Violated norms for the compatibility of words are given serious meaning. What determines lexical compatibility? "It doesn't matter"

First of all, the semantics of words. If the lexical meaning of words is incompatible, then their combination is impossible, for example: travel on foot, glass soup, lean against the wind. Although sometimes semantically incompatible words can be combined to create an artistic image: let us remember the famous "aluminum cucumbers" V. Tsoi.

At the same time, it also happens that according to the meaning of the words, they seem to be suitable for expressing one or another meaning, but do not form a phrase: we say bow your head And kneel, but not vice versa; one might say all year round, but not all hour round; It happens deep night, but not deep day; possible deep autumn, but not deep winter etc.

Violation of lexical compatibility is often explained contamination – incorrect combination of elements of phrases with similar meanings. For example: give importance(from pay attention And give meaning); improve the level(from improve quality And to increase level); make a soldier(from promote to officer And demoted to soldier).

3. Unfortunately, in an effort to make their speech expressive, many people overload it with unnecessary, empty words, i.e. suffer from verbosity. This gives rise to a phenomenon called speech redundancy.

The negative aspects of this phenomenon were very clearly shown by V.G. Kostomarov, who analyzed an excerpt from one popular brochure:

“Proper mechanization of our construction is powerful and effective means and the most important basis for a sharp increase in labor productivity.” The phrase seems to be correct, but, the scientist notes, “the author of the brochure did not notice that adjectives... in his speech only clutter up the sentence... and distract attention. In fact, what is the message of proper mechanization? After all, everyone understands that incorrect mechanization will not work for the future. The statement of our construction is inaccurate, since mechanization will increase labor productivity not only in this (our) construction, but also in any other construction. One should not use two almost equivalent definitions: a powerful tool will always be effective. The stereotyped sharp increase does little to clarify the idea, and, finally, it is simply wrong to talk about the most important basis, because there are no important and unimportant foundations: to be a basis means to be the main, the main, the most important.” .

Definitions in phrases like correct existing mistakes, congratulate on the successes achieved, welcome invited guests, discuss the results of the elections.

The phenomena of speech redundancy also include the so-called pleonasm, or partial coincidence of the meaning of the words forming the phrase. Expressions such as price list, unexpected surprise, come back, the main point, anticipate in advance etc., since they do not correspond to the lexical norm.

A gross speech error is also considered tautology, i.e. unjustified repetition of words of the same root, words similar in meaning, or even the same word within one sentence or a small fragment of text. Tautology makes speech awkward, tongue-tied, dissonant. Here are just two examples of tautology. One is from an applicant’s essay: « Independence homeland does not depend from the gender of the person (?) living on its territory."; the other is from “business paper”: « Following beyond point 7 followed paragraph next content, subsequently seized."

4. The value and correctness of a particular word, a particular phrase is determined only in connection with other elements of a given text. In other words, speech will correspond to lexical norms only when the principle is observed relevance. Relevance should be understood the requirement for such a selection of linguistic means in which speech meets the goals and conditions of communication. Traditionally there is a distinction contextual, stylistic relevance And personal and psychological. Let's look at this in more detail.

A. Contextual relevance determined by the speech environment. The most characteristic in this sense are 2 types of errors:

– semantic inconsistency of the word (phrase) used with the general meaning of the statement (“Pavel Vlasov dedicated his life wife beating."; "Which chic funeral!"; “Our birches stand in the wedding shroud.)»;

– use anachronisms, i.e. words (expressions) that do not correspond to a given historical era (« Cruise Chichikov’s account of the landowners (?) ends with (?) Plyushkin”; "Liza was housekeeper in Famusov's house"; "Pechorin - fan Russian landscapes").

B. Stylistic (style) appropriateness- this is taking into account the methods of selecting vocabulary in accordance with the functional style used - scientific, business, colloquial, etc. problem stylistic appropriateness can be illustrated by the famous example of L. Uspensky:

“When two boys are talking to each other at school, only a pedant would find the remark unacceptable:

-Did you grab a pair again? Oh you! Either a couple or a count... If you fail in the exam, they will kick you out of school.

