Experience phraseologism in your own skin. Contest of experts in Russian phraseology

The sea bay has nothing to do with it. From the bay-floundering means "to act unexpectedly, thoughtlessly." Phraseologism is formed from the verbs "flop" and "flounder" and is associated with the image of a person who accidentally fell into the water and was forced to splash helplessly in it. The situation is so-so, so try to act deliberately, and not out of the blue.

2. Procrustean bed

You wouldn't want to be in it. Procrustes is a hero of ancient Greek myths and a robber who caught travelers and subjected them to a kind of torture. He put people on his bed and checked whether it fit them in length. If a person turned out to be shorter, then Procrustes stretched out his legs, if longer, he chopped off. It is noteworthy that the bed was not enough for the robber himself, for which he later paid.

The expression "Procrustean bed" is used when they try to fit some phenomenon to the given standards, deliberately distorting it.

3. Kisey young lady

Who is the "young lady" should be clear, and "muslin" means "dressed in a dress made of muslin, thin cotton fabric." This elegant but impractical outfit was popular at the end of the 18th century, but then it went out of fashion and turned into a symbol of unfitness, affectation, effeminacy and even stupidity.

4. Enough kondrashka

Kondrashka is not a friendly neighbor, but a euphemism for a stroke or apoplexy. The expression means the same as "suddenly died." It is believed that the disease was not called by its name, so as not to accidentally call it on itself: superstitious people believed that it worked. Sometimes the kondrashka is replaced with a more honorary Kondraty.

5. On a zugunder

If someone threatens to take you to the zugunder, run. Because it means "to punish" or "to prosecute." Phraseologism came from German language and dates back approximately to the 17th-19th centuries, when arrested soldiers were sentenced to one hundred blows with flexible lashes, or gauntlets. "Zu hundert" - in German means "to a hundred."

6. Containers-bars-rastabars

The expression has nothing to do with rastaman bars or containers in which products are packed. It means "talk in vain." Phraseologism originated from the verbs "chatter" and "clatter", meaning "talk, idle talk", and is most often used in conjunction with the verb "breed". Bred containers-bars-rastabars in the bar.

7. Sum

The opportunists and chameleons of all Rus' were called that way. Initially, the phrase meant a bag hanging on an animal. In order for the load to be evenly distributed, the bag was divided into two parts and thrown over, thrown over the saddle. Subsequently, the word "peremёtny" acquired a negative meaning: they said so about a person without principles, who occupies the most advantageous position.

8. Breed turuses on wheels

Panties have nothing to do with it. Turusa on wheels - a wooden siege tower covered with skins. These were used by the ancient Romans. Warriors were planted inside it so that they moved the structure to the enemy’s fortress wall. Contemporaries of Alexander Pushkin did not believe that such towers could exist, so they said about everything incredible “to breed turuses on wheels”, meaning “to talk nonsense”.

9. Lazarus sing

A very unworthy occupation. Lazarus is called a flattering beggar, and the expression itself means "complaining about your fate, pretending to be unhappy." It came from the gospel parable of the rich man and the poor Lazarus. According to her, Lazarus lay at the gate of the rich man, while he feasted and led a wild life. After death, the beggar went to heaven, and the rich man went to hell. The rich man suffered in hell from the heat and wanted Lazarus to give him water. But God refused him, saying that the rich man had already enjoyed life enough.

10. Throw pearls in front of pigs

Sounds like an interesting game, but it's not. This phraseologism also came to us from the Gospel and is used in relation to a person who is not able or does not want to understand someone's thoughts and feelings. The original text was: “Do not give holy things to dogs and do not throw your pearls before swine, lest they trample it under their feet and turn and tear you to pieces.” In other words, don't waste your resources for those who will never appreciate it.

11. No belmes

A very useful expression if you are a teacher or a boss. It means "to know and not understand anything" and is translated from Tatar as "he does not know." At first, in Rus', an ignoramus was called a belmes, and then the people noticed a sound similarity between the words "demon" and "belmes" and began to use the latter in the sense of "not a damn thing" and "does not understand a damn thing."

12. Sleep in a Bose

This expression means "to die, to pass away", but now it is more often used with an ironic connotation of "cease to exist". It came from the Church Slavonic language and was used in funeral prayers. The expression "to rest in God" literally means "to sleep in God", that is, to give one's soul to God. But you can use it in relation to, for example, closed projects and companies.

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50 phraseological units and meanings will help you remember the most famous catch phrases.

