presentation for a history lesson (8th grade) on the topic. Presentation for the lesson: Domestic policy of Nicholas I

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Nicholas I Pavlovich Palkin
Nicholas I. Artist E.I. Botman. 1856
Eleventh All-Russian Emperor (1796-1825-1855)
30 years on the throne
Uleva O.V., teacher of history and social studies, secondary school No. 1353. Moscow. Zelenograd Autonomous Okrug.

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Domestic policy of Nicholas I (1825-1855). PLAN FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC: Childhood of Nicholas I. Formation of the emperor’s personality. Conservative-protective policy of Nicholas I: Centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus; III Department of the Own EIV Chancellery and the Separate Corps of Gendarmes; “cast iron” censorship regulations; theory of official nationality; and the abolition of the Constitution. Liberal reforms of Nicholas I: reform of state peasants; codification of legislation; financial reform; the beginning of the industrial revolution; charity and the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria. General results of the domestic policy of Nicholas I.
Nicholas I at the “1000th Anniversary of Russia” monument in Veliky Novgorod.

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Childhood of Nicholas I
Portrait of Paul I with his family. Artist Gerard von Kügelgen. 1800
“His mind is not cultivated, his upbringing was careless.” Queen Victoria on Nicholas I, 1844.
The last of Catherine II’s grandchildren, born during her lifetime: “His voice is bass, and he screams amazingly; It is an arshin long minus two inches, and its hands are slightly smaller than mine. This is the first time in my life that I have seen such a knight. If he continues as he began, the brothers will find themselves dwarfed by this colossus.” Catherine II about her newborn grandson.
Catherine II
“Russia was founded by victories and unity of command, perished from discord, but was saved by a wise autocracy.” Karamzin N.M. A note on ancient and new Russia in its political and civil relations.
N.M. Karamzin. Lithograph, 1822.

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FOR COMPARISON: 1860s, the population of the Russian Empire (without Poland and Finland) was 61,175.9 thousand people; the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. 1 official per 1000 people.
FOR COMPARISON: January 1, 2014 population Russian Federation–146,100 thousand people; The number of officials in Russia is 1,455,000 people. 10 officials per 1000 people.
Nicholas I considers generals to be the best administrators. Under Nicholas I they were both ministers and governors.

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The pinnacle of bureaucratic absurdity is the case of a certain Moscow tax farmer. It has been listened to for many years and has grown into many volumes. Only a brief summary of the essence of the issue took up 15,000 sheets. The case was requested from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Several carts were specially hired to transport all the papers. And along the way everything disappeared: papers, carts, and cabs.
NIKOLAEV BUREAUCRACY

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HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE (H.I.H.'s Own Office)
From 1826 to 1881, the Own Chancellery was divided into several independent departments, the importance of each was equal to that of the minister.
1820s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 20,000 people.
1860s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people.

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III DEPARTMENT Own E.I.V. office
“Now everyone either has a blue uniform, or a blue lining, or at least a blue patch.” General A.P. Ermolov (after the establishment of the gendarmerie department in 1826).
investigation and investigation in political cases; censorship; the fight against Old Believers and sectarianism, surveillance of foreigners living in Russia; expulsion of unreliable and suspicious people; investigation of cases of cruel treatment of landowners against peasants.
A.H. Benckendorf. Artist D.Dow. Military gallery of the Winter Palace.
The gendarme corps is “an armed inquisition, police Freemasonry, which had its listening and eavesdropping brothers in all corners of the empire, from Riga to Nerchinsk.” A. I. HERTZEN. Literature and public opinion after December 14, 1825.
Gendarmes of Nicholas I. Drawing from the mid-19th century.
Number of gendarme corps: 1836 - 5164 people; 1857 - 4629 people; 1866 – 7076 people; 1880 - 6708 people; 1895 – 9243 people; 1914 - 13,645 people; 1917 – 15,718 people.
The population of the Russian Empire in 1897 was 129,142.1 thousand people.
Personnel of the III Division: 1826 - 16 people; 1829 - 20 people; 1841 – 28 people.