But if you see... a letter from the director to parents, which says: “Dear comrades! Since your son grabbed a pair again, and on his report card he has either a pair or a count, he will certainly fail in the exam, and I will be forced to expel him from school,” you will decide that the director is at least a strange person.

The words are the same here and there, they are all listed in our dictionaries, the content of what is said is the same. Everything is correct, but in one case it is customary to say this, and in another it is not customary. Stylistically inappropriate." .

IN. personal psychological relevance requires expressing yourself delicately and tactfully, kindly and respectfully. Associated with this aspect are the so-called taboo words, i.e. lexical units, the use of which is prohibited for one or another extra-linguistic reasons. In this case, we can talk about the ethical reasons for the taboo of certain words. For example, when talking about an elderly person, it is tactless and inappropriate to call him an old man. In such situations we use the so-called euphemisms, i.e. words and phrases that replace taboos: word old man can be replaced by the expression an elderly man.

5. Often, violation of lexical norms occurs as a result of the so-called "logical failures".

Speech errors of this kind occur:

a) when comparing incomparable concepts. For example: « Speech heroes of Sholokhov is different from everyone else heroes(?)» It would be correct to write that speech some are different from speeches others;

b) when substituting concepts, for example: "Great hosts fed we are diverse selection(?) national dishes" Apparently the owners fed guests with a variety of dishes.

6. A. One of the important qualities of correct speech is its purity. In the last two decades, due to fundamental changes in the political and social life of the country, as well as in the scientific and technical sphere of human activity, a powerful stream of words of foreign origin has poured into our language. In this regard, when discussing the purity of speech, one cannot ignore the problem of attitude towards borrowing.

In our opinion, this relationship should by no means be unambiguous. The fact is that borrowings can be divided into 4 groups that occupy different positions in the lexical system of the Russian language: 1) words that are the only names of designated concepts, which have not been recognized as foreign for a long time (school, bed, bathhouse, locksmith); 2) words that are the only names of designated concepts, but are recognized as foreign (bureau, office, headquarters, session, monitor); 3) names that have original Russian analogues with their own special shades of meaning (dancing - dancing , problem - question , fantasy – imagination, dispute – dispute); 4) barbarisms– foreign words, having Russian analogues that coincide with them in meaning (goalkeeper - goalkeeper, presentation - performance, exclusive – exceptional, sound producer - sound engineer, summit – summit meeting). It seems that borrowings belonging to the first three groups certainly have the “right to exist” as an organic part of the Russian language dictionary. But barbarisms are often included in speech unnecessarily. It is alarming that there have been too many of them lately. However, the Russian language, as a living and powerful organism, is itself capable of absorbing and subordinating to its system the best and truly necessary borrowings. recent years, and the rest, one-day, alluvial, should be thrown away as unnecessary ballast. We, its speakers, are obliged to treat existing lexical norms with care, to selectively and intelligently approach new phenomena and processes occurring in the language.

B. Another aspect of the problem of speech purity is role in speech of various kinds stamps, templates, stereotypes. On the one hand, they are necessary and are in our memory as ready-made etiquette formulas for expressing greetings, gratitude, consent and other intentions. The stamp is quite appropriate in official business speech: in the language of documents, expressions such as “due to the need for urgent departure...”; “fighting negative phenomena...”; "for your information …"; "Please accept our sincere apologies..." and so on.

However, unfortunately, even those styles and genres that require the expressiveness and individuality of the author’s handwriting are “stamped”. In journalism we often encounter erased, faceless expressions: “convincing victory”, “harsh criticism”, “warm support”, “bloody coup”... In literary works and school essays we read that the author certainly “convincingly shows”, “talentedly reveals” such and such a character "depicts vividly" such and such a hero, such and such a social phenomenon; stereotypical definitions are most common "bright, exciting"(image), "juicy"(language). A number of similar patterns could be continued. This manner of expressing thoughts cannot be considered normative: similar expressions, similar, according to D.E. Rosenthal, “erased nickels” should have strictly limited use.

