against canine distemper and rinderpest

Slide 17

• Acquired
• Appears after foreign proteins enter the bloodstream after a disease (measles, chickenpox, smallpox)
• Chickenpox ( chicken pox)

Slide 18

Artificial immunity

• Active
• Appears after vaccination (introduction into the body of weakened or killed pathogens of an infectious disease)

Slide 19

• Passive
• Appears under the influence of a therapeutic serum containing the necessary antibodies.
• Obtained from the blood plasma of sick animals or people.

Smallpox, plague, typhoid, cholera and many other diseases deprived a huge number of people of their lives.

Every minute they carry the dead, And the lamentations of the living They timidly ask God Calm their souls! We need space every minute, And the graves among themselves, Like a frightened herd, They huddle together in a tight line.

A.S. Pushkin

"Feast in Time of Plague"

Immunity - the body’s ability to protect its own integrity and biological individuality.

Immunity - This is the body's immunity to infectious diseases.

Terms

Antigens - bacteria, viruses or their toxins (poisons), as well as degenerated cells of the body.

Antibodies – protein molecules synthesized in response to the presence of an antigen. Each antibody recognizes its own antigen.

Lymphocytes (T and B) – have receptors on the surface of cells that recognize the “enemy”, form “antigen-antibody” complexes and neutralize antigens.

The immune system

The immune system – unites organs and tissues that provide protection for the body from genetically foreign cells or substances coming from outside or formed in the body.

Central authorities

(red bone marrow,

thymus)

Peripheral organs

(The lymph nodes,

tonsils, spleen)

Layout of organs of the human immune system

Central immune system

Lymphocytes are formed: in red bone marrow - B lymphocytes and predecessors T lymphocytes , and in thymus - themselves T lymphocytes .

T- and B-lymphocytes are transported by blood to peripheral organs, where they mature and carry out their functions.

Peripheral immune system

Tonsils located in a ring in the mucous membrane of the pharynx, surrounding the point of entry into the body of air and food.

Lymph nodules located at the borders with the external environment - in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital tracts, as well as in the skin.

Located in spleen lymphocytes recognize foreign objects in the blood, which is “filtered” in this organ.

IN lymph nodes the lymph flowing from all organs is “filtered”.

Types of immunity

Congenital

(passive)

Acquired

(active)

Natural

Inherited by the child from the mother.

Appears after infection.

diseases.

KINDS

IMMUNITY

Passive

Active

Artificial

Appears under the influence of healing serum.

Appears after vaccination.

Active immunity

Active immunity (natural, artificial) is formed by the body itself in response to the introduction of an antigen.

Natural active immunity occurs after an infectious disease.

Active immunity

Artificial active immunity occurs after the administration of vaccines.

Passive immunity

Passive immunity (natural, artificial) is created by ready-made antibodies obtained from another organism.

Natural passive immunity is created by antibodies passed from mother to child.

Passive immunity

Artificial passive immunity occurs after the administration of therapeutic serums or as a result of volumetric blood transfusion.

The work of the immune system

A feature of the immune system is the ability of its main cells - lymphocytes - to genetically recognize “self” and “foreign”.

Mechanism of immunity

Immunity provided by the activity of leukocytes - phagocytes and lymphocytes.

Cellular (phagocytic) immunity

(discovered by I.I. Mechnikov in 1863)

Phagocytosis- capture and digestion of bacteria .

T lymphocytes

Cellular immunity

T-killers

(the killers)

Blocks B-lymphocyte reactions

T lymphocytes

(formed in the bone marrow, matures in the thymus).

T-suppressors

(oppressors)

Help B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells

T helper cells

(assistants)

Mechanism of immunity

Humoral immunity

B lymphocytes

Humoral immunity

Plasma cells

B lymphocytes

(formed in the bone marrow, matures in lymphoid tissue).

Impact

antigen

Acquired immunity

Memory cells

Vaccination

Vaccination (from the Latin “vassa” - cow) was introduced into practice in 1796 by the English doctor Edward Jenner, who gave the first cowpox vaccination to an 8-year-old boy, James Phips.