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“CAST IRON” CENSORSHIP CHARTER
Adopted June 10 (22), 1826. The censor has the right to demand from the author: a radical reworking of the plot; rejection of fundamentally important conclusions; any changes in the text. Censors must ensure that nothing creeps into the text of the work that could weaken the feelings of devotion, fidelity and voluntary obedience to the decrees of the authorities and domestic laws. Published with censorship omissions and distortions: “Boris Godunov” by A.S. Pushkin; “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov. They didn’t print at all: “The Demon” by M.Yu. Lermontov.
Permission of the Moscow Censorship Committee dated June 10, 1838 for the publication of A. Pravdin’s book “On Railways and End Roads in Russia.”
Contemporaries noted with amazement that the “cast iron” charter at once banned not only the entire ancient Greek and Roman history, but also the official “History of the Russian State” by Karamzin. “Even the Our Father could be interpreted in Jacobin dialect by referring to this charter.” S. Glinka (Russian historian, writer).

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THEORY OF OFFICIAL PEOPLE
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
S.S. Uvarov - Minister of Public Education. Artist V.A. Golike. 1833
Caricatures by Gustave Doré of Nicholas Russia. 1854

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING
Hey, who Polak, na bagnety! Żyj, swobodo, Polsko, żyj! (Hey! Who is Pole, with hostility! Live, freedom, Poland, live!) “Warsawianka” is a Polish patriotic song, a symbol of the November Uprising of 1830.
Under what conditions did Poland become part of Russia after the Napoleonic wars?
POLISH CONSTITUTION of 1815: the crown of Poland remains with Russia; the viceroy of the king is limited by the Constitution; bicameral Sejm - the highest legislative body (1818) official language - Polish; freedom of speech, personal integrity, equality of religions; Polish corps as part of the Russian army.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich - Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland in 1826 -1830.
POLISH UPRISING - November 1830 - October 1831.

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING
I.I. Dibich-Zabalkansky. Field Marshal General, fourth and last full holder of the Order of St. George.
I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky. Field Marshal General, one of four full holders of the Order of St. George.
by the end of 1830, Russian troops were driven out of Poland; On January 13, 1831, the Sejm proclaimed the independence of Poland; Adam Czartoryski became the head of the Polish government; the Russian-Polish war began; the Poles hoped for help from England and France, but they preferred not to complicate their relations with Nicholas I; a 120,000-strong army under the command of Field Marshal I.I. Dibich was sent against the 50,000-strong Polish army; On August 28 (September 8), 1831, the Russian army under the command of I.F. Paskevich (I.I. Dibich and Konstantin Pavlovich died of cholera) took Warsaw by storm; I.F. Paskevich writes to Nicholas I: “WARSAW IS AT YOUR MAJESTY’S FEET.”
After the suppression of the Polish uprising, Field Marshal Paskevich will be appointed Viceroy of Poland and will receive the amazing title of multi-vector imperial policy - Count Paskevich-Erivansky, Prince of Warsaw.

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING
“Never give freedom to the Poles!” Nicholas I to Alexander II.
The bears are in a desperate situation. English cartoon dedicated to the Polish uprising. 1831
the Polish constitution of 1815 was repealed; the Polish army was abolished, its soldiers and officers were exiled to Siberia and the Caucasus; Warsaw University is closed; the Poles are obliged to maintain a 100,000-strong Russian army; The old administrative division into voivodeships was replaced by a division into provinces. POLOPHILITY AND RUSOPHOBIA.

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REFORM OF STATE PEASANTS
P.D. Kiselev - Minister of State Property in 1837 -1856.
State peasant reform (1837-1841): partial resettlement of peasants from densely populated areas to less populated ones; increase in land plots; reduction of taxes; creation of a network of medical institutions and schools in rural areas. 1842 - Decree on obligated peasants.
“Serfdom is a powder keg under the state” From the report on the state of affairs in Russia by A.H. Benckendorf.

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CODIFICATION OF LEGISLATION
The last streamlined set of laws in Russia was the Council Code of 1649.
M.M. Speransky. Artist A.G. Varnek.
Who in the 18th century tried to streamline the laws of the Russian Empire?
Codification of legislation (1830-1833): 45 volumes of the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire from 1649 to 1825; 15 volumes of the Code of Laws, intended for direct use. THE TEXTS OF LAWS HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE TO BOTH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND ORDINARY RESIDENTS OF THE COUNTRY.
Emperor Nicholas I rewards Speransky for drawing up a code of laws. Artist A. Kivshenko.