In addition, an absolute taboo for educated person must be abusive, profanity. IN modern conditions When the notorious freedom of speech has reigned, there is not only an official ban on the use of such words and expressions, but, what is much worse, there is often no even necessary self-control. That is why, undoubtedly, persons with authority in society should not remain indifferent to the facts of outright lack of culture.

The statement of the former chairman of the Russian television company O. Poptsov in the Vesti program on June 15, 1995, when the election campaign related to the election of deputies to the 6th State Duma was taking place, seems very characteristic in this regard. Profanity was heard from the TV screen, which deputies used in the fight against competitors. O. Poptsov, who banned the appearance on the screen of some fragments from the television debates, commented on his bans as follows: “Of course, obscenities are elements of vocabulary, but not elements of election campaigning. We have abolished political censorship, but moral censorship will undoubtedly still exist. Censorship will concern elements of violence, rudeness, hooliganism and outright stupidity.”

In this regard, it is necessary to mention the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which has special articles providing for punishment for insult, i.e. humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, as well as for slander that undermines a person’s reputation (Articles 129 and 130).

The above is closely related to the issue of purity of speech, the need to comply with the lexical norms of the Russian literary language.

Let's sum it up result. Main qualitative indicators of speech, constructed in accordance with existing lexical norms, is:

1) its subject and conceptual accuracy;

2) correctness in terms of word compatibility;

3) conciseness (lack of redundancy);

4) appropriateness;

5) logic;

Alcohol analog apostrophe asymmetry scam Pamper, pampered bartender block bombard bureaucracy. Valo. Howl willow religion turn on, turn on the water supply. Gas pipeline gastronomy genesis stamped croutons (and croutons) Two native defi with a dispensary agreement, agreements leisure time nap Blinds Enviable, enviable regular long-term zadód zakór zakór busy (person) busy rust call t, call the sign Spoiled and ancient and hemp otherwise and skra exhaust Catalog rubber to cough quarter pantry nettles va krasi vee flint cooking (and culinary arts) Lump (and chunk) salmon Marketing masterfully medicine glimpse (and glimpse) scanty (and scanty) garbage chute d thinking Long-term intention drug addiction oil pipeline newborn normalize Providing relief to encourage the wholesale condemned in part Partner pizzeria (and pizzerias) to anticipate the bonus arrived dowry prizes for the acquisition of pseudonyms pullover Shell (and shell) report to rust (and rust) Beetroot orphan, orphans condolences convocation in concentration table r Customs, customs officer dancer cake, cakes tu flya Notify deepen, in-depth Ukrainian, Ukrainian strengthening aggravate beat (and aggravate) Faxi mile phenomenon feti sh fórsatz Conifer petition host eva Christians Cement chain Draw Driver, chauffeurs Sorrel Expert, expert

Find errors that appeared due to incorrect formation of words. Correct the sentences 1) Snakes belong to the class of animals of reptiles. 2) When there is ice, be careful on the roads so as not to slip and fall right on the roadway. 3) This was an unprecedented case. 4) The child must get used to cleaning his own room.