50 phraseological units

1. Buckwheat beat- mess around
2. henbane overeat- to get mad (applied to people who do stupid things
3. White crow- a person who stands out sharply from environment one quality or another
4. Throw down the gauntlet- challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws gloves)
5. Beat like a fish on ice- persistent, but vain efforts, fruitless activities
6. Storm in a teacup- great excitement for an insignificant reason.
7. Wolf in sheep's clothing- evil people pretending to be kind, who hide under the guise of meekness
8. Soar in the clouds- blissfully dream, fantasize about what
9. To contribute - invest part of your work, skills or money in the creation of something important, big.
10. Head is spinning- too much to do, responsibilities, information.
11. Be careful- A person is anxiously waiting for danger. Vostry is the old form of the word acute.
12. The soul has gone to the heels- frightened person
13. Get to the handle completely sink, lose human appearance and social skills.
14. Don't feel sorry for your belly- to sacrifice one's life
15. Nick down- remember firmly
16. Behind seven seals - about something inaccessible to understanding, carefully guarded.
17. Turn up one's nose- unjustifiably proud of something, boast.
18. Bury talent in the ground- do not use or develop God-given abilities.
19. Make an elephant out of a fly- turn a small fact into a whole event
20. How a cow licked her tongue- about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.
21. crocodile tears- insincere compassion
22. Bathe in gold- be very rich
23. Disservice Unsolicited help that does more harm than good.
24. muddy the waters- deliberately confuse any matter, confuse or confuse
25. On a silver platter- get what you want with honor, without much effort
26. At the edge of the earth- somewhere very far away
27. On the seventh sky- to be in complete ecstasy, in a state of supreme bliss
28. Knife in the back or stab in the back- traitorous, treacherous act, blow.
29. Survive from bread to water- to be poor, starve
30. To pour (water) from empty to empty- engage in repetitive, meaningless activities
31. Wash the bones- to slander, gossip, gossip about someone
32. Pass fire, water and copper pipes- survive life's trials, difficult situations
33. Bring under the monastery - put in a difficult position, under punishment.
34. Put your teeth on the shelf- to starve when there is no food left in the house.
35. Goof - be in an extremely uncomfortable or even dangerous position.
36. Flog a dead horse- useless business
37. Roll up your sleeves- work hard, with diligence.
38. Beluga roar - scream or cry loudly.
39. Eat a pood of salt- get to know each other well
40. Good riddance go away, we can do without you
41. Build castles in the air- to dream about the unrealizable, to indulge in fantasies. Think, think about what cannot be realized in reality, get carried away by illusory assumptions, hopes
42. Hide the ends in the water- hide the traces of the crime.
43. Seventh water on jelly- distant family
44. Quieter than water, lower than grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously
45. Pound water in a mortar- do something useless.
46. Wash your hands- to step aside from something, to relieve oneself of responsibility for something.
47. Filkin's diploma - insignificant or invalid document, forgery.
48. scratch tongues- gossip, gossip.
49. The devil pulled the tongue- Not right word slips off the tongue.
50. Tongue without bones- they say if a person is talkative.

You can leave your favorite phraseological units that you use most often in the comments.

8th–9th grades

Goals of the game-competition:

replenish students' vocabulary with new phraseological phrases;

learn to use them in your speech;

encourage students to refer to the phraseological dictionary as often as possible.

Introductory speech of the teacher

The Russian language is very rich in phraseological units. If you want others to listen to you with interest, then learn to use stable combinations of words in your speech. They are one of the brightest means of expressive language. Phraseologisms are characterized by expressiveness, metaphor, emotionality. The phraseology captures the rich historical experience of the people, it reflects ideas related to work, life and culture of people.

Phraseological phrases enrich the language, make speech bright, figurative, labeled. It is very important to use them correctly and appropriately, because with only one word hand there are more than fifty phraseological turns. What does this or that phraseological unit mean, what are its features? These questions are answered by the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, published in 1967, edited by A.I. Molotkov. In essence, this is the first phraseological dictionary in the exact sense of the word. It contains over 4000 entries. To show how phraseology is used in speech, each of its meanings is illustrated with quotations from works of fiction and journalistic literature.

In 2002 the Dictionary turns 35 years old. It faithfully and reliably serves the purposes of in-depth study of the phraseological richness of the Russian language. We dedicate to this date the competition of experts in Russian phraseology "Phraseological Menagerie" (phraseological units are considered in which the names of animals are found, phraseological units with adjectives formed from nouns denoting animals can also be cited as examples).

At the beginning of the competition, we listen to the message of a previously prepared student “How to use the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by A.I. Molotkov? (principles of the arrangement of phraseological units in the dictionary, the design of the heading of a dictionary entry, the development of a dictionary entry, the system of links).

Then the teacher introduces the teams participating in the competition, jury members, talks about the course and conditions of the game. The main rule during the game is the following: teams answer in turn, if one team does not cope with the task, then the second team uses the right to answer.

1st stage. Warm up

The teacher reads the interpretation of the phraseological unit, the students name the corresponding phraseological unit.

Perplexed, stupid, not understanding, not understanding anything; confused, stupidly staring, looking. (Like a ram to a new gate.)

Start acting energetically, decisively and immediately from the most important thing. (Take the bull by the horns.)

A person who covers his bad intentions, actions with a mask of virtue; hypocrite. (Wolf in sheep's clothing.)

Free, at ease, good (to feel somewhere) (Like a fish in water.)

Start a fire, set something on fire. (Let (let) the red rooster.)

Very far, to the most remote places (send, drive, get, etc.). (Where Makar did not drive calves.)

2nd stage

Give an interpretation of phraseological units.

Buridan's donkey- an extremely indecisive person, hesitating in the choice between two equivalent desires, between equivalent decisions, etc.

Valaam's donkey- 1) a submissive, silent person who, unexpectedly for others, expressed his opinion or protest; 2) stupid, stubborn woman.

Lost sheep (sheep)- a person who has gone astray from the right path of life.

Fight like a fish on ice- in vain, to no avail, make every effort to get out of a distressed financial situation; to live in poverty.

Neither fish nor fowl- unremarkable, average, mediocre person.

Fishing in troubled waters- take advantage of someone's difficulties, selfishly take advantage of any troubles, unrest, ambiguity of the situation.

Like a broke cancer- in a very difficult position.

When (bye) the cancer whistles- it is not known when; in the indefinite future; never.

Wriggle like a snake (snake)- to flatter, to please, to flatter; dodge, dodge, cunning, etc.

Warm (warm) the snake on the chest (in the bosom)- show attention, care, love, etc. to a person who later pays for it with ingratitude.

Snake in the grass- a vicious, treacherous, dangerous person.

To the green serpent- to get drunk dead, to be drunk to the point of hallucinations, nervous breakdown, etc.

What kind of fly has bitten (someone)– what caused such strange behavior; what happened to someone; about the incomprehensible, inexplicable behavior of someone.

Like a sleepy fly- sluggishly, slowly, barely (to do something). About a human.

white flies- snow, snowflakes. About falling snow.

To make mountains out of molehills- to greatly exaggerate something, to attach undeservedly great importance to something.

Flies die (die)- unbearably boring.

Flies won't hurt- meek, harmless, kind.

Under the fly, with the fly- in a state of intoxication or in a state of slight intoxication, tipsy.

How to swallow a fly- dissatisfied, has a sour look.

crush a fly- drink intoxicating, peck.

bear stepped on ear- someone completely devoid of musical ear.