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Currency reform (1839-1843): creation of a system of silver monometallism (silver standard).
E.F. Kankrin - Minister of Finance of Russia in 1823 -1844.
FINANCIAL REFORM

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THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Tsarskoye Selo railway. Colorized lithograph. 1837
What is the industrial revolution? What consequences does it lead to?
intensive construction of paved highways (Moscow-St. Petersburg, Moscow-Irkutsk, Moscow-Warsaw); construction of railways began: St. Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo (1837), St. Petersburg-Moscow (1851); from 1819 to 1859, the volume of cotton production in Russia increased almost 30 times; the volume of engineering production from 1830 to 1860 increased 33 times. share of the urban population: 1825 - 4.5%, 1858 - 9.2%.

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Thanks to the personal patronage of members of the royal family, the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria took a prominent place in the history of helping the poor in Russia. After the death of Maria Feodorovna, it was successively headed by three empresses: Alexandra Feodorovna (wife of Nicholas I); Maria Alexandrovna (wife of Alexander II); Maria Feodorovna (wife of Alexander III). The royals, by personal example, introduced the top of the Russian aristocracy to philanthropy. Representatives of the bureaucratic elite and high military officials became the guardians of the establishments.
Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759–1828)
DEPARTMENT OF INSTITUTIONS OF EMPRESS MARIA FYODOROVNA
Emblem of the Department's orphanages. A pelican tearing open its chest to feed its chicks blood.

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“DARK SEVEN YEAR” – 1848-1855.
Revolutions of 1848-1849 in Europe.
The 1848 Revolution in France establishes the Second Republic. All over Germany, frightened rulers are granting constitutions. An all-German meeting in Frankfurt discusses the unification of the country. In Austria, Czechs, Hungarians and Italians are rising up in arms, and it seems that the multinational empire is on the verge of collapse.

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“DARK SEVEN YEAR” – 1848-1855.
The monarchs of Europe swallow the pills of the constitution. Caricature from 1848.
Hungary began to fight for independence; The Austrian government turned to Russia for help; Nicholas I sent a 150,000-strong army under the command of I.F. Paskevich to suppress the Hungarian revolution; The Austrian Empire was saved.
Nicholas I – GENDARME OF EUROPE. Assess the internal policy of Nicholas I.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF FAILURE
Conclusion: (Your opinion may not coincide with Pushkin’s assessment).

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MATERIALS USED IN PREPARATION OF THE PRESENTATION: Sakharov A.N., Bokhanov A.N. Russian history. XVII-XIX centuries. Part 2: Textbook for 10th grade general education institutions. M.: LLC "TID" Russian word- RS", 2006. Itskovich M., Kocherezhko S. Istria: Complete course. Multimedia tutor (+CD). – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2013. Alekseev S.I., Mazurov B.F. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day in diagrams and tables: grades 10-11: M.: Ventana-Graf, 2013. Kirillov V.V. Domestic history in diagrams and tables. M.: Eksmo, 2012.
FOR THOSE WHO WANT TO KNOW MORE:
Caricatures by Gustave Doré of Nicholas Russia. 1854
http://www.zoomby.ru/watch/114146-academia - Academia - Special course Russian Sovereigns. Nicholas I. http://www.rusfond.ru/encyclopedia/28 - additional information about the Department of Institutions of the Empress Maria (IV department of the Own EIV Chancellery). http://rusarchives.ru/statehood/06-70-manifest-nikolay-i_rgia/index.html#/7/ - Manifesto of Nicholas I on the implementation of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. January 31, 1833. Script.
Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia, XIX century: textbook. for 8th grade. general education institutions. M. Education, 2009. Antonova T.S., Levandovsky A.A., Oleynikov D.I., Ponomareva V.V., Kharitonov A.L. History of Russia: XIX century. Multimedia textbook for educational institutions. M., Clio Soft. 2011. http://ru.wikipedia.org

Plan. Main directions of Russian foreign policy. Russian-Iranian War of 1826-1828. Russian-Turkish War of 1828-1829. Foreign policy Nicholas 1. Nakhimov. Reasons for Russia's defeat in the Crimean War. Wars under the reign of Nicholas I. Treaty of Unkyar-Iskelesi. Battle of Sinop Bay. Russia in the wars from 1826 to 1849. Results of Russian foreign policy in 1826-1849. Causes of the war. Measures taken by Russia to prevent revolutionary influence.