1. Which of the following words means “a sense of moral responsibility for one’s behavior before a certain person, society”? a) conscience b) duty c) shame d) nobility 2. Which of the following words means “directed for the benefit of others, philanthropic”? a) decent b) humane c) loyal d) kind 3. Which of the following words means “a system of views on nature and society”? a) worldview b) science c) outlook d) opinion

4. What is the lexical meaning of the word “theater” in the sentence The attitude to the past can be of two kinds: as to some spectacle, theater, performance, decoration, and as a document? a) a type of art, an artistic reflection of life through a stage performance b) an institution, organization involved in arranging performances c) a building in which performances take place d) a collection of dramatic works of a writer 5. In what meaning is the word “strict” used in the sentence Yes, inspiration is a strict working state, but it has its own poetic coloring, its own, I would say, poetic subtext? a) very demanding, exacting b) not allowing any leniency, severe c) not allowing any deviations, carried out accurately and strictly d) not allowing deviations from accepted standards of behavior and morality

Find cases of violation of lexical norms. Correct mistakes 1) Thirty-two trees were planted in the park. 2) L.N. Tolstoy was a bright hair dryer of his century. 3) The speaker spoke very concisely. 4) Numerous ancestors of A.S. Pushkin now live in Russia, France, England and even in America. 5) He thought originally and always spoke platitudes. 6) There were many funny incidents at the holiday. 7) This gallant service, served on a starched tablecloth, made an unforgettable impression on me. 8) Indians are the indigenous aborigines of America. 9) Please write your autobiography.

a) Make up and write down phrases from verbs and nouns. Specify the type of communication. Play, have, increase, strengthen, inflict, gain, endure, provide, express, open, contribute, accept, undertake. (Role, opinion, attention, damage, contribution, defeat, help, attempt, score, interest, decision, victory, meaning). b) Correct errors associated with violation of lexical compatibility. To give serious importance, a difficult deed, to present a word for a report, a deterioration in the standard of living, to increase one's horizons, to raise a toast, to take a step, to attract attention, to do an act.

PARONYMS Paronyms are words that are similar in sound and spelling, but have different meanings. Wed. : single (common, united) - single (single, separate); fact (event, phenomenon, case) - factor (moment, significant circumstance in some process, phenomenon).

Explain the difference in the meanings of the phrases Dangerous person - a cautious person; main character- the title character; master what you read - master what you read; condemn actions - discuss actions; present an opportunity - provide an opportunity; tactical steps - tactical steps; technical execution - technical execution; household affairs - economic affairs.

Explain the differences between paronyms, make sentences with each of them. Fact - factor, businessman - business trip, dress - put on, subscriber - subscription, selective - selective, everyday - everyday, voluntary - volunteer; democratic - democratic, long - long, intolerable - intolerant, ignorant - ignorant, spiritual - spiritual, company - campaign, stay - arrive.

Correct mistakes made as a result of mixing paronyms. 1) The teacher was forced to once again explain the new material. 2) The scientist stood at the sources of rocket science. 3) Mrs. Prostakova beat peasants for the slightest duty. 4) The artist won the gratitude of the audience. 5) Travel documents. I had to wait a long time for registration 6) His look is either pleading, or serious, or outrageous. 7) The people suffered dual oppression.

Correct errors caused by incorrect use of phraseological units (ignorance of its meaning, omission or insertion of a word, confusion of two phraseological units, distortion of the grammatical form of phraseological combinations, inattention to its stylistic coloring, etc.). 1) White crow - this is sometimes called a person who is conscientious and not indifferent to what is happening around him. 2) At the opening of the new television center, its director stated with satisfaction that the regiment had more journalists. 3) You can’t rush in an important matter, otherwise you might end up chopping wood. 4) The visitor left without having taken a sip. 5) Information about a sudden change in the stock price put all banks completely by surprise. 6) He always considered his neighbor a notorious enemy. 7) If an audit begins at our enterprise, we may get into trouble. 8) I think he did you a disservice. 9) During the negotiations, the parties decided to back down. 10) Everything they sewed was covered with white thread. 11) He knew all the ins and outs of his life.