Sharing the skin of an unkilled bear- distribute profits from a business that has not yet been completed, an enterprise.

bear corner- a remote, deaf, sparsely populated place; outback.

The horse (yet) did not lie with anyone, where– nothing has yet been started, not done by anyone.

Saddle your (favorite) skate, sit on your (favorite) skate- start talking, reasoning, spreading on a favorite topic.

Not in horse food- does not benefit anyone. About food, about food; cannot be properly appreciated, understood by anyone. About what is done for someone.

Lying like a gray gelding- unscrupulously, shamelessly, boundlessly.

A dark horse- about a person whose qualities, capabilities are unclear, unknown.

workhorse- about a hardworking person, a trouble-free worker .

3rd stage

Name phraseological units that include the name of animals.

Scapegoat, white crow, wet chicken, deaf grouse (black grouse), cat in a poke, wolf in sheep's clothing, office rat, poisoned wolf, sleepy grouse, golden calf, blind hen, old wolf, old sparrow, shot sparrow, hook snake , red rooster, Valaam's donkey, Buridan's donkey, sea wolf, pawed goose, tattered cat, cash cow, Lisa Patrikeevna.

What is the peculiarity of the structure of these phraseological units? (These are mostly nominal phraseological units: noun + noun, adj. + noun.)

4th stage

Pupils receive cards on which interpretations of phraseological units are written. The host calls the phraseological unit. A student who finds a card with his interpretation in his possession raises his hand, reads the interpretation and comes up with a situation in which a turnover can be used.

Change (exchange) a cuckoo for a hawk- choose the worst from the bad, make mistakes in the calculations.

By magic- miraculously, of course, without the intervention of anyone.

Like (what) an elephant pellet- absolutely not enough, too little.

Freeze the worm (worm)- have a snack; satisfy some hunger.

Like a turtle, turtle move, turtle step- So slow.

Poor as a church rat (mouse)- very, to an extreme degree (poor).

Pull the cat's tail- tedious, slow to speak.

Though the wolf howl- an expression of despair, impotence, the inability to do anything to get out of a difficult, difficult or hopeless situation.

Like a mad cat- in a frenzy, pointless (run, rush about, etc.).

Kill two birds with one stone- Do two things at the same time achieve two goals.

Veal Delight- meaningless, causeless (delight).

Veal tenderness- Excessive or inappropriate (tenderness).

Like a gray harrier (white)- completely, completely (gray-haired, white).

5th stage

On the board are drawings depicting a dog, cat, pig, elephant, nightingale, herring, goat (goat), swallow, crow, mouse, chicken. What phraseological units came to your mind in connection with these drawings? Make sentences with the phrases given.

Pig. Put a pig on it, throw beads in front of the pigs, understands (thinks, understands) like a pig in oranges.

Elephant. To make mountains out of molehills.

Dog. Hang dogs (on whom), hang dogs around the neck (whom), like (what) uncut dogs, drive dogs, that's where (in what) the dog is buried, every dog, tired like a dog, (like) a dog in the hay, not one dog, (needed) like a dog's fifth leg, a dog under its tail, (live) like a cat with a dog, ate a dog, dog joy, to (all) to hell with a dog, why the dog, take me, the dog (him) knows, dog with him, to (all) dogs, down the drain.

Nightingale. Fill with a nightingale.

Martin. First swallow.

Crow. Neither a peahen nor a crow, a crow in peacock feathers.

Mouse. Puffed up like a mouse on a rump, poor as a church mouse, does not catch mice, mouse fuss, play cat and mouse.

Chicken. Write like a chicken with a paw, a wet chicken, rush like a chicken with an egg (with whom, with what), a blind chicken, chickens don’t peck money, chickens laugh.

Cat Cat). The cat cried, buy a pig in a poke, pull a cat by the tail, a tattered cat, live like a cat with a dog, like a mad cat, a black cat ran (slipped), played cat and mouse, cats scrape in the soul (in the heart).

Goat (goat). A retired goat drummer, to tear a goat, to let a goat into the garden, to tear (flog, flog) like a Sidor goat, a scapegoat, you won’t drive up on a goat, you won’t drive around on a goat.

6th stage

The game “Finish the phraseological unit and include it in the sentence (or phrase): shed crocodile tears»

Crocodile (tears), wasp (nest), like a cow with its tongue (licked), goes like a cow (saddle), nose mosquito (does not undermine), hare (soul), chase two (hares), like a goose (water), geese (teasing), counting (raven), shorter than a sparrow's (nose), where a raven (did not bring bones), even a wolf (howl), take a bull (by the horns), a fairy tale about a white (bull), spin like (a squirrel in a wheel ), bend into a ram (horn), like a ram (at a new gate), wolf (appetite), roar (beluga).

7th stage

The game "Who is more?"
Remember (for a certain time) as many phraseological units as possible with the word bird.

Free bird (bird), yellow-mouthed chick, important bird, live like a bird of heaven, a high-flying bird, you can see a bird in flight, from a bird's eye view, on bird rights, bird's milk.

8th stage

Explain the origin of the following phraseological units (3 phraseological units for each team): chickens laugh, swan song, scapegoat, bird's milk, where crayfish hibernate, crocodile tears. As an example, you can talk about the origin of one or more phraseological units.

Like water off a duck's back

Phraseologism like water off a duck's back is part of an ancient spell that healers uttered over the sick or caring parents, bathing their children: Water from a goose, and thinness (disease) from our boy (girl). People innocently believed that in this case the disease would disappear as completely as goose water. It is known that in geese, as, indeed, in other waterfowl, feathers are covered with fatty grease. Therefore, water does not wet their feathers, rolling in drops, which cannot be said about a chicken.

Goal like a falcon

In this phraseology falcon not a bird, but a smooth oak log, a battering ram, which in ancient times was used to break down the walls of enemy fortresses. Falcon this one was really naked, there was nothing superfluous on its smooth surface.