“Caucasian War 1817-1864” - Causes of the Caucasian War. By what means did the tsarist government manage to conquer the Caucasus? Reasons for Shamil's success. Reasons for the Russian victory. A.P. Ermolov. Caucasus. Destruction of the Imamate. Shamil ruled with the help of naibs. Russian policy in the Caucasus. Peoples of the Caucasus. Caucasian War 1817-1864. Results of the war. Military operations in the Caucasus. Shamil's movement. Construction of a military road. Causes and stages of the war.

“Directions of the internal policy of Nicholas I” - Measures to strengthen the positions of the nobility. Agrarian reform. Preservation and strengthening of the existing system. Personality of Nicholas I. Main directions of domestic policy. Contradictory policies. Have the goals of the reform been achieved? Goals of state village reform. Codification of laws. Strengthening the fight against revolutionary sentiments. OH. Benckendorf. Decree on “obligated” peasants. Measures of Nicholas 1 in solving the peasant issue.

“Directions of the foreign policy of Nicholas I” - European direction. Eastern direction. Gendarme of Europe. Exacerbation of Russian-English contradictions. Main directions of foreign policy. Russia is the “Gendarme of Europe”. Russian-Turkish war. Russian-Iranian war. Theaters of war. Middle Eastern direction. Events. Event. Foreign policy of Nicholas 1. Nicholas1’s reaction to revolutionary events in Europe. Result.

“The Domestic Policy of Nicholas the First” - Mother. Illustrations and documents. Reform. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus. Emperor. Emperor Nicholas I. Strengthening the fight against revolutionary sentiments. Jokes. The troubles of our time. Englishman. Gambling. Epigrams of Tyutchev. Domestic policy of Nicholas I. The direction of the domestic policy of Nicholas I. Creation of a secret committee. Strengthening the support of autocratic power. Attempts to resolve the peasant issue.

“Results of the internal policy of Nicholas I” - Codification of laws. Egor Frantsevich Kankrin. Transformations. Currency reform. Nicholas I. Goals of the reform of state peasants. Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Categories of peasants. State village reform. Political investigation agency. The beginning of the reign. The apogee of autocracy. Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky. Sale of serfs. The essence of financial reform. Orders. How Nicholas I treated serfdom.

Dynastic crisis of 1825. In 1820, Emperor Alexander I informed his brother Nikolai Pavlovich and his wife that the heir to the throne, their brother Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, intended to renounce his right, so Nicholas would become the heir as the next senior brother. In 1823, Constantine formally renounced his rights to the throne, since he had no children, was divorced and married for a second marriage to the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya. On August 16, 1823, Alexander I signed a secretly drawn up manifesto, which approved the abdication of Konstantin Pavlovich and confirmed Nikolai Pavlovich as Heir to the Throne. On December 12, 1825, unable to convince Constantine to take the throne and having received his final refusal (albeit without a formal act of abdication), Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich decided to accept the throne according to the will of Alexander I.

Investigation and trial of the Decembrists: 579 people were involved in the investigation and trial. The process took place in the strictest secrecy; the work of the investigative commission was headed by the emperor himself. On July 13, 1826, five participants in the uprising: Pestel, Muravyov-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovsky and Ryleev were executed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, more than a hundred people were exiled to hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia.

Measures to strengthen public administration: In 1826 M.M. Speransky was tasked with codifying Russian legislation. He managed to do this within 5 years: in 1832, the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire” was published in 45 volumes, and in 1833 - the Code of Current Laws. The government took a number of measures to support the nobility, which led to an increase in the authority and role of the nobles in Russia.

Peasant question: In 1837-1841 P.D. Kiselev carried out a reform of state peasants, introducing peasant self-government. In 1842, a decree “On Obligated Peasants” was issued, according to which the landowner could free his peasants by providing them with plots of land for hereditary use, but with the fulfillment of certain duties. In 1847-1848, peasants received the right to buy their freedom and acquire uninhabited lands and buildings. Landowners were forbidden to exile peasants to Siberia and sell them without land.