1. In which sentence should I use INFORMATIVE instead of the word INFORMATIONAL? a) Modern INFORMATION technologies have been developing intensively in recent decades. b) A chronicle message is an example of the INFORMATION genre. c) There are many very INFORMATIVE episodes in this documentary. d) Every school graduate must master the techniques of INFORMATIONAL text processing. 2. In which sentence, instead of the word HOSTILE, should we use HOSTILE? a) The scouts, under the cover of darkness, went to the ENEMY rear. b) The artillerymen knocked out an ENEMY tank with a well-aimed shot. c) From his ENEMY look, everyone immediately understood that he did not come with peaceful intentions. d) Until late in the evening, fires burned in the ENEMY camp. 3. In which sentence, instead of the word DRESS, should the word WEAR be used? a) The coniferous forest covered all the mountains. b) Daria Alexandrovna was thinking about how to DRESS the children warmer tomorrow. c) After a rainstorm, you can’t even cross the street in shoes, you’ll have to WEAR boots. d) The dancers were DRESSED in national costumes.

1. The combination of simple and complex comparative and superlative forms in one construction does not correspond to the norms of literary language and is a gross mistake. The expressions more interesting, worse, somewhat more detailed, the strictest, etc. are unacceptable. 2. When compound cardinal numerals are declined, all the words of which they are composed change. In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined. When specifying a date after an ordinal number, the name of the month is put in the genitive case: by the first of September, before the twelfth of December. Remember: combinations of compound numerals ending in two, three, four (i.e. 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34... 102, 103, 104, etc.), with nouns used only in plural (day, scissors, tongs, etc.) are impossible in literary speech. If appropriate designations are necessary, synonymous replacements of nouns should be used or a compound numeral should be used not in the nominative or accusative cases. For example: it took twenty-two days, we bought thirty-three pieces of scissors, within twenty-two days, etc.

Remember: collective numerals are used only with masculine and general nouns naming male persons: two friends, three orphans; -with nouns that have forms only plural: two scissors, three days; -with nouns children, guys, people, person (meaning “person”): two children, three unfamiliar faces; -with personal pronouns we, you, they: there are two of us; -with substantivized numerals and adjectives denoting persons: three latecomers entered, two are running. Collective numerals are not combined with nouns denoting female persons, as well as with masculine nouns - the names of adult animals.

1. In which sentence are grammatical norms violated? a) In high school, a more in-depth study of literature is necessary. b) In winter, the path through the mountains was much more dangerous. c) The road will be repaired in the very near future. d) In daylight, the pattern seemed even more distinct and brighter. 2. In which sentence are grammatical norms violated? a) Anna is more dexterous than her friends in the game. b) The taste of the cooked dish is more bitter due to an excess of pepper. c) In Russia there is no lake deeper than Baikal. d) The palette in the paintings of a beginning artist should be recognized as richer than in the paintings of his teacher.

Eliminate ambiguity in the use of pronouns! 1. It was not without difficulty that Chichikov managed to convince Manilov that this was beneficial for him. 2. On this day, Petrov took Jack for a walk with all his medals. 3. Plyushkin’s office was a terrible mess, it was impossible to even think what could live in it Living being. 4. The director asked the secretary not to allow visitors in during the lunch break. 5. The mother told her son to pour himself some tea. 6. The hostess invited the residents to go to their room.

Use of gerunds and participles Remember: when used in speech, the tense forms of participles and participles must be correlated with the meaning of the entire sentence. Incorrect option: Politicians who had great influence yesterday are almost forgotten today (the participle is used in the present tense, while the meaning of the participial phrase corresponds to an action that took place in the past).

Correct the mistakes. 1) I remember the performance of the front-line concert brigade, consisting of artists from the Murmansk Drama Theater. 2) Experts noted undoubted achievements in this previously lagging sport. 3) Funds sent from the center arrive at the banks of our city with a great delay. 4) So we returned without buying anything. 5) The silence was broken from time to time by lumps of snow falling from the heights of the pines. 6) In a chess competition, a young athlete, meeting with a grandmaster, won a brilliant victory. 7) Certain types of factory products, which were very popular in the past, are currently not in demand.