9th stage

Captains competition. On the topic of one of the phraseological units (at the choice of the captain), come up with a short story.

10th stage

Exhibition of drawings "Phraseologisms are understood literally" (team drawings are prepared in advance).

11th stage

1. What are optional components of a phraseological unit?(Phraseologism can be used in speech either in full or incomplete composition, that is, individual components of some phraseological units can be omitted in some cases, in others they can be preserved. For example: let out a (red) rooster, sit on your (beloved) skate.)

2. How do the authors of the Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language characterize phraseological units stylistically?(Most phraseological units are used in colloquial speech. Many phraseological units have a stylistically reduced characteristic: vernacular (needed like a dog fifth leg), rough colloquial (sew on the mare's tail). Book phraseological units are noted in the dictionary: buridan donkey. Some phraseological units are accompanied in the dictionary by the marks “joking”, “ironic”, “neglect”, “disapproved”, “swearing”. and etc.)

3. What do broken, square and round brackets mean in the heading of a dictionary entry?(In broken brackets, optional components of a phraseological unit are given:<how> dog in the manger. The lexical variants of the components of the phraseological unit are given in square brackets: tear [smack, slash] like a goat. Variants of phraseological unit components are given in parentheses: mind (mind) obscuration.)

4. What in the heading of a dictionary entry is given in bold italics, and what is in light italics?(The obligatory verbal environment of a phraseological unit is given in the heading of the dictionary entry in bold italics in the place where it is usually placed in speech: money chickens don't peck. Light italics indicate the most typical or the only possible syntactic connections of a phraseological unit with the words of the context: hang dogs on whom.)

The game-competition ends with summing up, awarding the winners. The teacher briefly analyzes student work, notes the most active, expresses wishes.

Please indicate the proposal that not used phraseological unit.

1) Once I experienced in my own skin how irreconcilable a soft, docile Pavlik can be.

2) At the German lessons I felt like a prince.

3) I knew the language well from childhood, and our "German" Elena Frantsevna did not have a soul in me and never asked me for lessons.

4) Suddenly, for no apparent reason, she called me to the blackboard.

(1) In our pair, I was the leader, and Pavlik was the follower. (2) Detractors believed that Pavlik was an attachment to me. (3) At first glance, it was so. (4) I shouldn't have been invited to a birthday party without Pavlik. (5) I left the football yard team, where I was considered the top scorer, when they refused to take Pavlik at least as a substitute, and returned with him. (6) This is how the illusion of our inequality arose. (7) In fact, none of us depended on the other, but spiritual superiority was on the side of Pavlik. (8) His moral code was stricter and cleaner than mine. (9) Pavlik did not recognize deals with conscience, here he became merciless.

(10) Once I experienced in my own skin how irreconcilable a soft, docile Pavlik can be. (11) In German lessons, I felt like a prince. (12) I knew the language well from childhood, and our "German" Elena Frantsevna did not have a soul in me and never asked me for lessons. (13) Suddenly, for no apparent reason, she called me to the board. (14) Just before that, I missed a few days and did not know about homework. (15) At first everything went well: I conjugated a verb, drummed out prepositions, read the text and retell it.

- (16) Fine, - Elena Frantsevna pursed her lips. - (17) Now a poem.

- (18) What poem?

- (19) The one that is set! she said in an icy tone.

- (20) Did you ask?

- (23) Yes, I was sick!

- (24) Yes, you were absent. (25) Did you have enough brains to ask your comrades what was asked?

(26) I would take it and say: it wasn’t enough. (27) Well, what could she do to me? (28) I asked Pavlik about homework, but he did not say a word about the poem. (29) I forgot, probably. (30) I said so to Elena Frantsevna.

- (31) Get up! - the German woman ordered Pavlik. - (32) Is this true?

(33) He silently bowed his head. (34) And I immediately realized that this was not true. (35) I didn’t ask him about German ...

(36) Elena Frantsevna transferred her anger to Pavlik. (37) He listened to her silently, without making excuses or snapping, as if all this did not concern him at all. (38) Having let off steam, the German woman calmed down and suggested that I read any poem of my choice ... (39) I got “excellent”.

(40) That's how it all worked out. (41) When, satisfied and happy, I returned to my place, Pavlik, to my surprise, was not around. (42) He was sitting at an empty desk far from me.

- (43) What are you doing? ..

(44) He did not answer. (45) He had some strange eyes - red and filled with moisture. (46) I have never seen Pavlik crying. (47) Even after the most cruel, unequal and unsuccessful fights, when the strongest guys cry, he did not cry.

- (48) Drop it! - I said. - (49) Is it worth it because of the teacher?

(50) He was silent and looked past me. (51) What does he care about Elena Frantsevna, he forgot to think about her. (52) He was betrayed by a friend. (53) Calmly, routinely and publicly, for the sake of a penny profit, a person betrayed, for whom he, without hesitation, would go into fire and into water.

(54) Nobody wants to admit their own baseness. (55) I began to persuade myself that I did the right thing. (56) Well, the German woman shouted at him, think, misfortune! (57) Is it worth it to attach importance to such nonsense? .. (58) And yet, if Pavlik were in my place, would he call me? (59) No! (60) He would rather swallow his own tongue. (61) When the bell rang, I suppressed the desire to rush to him, thereby admitting my guilt and readiness to accept punishment.

(62) Then there were many cases when we could return

to their former friendship, but Pavlik did not want this: he did not need the person that I suddenly revealed myself in a German lesson.

(According to Yu. Nagibin)*

* Nagibin Yury Markovich(1920-1994) - Russian prose writer, journalist and screenwriter.

Which answer option contains the information necessary to substantiate the answer to the question: “Why did the friendship of the characters in the story end?”

1) Pavlik could not come to terms with the role of a follower in friendship.

2) The hero of the story felt guilty before Pavlik for his act.

3) The hero of the story believed that Pavlik was wrong.

Explanation.

4) Pavlik did not forgive his friend for betrayal.