Financial Reform. Practical activities of E.F. Kankrina, extremely versatile. His name is associated with the streamlining of the Russian monetary system, strengthening protectionism and improving state reporting and bookkeeping. The monetary reform of 1839 - 1843 was that banknotes, first issued in Russia under Catherine II, were fixed in the silver unit that had existed since 1810 (3 rubles 50 kopecks in banknotes = 1 ruble in silver). From June 1, 1843, banknotes and other paper notes began to be exchanged for “state credit notes,” which in turn were exchanged for hard coin. The entire reform was carried out with great caution and gradualism.

Policy in the field of education and culture: It was forbidden to accept serfs into secondary and higher education educational establishments, however, it was under Nicholas I in 1828 that the main pedagogical institute was reopened in St. Petersburg. A number of higher technical and special schools were founded: in 1828 the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg, in 1832 the School of Civil Engineers, in 1835 the School of Law, in 1840 the Gory-Goretsky Agricultural School, in 1844 the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute in Moscow, in 1830 a veterinary school in Kharkov, in 1848 - in Dorpat. There were facts showing the personal participation of Nicholas I in the development of the arts: In September 1826, Nicholas accepted Pushkin, who had been released from Mikhailovsky’s exile, and freed the poet from general censorship (he decided to censor his works himself), supporting the Alexandrinsky Theater. Nicholas I had enough literary taste and civic courage to defend “The Inspector General” and after the first performance to say: “Everyone got it - and most of all to ME.” However, it was Nicholas who ordered Lermontov to be exiled to the Caucasus. By order of the tsar, the magazines “European”, “Moscow Telegraph”, “Telescope” were closed, P. Chaadaev was persecuted, and F. Schiller was banned from publishing in Russia.

Contemporaries about Nicholas I: “Deeply sincere in his convictions, often heroic and great in his devotion to the cause in which he saw the mission entrusted to him by providence, we can say that Nicholas I was a quixote of autocracy, a terrible and malicious quixote, because possessed omnipotence, which allowed him to subordinate everything to his fanatical and outdated theory and trample underfoot the most legitimate aspirations and rights of his age. That is why this man, who combined with a generous and knightly soul the character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although lacking breadth, that is why this man could be a tyrant and despot for Russia during his 30-year reign , who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled.” - A.F. Tyutcheva. “There is a lot of ensign in him and a little of Peter the Great,” Pushkin wrote about Nicholas in his diary on May 21, 1834; “His mind is not cultivated, his upbringing was careless,” Queen Victoria wrote about Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich in 1844.

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GOU Central Educational Institution No. 1828 “Saburovo”, Esmanskaya Alla Georgievna, history teacher, lesson in 8th grade.

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Lesson plan 1. The personality of Emperor Nicholas I. 2. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus. 3. Strengthening the support of autocratic power. 4. Attempts to resolve the peasant issue. 5. Russian Orthodox Church and State.

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I Catherine II Maria Fedorovna Pavel Petrovich “Today my mother gave birth to a huge boy, who was named Nicholas. He is an arshin long minus two vershoks, Alexander Konstantin Nikolai, and his hands are a little smaller than mine. If he is a Child equal to continue as he began, kings! then the brothers will turn out to be dwarfs to their parents before this blood, G.R. colossus” According to his rank, he is a giant. Derzhavin

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I The future Emperor Nicholas I was born in Tsarskoe Selo on June 25, 1796. He was the third son of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich and his wife Maria Feodorovna. The teacher Lamzdorf raised Pavel's younger sons in strictness. Nicholas I “In a word, fear and the search for how to avoid punishment occupied my mind most of all. I saw only compulsion in teaching and studied without desire. I was often, and, I think, without reason, accused of laziness and absent-mindedness, and often Count Lamsdorf punished me with the cane very painfully in the midst of lessons.”

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How could these methods be used by Lamsdorf affect the personality of Emperor Nicholas I and the character of the upbringing of the future Nicholas? Emperor? This story of Nikolai about his upbringing is not at all exaggerated. Lamzdorf beat the future emperor inhumanly. Often the teacher used a ruler and even a rifle ramrod. The Grand Duke was obstinate and hot-tempered. I found a scythe on a stone. And Count Lamsdorf sometimes, in a fit of rage, grabbed the boy by the collar and hit him against the wall.