VIOLATION OF SYNTACTIC NORS Management norms: characteristics of whom, for whom: characteristics of a student, characteristics of a student to manage (manager) than: to manage (manager) a laboratory to command (commander) than: to command (commander) an army to manage (manager) than: to manage (manager) bank, trust appeal to someone/what: appeal to public opinion

REMEMBER worry about whom to worry about whom identical to what to wear what to pay attention to similar to what to wear whom what to pay attention to what to what a review of what superiority over what a review of what an advantage over what to warn against what to hinder what confidence in what to pay for what warn about what to slow down what to believe in what to pay what

Correct errors caused by poor governance. 1. He was repeatedly convinced that in disputes with classmates he was often wrong. 2. A review of the book was published in the magazine. 3. According to the order of the head, an exhibition of ancient books will be organized in the library. 4. At the end of the negotiations, representatives of the delegations signed a joint statement. 5. The facts stated by the author of the letter were fully confirmed during verification. 6. Students pay attention to notes during lectures. 7. This was his characteristic handwriting. 8. Upon completion of the experiment, scientists will publish an analytical report.

Which sentence contains an error caused by a violation of management norms? a) We must wish the schoolchildren new success in their studies. b) Some enterprises are slowing down the implementation of general plans. c) City tours are of interest not only to tourists, but also to indigenous residents. d) And then it turned out that these claims were not based on anything. a) Self-confidence was his hallmark. b) The poet glorifies his Motherland, his father’s land. c) It is necessary not only to talk about the problems of homeless children, but also to do something to improve their lives. d) The young hockey players were disappointed with the results of the first meeting. Find an option correct use case forms. a) The girl was very careful with books. b) My classmate recently shared his impressions of a trip to Moscow. c) In the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” Nekrasov describes in detail the situation of the peasants. d) When entering the bus, you must pay the fare.

Coordination of the predicate with the subject 1. With a subject that includes the words set, row, part, majority, minority (such as the majority of students, a number of enterprises), the predicate can appear both in the singular (for inanimate) and in the plural (for animate ) number. For example: A row of tables stood in the auditorium. Most students passed the test. 2. When the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination (such as ten years, forty people), the predicate can have both singular and plural forms. In such cases, the predicate agrees with the subject according to the rule from paragraph 1. Compare: Twenty people came to the exam. - Five years have passed. 3. For a subject with a cardinal number ending in one, the predicate is put in singular form. For example: Twenty-one students from our institute are members of the city’s volleyball team. 4. When a subject contains the numeral two, three or four or a numeral ending in two, three, four (twenty-two, forty-three, sixty-four, etc.), the predicate is usually put in plural form numbers. For example: There are three textbooks on the table; Thirty-two students worked in the construction team during the summer. The singular form of the predicate is acceptable in cases where the message records a particular fact, result, or when the message is given an impersonal character. For example: Twenty-two suits sold; Three or four students will be transferred to another class. 5. With the subject expressed by a borrowed indeclinable noun or abbreviation, the predicate agrees in accordance with its gender (or the gender of the leading word in the abbreviation). For example: The highway passed through a deserted area; The USA has great military potential. 6. When the subject is expressed by the relative pronoun who (as an allied word in a subordinate clause), the predicate is usually put in the singular form. For example: Everyone who did not lose their heads were against (Sergeev. Tsensky); Those who did not make it to the door rushed in joyful panic to the windows (Makarenko).

Complete the endings, coordinating the predicate with the subject 1. A number of events dedicated to the 120th anniversary of I. A. Bunin were held. . t in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. 2. Entrance to the group of students sent for field practice. . t forty-one people. 3. He hosted several of our high school students. . participation in the city Olympics. 4. Those who were came to me. . been around for the past few years. 5. The vast majority of listeners showed. . in-depth knowledge in exams. 6. A number of specialists have been sent. . to the factories of the Urals, some of the engineers to the commander. . going to Siberia. 7. In the memory of everyone who knew him closely. . Platonov, he remained a great lover of life.