Answer: 4

Answer: 4

Source: FIPI Open Bank, block 0C7044, DECISION option No. 118

Relevance: Used in the OGE of the current year

Using the read text, complete ONLY ONE of the tasks on a separate sheet: 9.1, 9.2 or 9.3. Before writing an essay, write down the number of the selected task: 9.1, 9.2 or 9.3.

9.1 Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the linguist V.N. Zhukova: "Phraseologisms are endowed with evaluative meaning and bright emotional and expressive coloring."

Justify your answer by giving 2 examples from the text you read. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a work in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic on linguistic material. You can start the composition with the words of V.N. Zhukov

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.

9.2 Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the final

of this text: “Then there were many cases when we could return to our former friendship. But Pavlik did not want this. He didn’t need the person that I suddenly revealed myself in the German lesson.”

Give in your essay 2 arguments from the read text that confirm your reasoning.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

9.3 How do you understand the meaning of the word FRIENDSHIP? Formulate and comment on this

Your definition. Write an essay-reasoning on the topic "What is friendship", taking in

as a thesis definition given by you. Arguing your thesis, give 2 examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Explanation.

15.1 Linguist V.N. Zhukov wrote: "Phraseological units are endowed with evaluative meaning and bright emotionally expressive coloring." Is it so? Let's try to figure it out.

Phraseological units are stable phrases that have an indivisible meaning and are extracted from our memory in finished form. Phraseologism contains a deep meaning, which is transmitted to us at some deep, sometimes subconscious level. Language proficiency will be incomplete if we are not familiar with phraseology. Let us confirm this with examples from the text of Yuri Nagibin.

In sentence 12, we meet the phraseological unit “doted on the soul”, with the help of which the author conveys how much the German language teacher favored the narrator.

In sentence 21, with the help of the phraseological unit “count the crows”, Elena Frantsevna’s indignation is conveyed about the sloppiness of the student who did not learn the poem. It is hardly possible to say brighter about the loafer!

Thus, we were able to confirm that the knowledge of phraseological units and their use in speech makes it more expressive, brighter, more figurative.

15.2 Can I return a friend? There are different situations in life. There are times when relationships break down forever. It is about such a case that is described in the text of Yuri Nagibin. The final lines explain why the friendship was destroyed: “Then there were many cases when we could return to the old friendship. But Pavlik did not want this. He didn’t need the person that I suddenly revealed myself in the German lesson.”

At the German lesson, the hero-narrator behaved meanly. He decided to put the blame on his friend, essentially betraying him. But Pavlik was different. He did not betray his comrade, did not make excuses, but silently listened to unjustified accusations: “He listened to her silently, without making excuses and without snapping, as if all this did not concern him at all.”

The narrator did not immediately understand what he had done. He, apparently, has not yet matured to true friendship, does not understand that betrayal is not divided into big and small - betrayal is equally destructive. Now he is an empty place for Pavlik: "He was silent and looked past me." Let this be a lesson for the hero for life.

The ability to make friends is a gift and talent sent down from above. Not everyone knows how and can sacrifice something important and dear for the sake of a friend, not everyone knows how to empathize, feel and recognize someone else's pain, find and say the right word of support in time. The ability to sincerely rejoice in the success of another person, without the slightest hint of envy, is also a rarity. These people really know how to make friends.

The hero of Yuri Nagibin succumbed to momentary weakness, became afraid, committed a double offense: he deceived the teacher and shifted his blame to a friend, undeservedly accusing him of his own negligence and laziness. At the same time, he received a "penny" profit, sold a friend, it turns out, for a penny. Is it possible to trust him after that? And without trust, there is no friendship.

True friends were with Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Pushkin, Pushchin, Delvig were able to carry lyceum friendship through their whole lives. More than a dozen versts had to be overcome in Pushchino to visit a disgraced friend in Mikhailovskoye. Courage was needed to go to the poet who had fallen out of favor with the tsar.

The examples given confirm that friendship is a great gift. It would be nice if everyone in life met a true friend.

You have probably heard more than once that some phrases are called phraseological units. And, we argue, many times they used such turns themselves. Let's check what you know about them. We bet we know more. And we are happy to share information.

What is a phraseological unit?

Phraseologism- a turnover that is freely reproduced in speech, has a holistic, stable and, often, figurative meaning. From the point of view of the structure, it is built as a coordinating or subordinating phrase (it has a non-predicative or predicative character).

In what case does a certain phrase turn into a phraseological unit? When each of its constituent parts loses its independence as a semantic unit. And together they form a phrase with a new, allegorical meaning and imagery.

Phraseological features:

• stability;
• reproducibility;
• value integrity;
• dismemberment of the composition;
• belonging to the nominative dictionary of the language.

Some of these features characterize the internal content of the phraseological phrase, and some characterize the form.

How are phraseological units different from words?

First of all, its pronounced stylistic coloring. Most commonly used words in the vocabulary of the average person are neutral vocabulary. Phraseological units are characterized by evaluative meaning, emotionally expressive coloring, without which the realization of the meaning of phraseological units is impossible.

From the point of view of the stylistics of the language, phraseological units can be divided into:

• neutral ( from time to time, little by little and so on.);
• high style ( cornerstone, rest in Bose and etc.);
• colloquial and vernacular good riddance, catching crows etc.).

How do phraseological units differ from phraseological combinations, proverbs and sayings, popular expressions?

Phraseologisms are capable (and actively carry out this) in terms of composition to be combined with words of free use (that is, all other words of the language, “non-phraseologisms”).