Vaccination calendar

Calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia (came into force on January 1, 2002)

12 hours first hepatitis B vaccination 3-7th day tuberculosis vaccination 1st month second hepatitis B vaccination 3 months first vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae 4.5 months second vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae 6 months third vaccination diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae, third vaccination hepatitis B 12 months vaccination measles, mumps, rubella

Vaccination calendar

18 months first revaccination of diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae 20 months second revaccination polio 6 years second vaccination measles, mumps, rubella 7 years second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, first revaccination against tuberculosis 13 years vaccination against hepatitis B, vaccination against rubella (girls) 14 years third revaccination of diphtheria and tetanus, revaccination of tuberculosis, third revaccination against polio adults revaccination of diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination

HIV and AIDS

HIV infection is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The final stage of HIV infection is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection leads to severe damage to the immune and nervous system, to inevitable death.

Your protection is in your hands!

Your best advisor is common sense.

One who knows cannot be defeated.

We choose LIFE!

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

Interregional conference of schoolchildren “Encyclopedia of one word” “Immunity” Biology teacher MBOU secondary school No. 2 of Petrovsk, Saratov region Tikhanova V.N.

2 slide

Slide description:

3 slide

Slide description:

What is immunity? The word "immunity" comes from the Latin "immunitas", which means "liberation", "deliverance". Immunity is a protective reaction of the body that plays the role of protecting it from any foreign microorganisms and cells.

4 slide

Slide description:

What is immunity? Immunity is a protective reaction of the body, its ability to resist the action of damaging agents. Thanks to the presence of immunity, the body copes with the disease and recovers. In addition, a person suffers from some infectious diseases only once in his life. And after that he becomes immune to them, even with direct contact with patients. (eg measles and rubella)

5 slide

Slide description:

Types of immunity Natural Artificial Congenital Acquired Inherited by the child from the mother (from birth there are antibodies in the blood) Appears after an infectious disease (measles, chickenpox, mumps, rubella) Active Appears after the introduction of a vaccine (weakened or killed pathogens) Passive Appears under the influence of a therapeutic serum (ready-made antibodies)

6 slide

Slide description:

The mechanism of the body's cellular defense was discovered in 1883 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916). I. I. Mechnikov proved that the body's resistance to infectious diseases is associated with the ability of special blood cells and body tissues to capture and digest infectious agents. For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

7 slide

Slide description:

Mechanisms of immunity Lymphocytes Lymphocytes have receptors on the surface of cells that can recognize foreign compounds - antigens. When an antigen is detected, lymphocytes begin to produce special proteins - antibodies that can neutralize antigens. Phagocytes are able to penetrate walls blood vessels and migrate to the site of injury, where they destroy bacteria through phagocytosis

8 slide

Slide description:

The mechanism of the immune response First, the immune system blocks the activity of foreign objects (immunogens), creating special chemically reactive molecules (immunoglobulins) that inhibit the activity of immunogens. Immunoglobulins are created by lymphocytes, which are the main cells of the immune system. Lymphocytes are white blood cells, on the surface of which there are specific receptors that can recognize features stranger. It is the lymphocytes that are the first to meet the “enemy”. Once on the lymphocyte receptors, the antigen causes, through a cascade of cellular interactions, the production of antibodies - specific substances that neutralize the given antigen.

Slide 9

Slide description:

Signs of decreased immunity Primary signs of decreased immunity include: Chronic fatigue Fast fatiguability Headaches Drowsiness or insomnia Aches in muscles and joints

10 slide

Slide description:

Immunity disorders in children According to world statistics, there is a certain group of children who, no matter how well they are looked after, get sick quite often. In such children, the maturation of the immune system occurs 2-4 years later, and their presence in the environment of other children (nurseries, kindergarten) leads to their infection with viral or bacterial infections. The child's immunity is in the hands of the parents - Babies who were put to the breast immediately after birth get sick less often and grow stronger.

11 slide

Slide description:

Immune system dysfunction as a cause of aging. Dr. Roy Walford from the University of California, Los Angeles, has suggested that the aging process is a self-destruction of the body that occurs due to disorders in the immune system. Even in youth, in the absence of any pathologies and management healthy image life, toxic substances continuously appear in the body that can destroy cells and damage DNA.

12 slide

Slide description:

AIDS Nowadays, one of the most important and pressing problems of humanity is AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is called the plague of the 20th century. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks the body's defense system. The AIDS epidemic has been going on for about 20 years: it is believed that the first mass cases of HIV infection occurred in the late 1970s. Although HIV has since been better studied than any virus in the world, millions of people continue to die from AIDS and millions more are diagnosed HIV infection. This disease is determined by the presence of antibodies in the body. Sociological studies have shown that more than 20 million people have died from the virus (over 20 years of research), 40 million are living with this terrible diagnosis.