What sentences are wrong? Correct them. 1. Most of the poet’s works are devoted to the theme of love. 2. Some students have already passed exams in their specialty. 3. Twenty people stood aside. 4. A row of tables were in the middle of a large room. 5. Those who have not studied themselves will never achieve a deep understanding of people. 6. Many dark clouds vaguely spread across the sky. 7. Ten students graduated from school with diplomas in the Russian language.

Which sentence has a grammatical error? a) Contrary to the rules traffic, minibus drivers overtake along tram tracks. b) MSU recruits students for both full-time and evening courses. c) Those who smoke a lot often suffer from diseases of the upper respiratory tract. d) A small enterprise produces horizontal and vertical blinds. a) In preparation for the exams, I studied a lot of specialized literature. b) Currently, Russian citizens receive a passport at the age of 14. c) The colon is placed not only in complex sentences, but also in simple ones. d) Everyone who attended the performance was very pleased.

Using homogeneous members of a sentence You cannot include specific and generic concepts in a series of homogeneous members, so you cannot say: I bought fruits, oranges and cookies at the store; At homogeneous members Only identical prepositions can be omitted: they carried a tray with plates, spoons, forks; They do not combine as homogeneous nouns and infinitives (I love football and swimming).

Find the sentence with a grammatical error. a) My father knew well the habits not only of animals, but also the voices of birds. b) Pushkin describes the Pugachev uprising and speaks critically about it. c) A dash is placed not only before the generalizing word, but also between the subject and the predicate. d) Either thoughts, or memories, or dreams wandered through Olenin’s head. a) I respect and admire my parents. b) At the exhibition of children's creativity you can see the works of both very young artists and those who are 13-15 years old. c) The term “women’s prose” can be used in relation to the work of such writers as V. Tokareva, T. Tolstaya, L. Ulitskaya. d) Artists admire nature and spiritualize it. a) Regular customers have discounts on goods and the opportunity to participate in an express lottery. b) Athletes achieve good shape not only through hard training, but also through a special diet. c) In a modern zoo you can see animals, fish, birds, pythons. d) In the paintings of portrait artists we see the faces of famous poets, writers,

Errors in the use of participial phrases The participial phrase should be used before or after the word being defined; You cannot use the active participle in the construction “a son raised by a father.” Correct: “a son raised by a father.” Participles are not used with the particle would (a statement that would cause objections).

Errors in the use of participial phrases. 1) A gerund denotes an additional action to the main one, which is performed by the subject. Therefore, the action expressed by the predicate and the action expressed by the gerund must relate to the same subject. It is impossible to say “returning home, the rain found me”, since in this sentence the subject is the word rain, it performs the main action (found), the gerund returning cannot denote an additional action to the main one, since in meaning it refers to the subject I, which is absent in the sentence . To correct the error, it is necessary to replace the adverbial phrase with a subordinate clause and introduce the missing subject into it: when I was returning home, I was caught in the rain. 2) The participial phrase cannot be used in an impersonal sentence, since it does not and cannot have a subject. You cannot say: “As I approached the forest, I felt cold.” It is appropriate to use a subordinate clause here: “When I approached the forest, I felt cold.”

Errors in construction complex sentences 1. Incorrect or inaccurate use of conjunctions and allied words. Incorrect option: New methods of organizing production will become widespread only if the results of the economic activity of the enterprise are sufficiently high. 2. Incorrect word order in a sentence with a subordinate clause. Between the conjunction word “which” and the noun to which it refers, there should not be another noun of the same number. Incorrect option: Yesterday, a journalist interviewed a representative of the delegation, who specially came to the meeting. 3. Mixing direct speech and indirect. Incorrect option: The student said that I have not yet prepared the answer. 4. The subordinate clause and the participial phrase cannot be homogeneous. Incorrect option: The speaker who reported this data and turned out to be a passionate patriot of river transport made an interesting comparison.