How phraseological units are divided by origin:

• primordially Russian- some free phrases were rethought in speech as metaphors and turned into phraseological units ( reel in fishing rods, fish in troubled waters, knead mud, spread wings, grated kalach and so on.);
• borrowings from Old Church Slavonic (without hesitation, like the apple of an eye, not of this world, a parable of the town, at the time it is, the holy of holies and etc.);
• set phrases-terms that have turned into metaphors (bring to a common denominator= equalize, specific gravity= value, exaggerate= to greatly exaggerate squaring the circle and etc.);
• accepted at home stable names, which do not belong to any terminological system ( Indian summer, goat leg and so on.);
• winged words and expressions who came to us from Greek and Roman mythology (Achilles' heel, sword of Damocles, tantalum flour, wash your hands etc.);
• winged words and expressions come from the Bible and other religious texts ( manna from heaven, the abomination of desolation etc.);
• catchphrases come from literature, which have lost touch with the original source and entered into speech as phraseological units ( mage and wizard- comedy A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin "Krechinsky's Wedding" (1855), between hammer and anvil- novel by F. Shpilhagen "Between the hammer and the anvil" (1868), between Scylla and Charybdis- Homer, "Odyssey" (VIII century BC);
• phraseological units-tracing paper, that is, a literal translation of set expressions from other languages ​​( smash on the head- it. aufs Haupt Schlagen, not at ease- fr. ne pas etre dans son assiette, dog and wolf time- fr. l'heure entre chien et loup, literally: the time after sunset, when it is difficult to distinguish a dog from a wolf).

Do not apply to phraseological units:

• phrases like scorn, pay attention, win, make a decision; wolfish appetite, maiden memory, bosom friend, sworn enemy, dog cold and the like. The words that make up these phrases retain the ability to connect in meaning and grammatically with another word. Phraseological combinations are classified as specific phrases. And actually phraseological units are not phrases in the common sense of this definition. (* in fact, this is a rather controversial point of classification and in the future we will consider some of these expressions);
• set phrases-terms ( exclamation mark, brain, rib cage, spinal column, progressive paralysis) and compound names (such as red corner, wall newspaper);
• constructs such as: in the form, for the sake of appearance, under the authority, if they cannot be compared with a literal prepositional combination of words (compare: On the nose= very soon and On the nose mole);
• catchphrases, proverbs and sayings ( Happy hours are not observed; Love for all ages; Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword; Do not renounce the bag and prison etc.) - they differ from phraseological units in that they are combined in speech not with words, but with whole sentences (parts of sentences).

Lexico-grammatical classification

Phraseologisms can also be classified from a lexico-grammatical point of view:

• verbal- are used in speech in the form of an imperfect and perfect form: take / take the bull by the horns, hang / hang the nose, stroke / stroke the wrong way etc. A significant number of verbal phraseological units nevertheless entrenched in the language in the form of only one type: perfect ( wave your hand, plug it into your belt, kill two birds with one stone) or imperfect ( lead by the nose, smoke the sky, stand as a mountain(for someone).
• registered- are implemented in nominal phrases ( Indian summer, dark forest, Filkin's letter). In a sentence, they can play the role of a nominal predicate - they are used in I.p. or sometimes in Etc.
• adverbial- implemented in adverbial combinations ( in all shoulder blades, in all eyes, in one word, in a black body, so-so).
• adjectival - are characterized by the fact that their interpretation requires definitive (adjective) phrases ( skin and bones= very thin wet behind the ears= too young).
• verb-nominal predicative - built on the model of a sentence and implemented in verbal-nominal phrases (in fact, sentences where an indefinite pronoun acts as a subject (grammatical or logical): eyes on forehead who, and the flag in hand to whom.

Phraseological units and idioms - is there a difference?

Is it necessary to distinguish between phraseological units and idioms? Idioms- these are speech turns that cannot be divided into constituent parts without losing their original meaning and general meaning which cannot be deduced from the meanings of the individual words that make up them. We can say that phraseologism and idiom are related as a genus and species. That is, phraseologism is a broader concept, a special case of which is an idiom.

Idioms are curious because literal translation in another language, their meaning is lost. An idiom gives such a description of phenomena that is logical for native speakers of a particular language, but relies on definitions and metaphors that cannot be understood outside this language without additional interpretation. For example, in Russian we talk about heavy rain it's raining cats and dogs. The English in this case say it's raining cats and dogs). And, for example, Estonians about a heavy downpour will say that it is pouring like a beanstalk.

About something incomprehensible we will say chinese letter, but for the Danes it is " sounds like the name of a Russian city". German says: “I only understood “station”, Pole - “Thank you, everyone is healthy at my house”, the Englishman will use "It's all Greek to me" (It's all Greek to me).

Or let's take the well-known Russian phraseological unit beat the buckets(= to mess around, to engage in nonsense) - it cannot be translated into another language literally. Because the origin of the expression is connected with the phenomena of the past, which has no analogues in the present. “To beat the buckets” means to split a log into chocks for turning spoons and wooden utensils.

Phraseologisms, speech stamps and clichés

Do not confuse phraseological units with speech clichés and clichés. Phraseologisms are a product of language metaphorization. They enrich the speech, make it more expressive and diverse, give the utterance figurativeness. Cliches and clichés, on the contrary, impoverish speech, reduce it to some hackneyed formulas. Although phraseological units have a stable structure and are reproduced, as a rule, in their entirety, without changes and additions, they liberate thinking and give free rein to the imagination. But cliches and clichés make thinking and speech stereotyped, deprive them of their individuality and testify to the poverty of the speaker's imagination.

For example, expressions black gold(= oil), people in white coats(= doctors), soul light- have long been no longer metaphors, but real clichés.

Common mistakes in the use of phraseological units

The incorrect use of phraseological units leads to speech errors, sometimes just annoying, and sometimes even comical.

1. The use of phraseological units in the wrong meaning. For example, with a literal understanding or distortion of the meaning of a phraseological unit - In the forest, I always use repellents, so the mosquito will not undermine the nose. The meaning of this phraseological unit is “you can’t find fault with anything”, in this case the turnover was taken too literally and therefore was used incorrectly.
2. Distortion of the form of phraseology.

• Grammatical Distortion - It Works later willows sleeves(Right later I sleeves). me his stories imposed on teeth(Right imposed V teeth). It is also wrong to replace in phraseological units short forms adjectives into full.
• Lexical distortion - plug behind mine someone's belt(it is impossible to freely introduce new units into the phraseological unit). live wide(Right live wide leg - you can not throw out words from the phraseological unit).