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I In their notes, teachers do not skimp on reviews that are unflattering for young Nikolai Pavlovich. They claim that he was rude, cunning and cruel. He loved to grimace and grimace. This was in the spirit of his grandfather Peter III. Despite numerous educators, this young man behaved in society like a minor. “He constantly wants to shine with his sharp words,” the gentlemen wrote about him, “and he himself is the first to laugh at the top of his lungs at them, often interrupting the conversation of others.” Nikolai Pavlovich

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I Family of Paul I Pavel passionately loved his younger children, giving preference to Nicholas. Nicholas He often played with children, devoting a considerable part of his leisure time. The first toy Nikolai bought was a wooden gun, followed by four wooden swords.

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Franz Kruger The Russian Guard in Peteregof At the age of three, the boy put on a military uniform for the first time. All the sons of Paul I inherited from their father a passion for military affairs: parades, reviews, divorces. But Nikolai was especially distinguished, retaining his love for the external side of army life forever.

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I Nikolai Pavlovich was tall, lean, had a wide chest, somewhat long arms, an oblong, clean face, an open forehead, a Roman nose, a moderate mouth, a quick look, a ringing voice, but he spoke somewhat quickly. In general, he was very slender and agile. Neither arrogant importance nor windy haste was noticeable in his movements, but some kind of genuine severity was visible. Vasily GOLIKE Portrait of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich.

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Why What kind of experience did Nikolai acquire? They prepared Nicholas, only daily for the military career of Emperor Nicholas I, without being in the palace room in front-room issues? politics and management? Nikolai Pavlovich “My entire acquaintance with the world was limited to daily waiting in the hallway. Having nothing to do, it became a habit that in this meeting business was done on the guard, but for the most part the time was spent in jokes and ridicule about one’s neighbor. There were also intrigues. At the same time all the time, all the youth, adjutants, and often officers waited in the corridors, wasting time or using it for entertainment in almost the same way and not sparing the bosses or the government... This time was a waste of time, but it was a precious practice for getting to know people and faces, and I took advantage of it."

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I In November 1825, Emperor Alexander I died. What event overshadowed the accession of Nicholas I to the throne? Uprising on Senate Square

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I What impact did the Decembrist uprising have on Nicholas I? Throughout his reign, Nicholas’s desire to prevent even a hint of the possibility of a repetition of a rebellion similar to the Decembrists’ revolt runs through. “...the time of Nicholas I is an era of extreme self-assertion of Russian autocratic power... in the most extreme manifestations of its actual rule and fundamental ideology.” What is the main task of the reign of Nicholas I? Historian A.E. Presnyakov

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Freilin A.F. Tyutchev “He sincerely and sincerely believed that he was able to see everything with his own eyes, hear everything with his own ears, regulate everything according to his own understanding, transform everything with his own will. He never forgot what, when and to whom he ordered, and ensured the exact execution of his orders.” Which organization was the ideal for Nicholas I? The order that should be established in the country: strict centralization; complete unity of command; unconditional submission of the lower to the higher.

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Freilin A.F. Tyutchev “... this man, who combined with a generous soul and knightly character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although lacking breadth, that is why this man could be a tyrant and tyrant for Russia during his 30-year reign a despot who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled.” Inconsistency in the policies of Nicholas I: Constant struggle with the revolutionary movement, persecution of everything advanced and progressive in the country; An attempt to carry out activities that would eradicate the shortcomings of the existing system.

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I F. Tyutchev You did not serve God and not Russia, You served only your vanity, And all your deeds, both good and evil, Everything was a lie in you, all empty ghosts: You were not a king, but a performer. Like him, tireless and firm, And like him, kind in memory... A.S. Pushkin

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I It is not so easy to answer this question, because it was no coincidence that Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov loved to attend masquerades: his passion for disguises is characteristic of his biography and politics. Through the prism of these features it is necessary to study the reign of Nicholas I.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Under Nicholas, a well-thought-out system of state control over the public political, economic and cultural life of the country was created. Under him, His Imperial Majesty's Own Office acquired great importance.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery I Department Control over the execution of the Tsar's orders I I I Department Organ for political investigation and control over mentalities I I Department Codification of laws

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Remember what transformations in Russia are associated with the name of M.M. Speransky? Was there a set of laws in Russia? When was it adopted? Since the time of the Council Code, a huge number of laws have been issued, which often contradict each other. Such confusion in Russian legislation made it difficult to resolve cases.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus In January 1826, the tsar created the II department of his chancellery, headed by M.M., who had returned from exile. Speransky. Its main task was to prepare a unified Code of Laws. Speransky completed the work in five years. In 1832, the first Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire was published in 45 volumes, and in 1833, the Code of Current Laws of the State. MM. Speransky