Modern phraseological units

Like any lexical units, phraseological units are born, exist for some time, and some of them sooner or later go out of active use. If we talk about the relevance of phraseological units, then they can be divided into:

• common;
• obsolete;
• obsolete.

The system of phraseological units of the Russian language is not once and for all frozen and unchangeable. New phraseological units inevitably arise in response to the phenomena of modern life. Borrowed as cripples from other languages. And they enrich modern speech with new, relevant metaphors.

Here, for example, are a few relatively “fresh” phraseological units, relatively recently (mainly in the 20th century) that have taken root in the Russian language:

On a live thread- to do something not too carefully, temporarily, with the expectation in the future to redo the work as it should, to do it without extra effort. The origin of the phraseological unit is quite transparent: when seamstresses sew the parts of the product together, they first sweep them with large stitches so that they just stick together. And then they sew the parts neatly and firmly.

cloudless nature- a characteristic for a calm and unflappable person with a benevolent and balanced character, a person without special flaws and not subject to mood swings. And it can also be used not only to describe a person, but also to characterize abstract phenomena (relationships between people, for example).

How to send two bytes- a characteristic for any action, which is completely easy to perform.

Speak different languages- do not find mutual understanding.

Make lemonade out of lemons- to be able to apply even the most unfavorable conditions and circumstances to your advantage and achieve success in this.

Why do we need phraseological units-synonyms?

By the way, phraseological units can be both synonyms and antonyms among themselves. Having understood what connections exist between phraseological units that are different at first glance, one can more deeply comprehend their meanings. And also to diversify the use of these turns in speech. Sometimes phraseological units-synonyms describe various degrees manifestations of a phenomenon or its different but similar aspects. Look at these examples of phraseological units:

• About a person who means nothing to society and is nothing of himself, they say and small fry, And the last spoke in the chariot, And low flight bird, And bump in place.
• The antonyms for these phraseological units are turns: important bird, high-flying bird, big cone.

Interpretation of phraseological units

We bring to your attention the interpretation and even the history of the origin of some phraseological units. They are included in the active stock of the modern Russian language. And, despite the fact that some are no longer just tens, but even a couple of hundred years old, they remain popular and are widely used in everyday speech and literature.

Augean stables- so they burn about a very dirty place, a neglected and untidy room, things scattered in disorder. Applies also to messy, disordered and neglected cases.

Phraseologism comes from ancient Greek myths. One of the exploits of Hercules was cleaning the stables of the king of Elis Avgii, which had not been cleaned for 30 years.

Ariadne's thread- a wonderful way to find a way out of a predicament.

This turnover also came to us from ancient Greek myths. According to legend, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, Ariadne, helped the Athenian hero Theseus get out of the labyrinth of the minotaur, giving him a ball of thread so that he could return from the tangled corridors along the thread fixed at the entrance to the labyrinth. By the way, if one day you become interested in ancient literature, you will know that later Ariadne probably regretted that she undertook to help Theseus.

Achilles' heel- the weakest and most vulnerable place, a secret weakness.

According to ancient Greek mythology, the hero Achilles was miraculously tempered from any danger. And only one heel remained humanly vulnerable. From the wound inflicted by an arrow in the heel, Achilles subsequently died.

lamb in paper- a bribe.

It is believed that phraseology originated in the eighteenth century. At that time, there was a magazine called "Vssakaya Vsyachina", the editor of which was the Empress Catherine II. The monarch was sharply critical of the bribery common among officials. And she claimed, they say, officials, hinting at a bribe, demand to bring them a "lamb in a piece of paper." The turnover was popular with the Russian writer M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, who, as you know, often ridiculed the vices of contemporary society.

without a hitch, without a hitch– flawlessly, without complications and problems, well and smoothly.

A hitch used to be called roughness, unevenness on the surface of a smoothly planed board.

beat the alarm- to draw everyone's attention to something of great public or personal importance, to something dangerous and disturbing.

Nabat - in the Middle Ages and earlier periods of history, to alert people about trouble (fire, invasion of enemies, etc.), an alarm signal was given by the sound of bells, less often drums were beaten.

good obscenity(scream) - shout very loudly, at the top of your lungs.

Phraseologism has nothing to do with modern swear words, i.e. matu. From Old Russian good can be translated as strong, and mat - as a voice. Those. the expression should be taken literally only if you know what each of its parts means separately.

big boss- an important, respected and significant person in society.

In the old days, heavy loads on the rivers were rafted with the help of the draft power of people (barge haulers). The most experienced, physically strong and hardy person, who was called a bump in the jargon accepted in this environment, walked ahead of everyone in the strap.

shave forehead- to send to military service, to the soldiers.

Before the new statute on conscription was adopted in 1874, recruits for the army were recruited (usually under duress) for a period of 25 years. While the recruitment lasted, everyone fit for military service had the front half of the head shaved bald.

Babel- confusion and crowding, disorder.

The biblical traditions describe the construction of a grandiose tower up to the sky (“pillar of creation”), which was started by the inhabitants Ancient Babylon and in which many people from different lands took part. As a punishment for this insolence, God created many different languages, so that the builders stopped understanding each other and, in the end, could not complete the building.

bartholomew night- massacre, genocide and extermination.

On the night of August 24, 1572 in Paris, on the eve of St. Bartholomew's Day, Catholics staged a massacre of Protestant Huguenots. As a result, several thousand people were physically destroyed and wounded (according to some estimates, up to 30 thousand).

Versta Kolomna- a characteristic for a person of very high stature.

In the past, milestones marked the distance on the roads. Specifically, this expression was born from a comparison of tall people with milestones on the way between Moscow and the village of Kolomenskoye (the summer residence of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was located there).

hang dogs- accuse someone, condemn and blame, slander and blame someone else.

By "dog" is not meant an animal, but an outdated name for thorns and thorns.

in all shoulder blades- very fast.

This turnover was born to denote a very fast run of a horse, when it jumps "in all front legs."

free Cossack- a definition for a free and independent person.

In the Muscovite state of the 15th-17th centuries, this was the name given to free people from the central regions of the country who fled to the periphery in order to escape enslavement (that is, turning into serfs).

newspaper duck- unverified, distorted or generally false information in the media from beginning to end.

There are several versions of the origin of this phraseological unit. Journalists have a popular one: in the past, in newspapers, next to dubious and unverified reports, they put the letters NT ( non-testatum= "not verified" in Latin). But the fact is that the German word for "duck" ( ente) is consonant with this abbreviation. This is how the expression was born.

highlight of the program- the most important part of the performance, the best and most important number, something very important and significant.

The famous Eiffel Tower was built in Paris specifically for the World Exhibition (1889). To contemporaries of those events, the tower looked like a nail. By the way, it was assumed that 20 years after the exhibition, the tower would be dismantled. And only the development of radio broadcasting saved it from destruction - the tower began to be used as a tower for placing radio transmitters. And the expression has since taken root to denote something unusual, noticeable and significant.

pillars of Hercules(pillars) - the highest, extreme degree of something.

It was originally used to describe something very distant, almost "on the edge of the world." So in ancient times they called two rocks located on the banks of the Strait of Gibraltar. In those days, people believed that the ancient Greek hero Hercules installed the pillars there.

naked as a falcon- a characteristic for a very poor person.

Falcon - the so-called ancient wall-beater used during the siege. It looked like an absolutely smooth cast-iron blank, fixed on chains.

sword of Damocles- constant threat, danger.

In ancient Greek myths, there was a story about a tyrant from Syracuse, Dionysius the Elder. He taught a lesson for envy to his position of one of his associates named Damocles. At the feast, Damocles was seated in a place over which a sharp sword was hung on a horsehair. The sword symbolized the many dangers that constantly haunt a person of such a high position as Dionysius.

case burned out– i.e. something completed successfully, in a satisfactory manner.

The origin of this phraseological unit is connected with the peculiarities of judicial office work in the past. A defendant could not be charged with anything if his case was destroyed, for example, by fire. Wooden courts, together with all the archives, often burned in the past. And just as often there were cases when court cases were destroyed intentionally, for a bribe to judicial officials.

reach the handle- to reach the extreme degree of humiliation, extreme need, finally sink and lose self-respect.

When old Russian bakers baked rolls, they gave them the shape of a padlock with a round bow. This form had a purely utilitarian purpose. It was convenient to hold the kalach by the bow while eating. Apparently, they already guessed about the diseases of dirty hands even then, so they disdained to eat the handle of the kalach. But it could be served to the poor or thrown to a hungry dog. It was possible to reach the point of eating a kalach handle only in the most extreme case, in extreme need, or simply not caring at all about one's health and image in the eyes of others.

bosom friend- the closest and most reliable friend, soul mate.

Before the arrival of Christianity in Rus', it was believed that the soul of a person is in the throat, "behind the Adam's apple." After the adoption of Christianity, they began to believe that the soul is located in the chest. But the designation of the most trusted person, to whom you can even entrust your own life and for whom you will regret it, has remained as a “bosom”, i.e. "soul" friend.

for lentil soup- to change their ideals or supporters for selfish motives.

According to biblical tradition, Esau gave up his birthright to his brother Jacob for nothing more than a bowl of lentil stew.

golden mean- an intermediate position, behavior aimed at avoiding extremes and making risky decisions.

This is a tracing-paper from the Latin saying of the ancient Roman poet Horace " aurea mediocritas".

history with geography- a state when things took an unexpected turn that no one expected.

Phraseologism was born from the outdated name of the school discipline - "history with geography".

and no brainer- something that should be clear even to the most obtuse, self-evident.

There are two versions of the origin of this phraseological unit. It is also possible that both are true and one follows from the other. One turn went to the people after the poem by V. Mayakovsky, in which there were such lines: “It is clear even to a hedgehog / This Petya was a bourgeois.” According to another, the expression took root in boarding schools for gifted children that existed in Soviet times. The letters E, G and I denoted classes with students of one year of study. And the students themselves were called "hedgehogs." In terms of their knowledge, they lagged behind students from classes A, B, C, D, E. Therefore, what is understandable to the “hedgehog” should have been all the more understandable for more “advanced” students.

not by washing, so by skating- not one way, but another way to achieve the desired result.

This idiom describes the old fashioned way washing, adopted in the villages. The linen was rinsed by hand, and then, due to the lack of such benefits of civilization as an iron at that time, they were “rolled back” with a special wooden rolling pin. After that, things became squeezed out, especially clean and even practically ironed.

latest Chinese warning- empty threats that do not entail any decisive action.

This phraseological unit was born relatively recently. In the 1950s and 1960s, US Air Force reconnaissance aircraft frequently violated Chinese airspace. The Chinese authorities responded to any such violation of the borders (and there were several hundred of them) with an official warning to the US leadership. But no decisive action was taken to stop the reconnaissance flights of American pilots.

on the sly- secretly and gradually do something, act on the sly.

Sapa (from it. zappa= "hoe") - a ditch or dig, imperceptibly pulled out towards the enemy's fortifications in order to take him by surprise. In the past, in this way they often dug under the walls of enemy fortresses, laying gunpowder charges in the trenches. Exploding, the bombs destroyed the outer walls and opened up the opportunity for the attackers to break through. By the way, the word "sapper" of the same origin - that was the name of the people who left the powder charges in the saps.

Conclusion

We hope that we were able to at least slightly open for you the diverse and interesting world of phraseological units. If you continue this journey on your own, there are still many interesting discoveries ahead of you.

Phraseological phrases change over time, new phenomena in life lead to the emergence of new phraseological units. If you know any interesting new phraseological units, tell us about it in the comments. We will definitely supplement this article with them and do not forget to thank those who send us novelty phraseological units.

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