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus V.P. Kochubey In December 1826, Nicholas created a secret committee chaired by former member of the Secret Committee, Count V.P. Kochubey. Kochubey He was tasked with drawing up a project for public administration reform. However, he failed to solve this problem.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Many even minor decisions were made by the highest government bodies. This required a huge army of officials. By the end of the reign of Nicholas, their number amounted to 90 thousand people (at the beginning of the reign of Alexander I there were 15 thousand officials)

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What can you say about the management system? Strengthening the autocratic power of Nicholas I? F.P. Vronchenko Nicholas I appointed F.P. as Minister of Finance. Vronchenko, and when he led. Book Mikhail Pavlovich expressed surprise at this, the emperor said: “Enough, brother! I am my own finance minister, I just need a secretary to clear the papers.” Vronchenko perfectly corresponded to this goal. But to maintain the established order, a deputy was needed, and one more. And - off we go..."

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What do you think was forbidden to write about during the strengthening of the role of the state apparatus during the reign of Nicholas I? The bodies of the III department were created locally. An armed force was created at the disposal of the chief of the III department - the corps of gendarmes. Chief General Benckendorf. To curb the press, Nicholas introduced strict censorship. OH. Benkendorf Censorship is a system of state supervision of the press, checking materials being prepared for publication.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Define the responsibilities of the III department. “...Looking through the inventory of the archives of the III Department, you are amazed at the abyss of completely insignificant cases that had no national significance and were dealt with by the gendarmes. In their desire to cover the entire life of the population, they intervened decisively in every matter where there was an opportunity to intervene. Family life, trade deals, personal quarrels, invention projects, escapes of novices from monasteries - everything was of interest to the secret police. At the same time, the III Department received a huge number of petitions, complaints, denunciations, and for each there was an investigation, a special case was opened for each...” (Trotsky I. III Department under Nicholas I: The Life of Sherwood - Verny. L., 1990. P.53

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus S.S. Uvarov Censorship was under the authority of the Ministry of Public Education, which was headed by S.S. Uvarov. In 1826, the “Charter on Censorship” was adopted, called “cast iron”. It was forbidden to admit serfs to secondary and higher educational institutions.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Read an excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” from the point of view of the “Charter on Censorship”. What did you read that could be interpreted as a hint of disrespect for the existing regime? Excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”: Now our roads are bad, Forgotten bridges are rotting, At the stations there are bugs and fleas It doesn’t take a minute to fall asleep.

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Strengthening the support of autocratic power Nicholas I paid great attention to the task of strengthening the noble class. He was concerned about the impoverishment of some of the nobles. For this purpose, the order of inheritance of large estates was changed. Now they could not be crushed and were passed on to the eldest in the family. Since 1928, only children of nobles and officials were admitted to secondary and higher educational institutions. conclusion These measures significantly increased the authority and role of the nobility in the life of the country.

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Attempts to solve the peasant question Nicholas I “There is no doubt that serfdom, in its current situation with us, is an evil, tangible and obvious to everyone, But one cannot hide from oneself that now thoughts are no longer the same as they were before, and every prudent It is clear from observation that the present situation cannot continue forever.” How did Nicholas I feel about serfdom? What difficulties did the peasants experience? Nikolai understood perfectly well that the main problem of Russian society remained the peasant question.

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Nicholas decided to begin his attempts to resolve the peasant issue with reforms aimed at improving the situation of state peasants. These reforms were carried out by General P.D. Kiselev is a member of the State Council and Minister of State Property. The main point is the introduction of peasant self-government. Schools and hospitals began to be established in villages. P.D. Kiselev

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Attempts to resolve the peasant question Schools were opened in state-owned villages; by 1854, 26 thousand schools with 110 thousand students were opened. Evaluate these numbers. Were there many or few schools open?

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Attempts to resolve the peasant issue Where there was not enough land, sometimes a decision was made to resettle peasants to other regions of the country. In order to protect peasants from crop failures, it was decided to create “public plowing.” Here the peasants worked together and enjoyed the fruits of their common labor.

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Illustrations. 1. clubs.ya.ru/zh-z-l/replies.xml%3...o%3D1461 2. www.liveinternet.ru/users/igorin...2201786/ 3. www.liveinternet.ru/users/333035 ...43.shtml 4. www.hrono.ru/biograf/derzhvin.html 5. kalte-winter.livejournal.com/tag...5D1%258B 6. ricolor.org/history/mn/np/5/ 7. rostislava.livejournal.com/10036...3D154420 8. www.liveinternet.ru/users/201023...4167939/ 9. andrei-stoliar.ru/post119157511/ 10.vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS /HISTOR...LKIN.HTM 11.www.all-pages.com/city_photo/2/2...0/5.html 12.funeral-spb.ru/necropols/nikolsk...snyakov/ 13.www .liveinternet.ru/users/vera_l...2648406/ 14.gazeta.aif.ru/online/dochki/321/42_01 15.www.nemiga.info/peterburg/peterb...ai-1.htm 16.www .liveinternet.ru/users/tat135...7368692/ 17.www.hrono.ru/biograf/speran.html 18. katushka.net/torrents/Car_Alekse...VU_45190 19. liveinternet.ru 20. ru.wikipedia. org/wiki/%25D0%2592...5D1%2587 21. www.tonnel.ru/%3Fl%3Dgzl%26uid%3D667

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22. www.liveinternet.ru/users/201023...6489838/ 23 http://www.bg-gallery.ru/searchresult.php?searchobject= %C4%E5%F2%E8 24. ruskline.ru 25. www.erm.ee/vanast/pysi/ruspages/...old.html 26. liveinternet.ru 27. www.nsad.ru/index.php%3Fissue%3D...le%3D331 28. www.liveinternet. ru/users/175811...9391320/ 29. varjag-2007.livejournal.com/713772.html 30. tetradalinqkriger.blogspot.com/2...4/2.html 31. hrono.ru/biograf/nikolai1. html Literature. 1.A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. History of Russia 19th century. 8th grade. 2.E.V. Kolganova, N.V. Sumakova. Lesson developments on the history of Russia. 19th century. 8th grade. 3.G. Chulkov. Emperors

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Domestic policy of Nicholas I. Lesson on Russian history, grade 8. Teacher: Lavrushko O.A.

Brief description of Nicholas I. Born in 1796, as he had two older brothers Alexander and Constantine, he was never prepared to take the throne. Nikolai Pavlovich received a home education - teachers were assigned to him and his brother Mikhail. But Nikolai did not show much diligence in his studies. He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in the art of war, was fond of fortification, and was familiar with engineering. According to V. A. Mukhanov, Nikolai Pavlovich, having completed his course of education, was horrified by his ignorance and after the wedding tried to fill this gap, but the conditions of life were distracted, the predominance of military activities and bright joys family life distracted him from constant office work.

The fight against the revolutionary movement: In 1826, the III Department of the Imperial Chancellery was created, subordinate to which was the corps of gendarmes, headed by A.Kh. Benckendorf. In 1826, a new censorship charter was adopted, called “cast iron” by contemporaries.

Policy in the field of education and culture: It was forbidden to admit serfs into secondary and higher educational institutions, however, it was under Nicholas I in 1828 that the main pedagogical institute was reopened in St. Petersburg. A number of higher technical and special schools were founded: in 1828 the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg, in 1832 the School of Civil Engineers, in 1835 the School of Law, in 1840 the Gory-Goretsky Agricultural School, in 1844 the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute in Moscow, in 1830 a veterinary school in Kharkov, in 1848 - in Dorpat. There were facts showing the personal participation of Nicholas I in the development of the arts: In September 1826, Nicholas accepted Pushkin, who had been released from Mikhailovsky’s exile, and freed the poet from general censorship (he decided to censor his works himself), supporting the Alexandrinsky Theater. Nicholas I had enough literary taste and civic courage to defend “The Inspector General” and after the first performance to say: “Everyone got it - and most of all to ME.” However, it was Nicholas who ordered Lermontov to be exiled to the Caucasus. By order of the tsar, the magazines “European”, “Moscow Telegraph”, “Telescope” were closed, P. Chaadaev was persecuted, and F. Schiller was banned from publishing in Russia.

The main directions of the domestic policy of Nicholas I. Strengthening autocracy and the state apparatus; Peasant question; The fight against the revolutionary movement.