In which sentence is someone else's speech incorrectly formed? a) Napoleon once remarked that “I may lose this battle, but I cannot lose a minute.” b) “Madam, should you wrap it up or will you fly? “- the salesman asked a woman who had been choosing a broom in the store for more than two hours. c) According to Maupassant, “love is strong as death, but fragile as glass.” d) “Talent! - he said. - Undoubted talent. You will positively be successful!” a) “Great, guy,” she said sadly. - How are you? "b) The old man walked and, stumbling over the grass, repeated: “What a scent, citizens! What an intoxicating aroma!” c) According to the thoughts of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.” d) He wanted to ask the coachman where they had stopped. a) In a letter to A.S. Suvorin, A.P. Chekhov wrote about his play “The Seagull” that it “. . . written contrary to all the rules of dramatic art." b) As P.I. Tchaikovsky argued that “inspiration is born only from work and during work.” c) According to L.N. Tolstoy, “art is the highest manifestation of power in a person.” d) Art, according to F. M. Dostoevsky, “is the same need for a person as eating and drinking.”

For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning; it is also necessary to take into account the features of lexical compatibility of words, i.e., their ability to be combined with each other in speech.

Some words in Russian have limited compatibility. For example, the word pouring is combined only with the word rain, the word brown - with the word eyes, the word bosom - with the word friend, etc.

Ex. 70. Open the brackets. Make up the correct combinations of adjectives and numerals.

Single, one (moment, moment); hazel, brown (eyes, suit); strong, strong (friendship, impression); heavy, heavy (backpack, punishment); true, real, authentic, natural, real (friend, person, amethyst, document, hunter).

Ex. 71. a) Make up and write down phrases from verbs and nouns. Specify the type of communication.

Play, have, increase, strengthen, inflict, gain, endure, provide, express, open, contribute, accept, undertake. Role, opinion, attention, damage, contribution, defeat, help, attempt, score, interest, decision, victory, meaning.

b) Correct errors associated with violation of lexical compatibility.

To give serious importance, a difficult deed, to present a word for a report, a deterioration in the standard of living, to increase one's horizons, to raise a toast, to take a step, to attract attention, to do an act.

More on the topic § 37. Lexical compatibility of words:

1. The structure of the meaning of a verb word in the light of problems of linguistic consistency and language modeling
2. SUBORDINATION CONNECTIONS OF WORDS AND PHRASES. BASIC CONCEPTS
3. 10. Syntagmatic relations in vocabulary. Lexical compatibility of words. A phrase as a nominative unit. Phraseologisms.

Training work

on the topic “Lexical norms of speech”

Russian language

MBOU "Yarenskaya Secondary School"

Selivanova G.G.

LEXICAL STANDARDS

Semantic accuracy of speech

Words should be used only in their proper meaning. A gross lexical error is the use of a word in an unusual meaning: He fell supine and bruised my knee. Should be used: Hefell on his face and bruised my knee.

TEST 1. meaning that is unusual for them.

1. Civil intervention began.

2. The intervention contributed to the escalation of the conflict.

3. Liberal writers treated the plight of the people very calmly.

4. I was completely indifferent to my brother's political principles.

5. My friend especially respects poetry.

6. The owner closely monitors the cleanliness of the office.

7. The artist painted a reproduction and left the room.

8. After a stormy meeting of household members, the housing office began repairing the house.

9. Tolstoy, as a profound psychiatrist, introduces the image of Malasha into the novel.

10. The shot did not hit the dog, but Timokhin, who was passing along the road.

TEST 2.Mark the sentences with the words used inmeaning that is unusual for them.

1. The comrades congratulated the hero of the day and presented him with flowers.

2. The comrades congratulated the hero of the day and presented him with flowers.

3. Bazarov has no accomplices.

4. Bazarov has no like-minded people.

5. Laughter, the writer’s main weapon, is the pathos of his work.

6. The pathos of A.S. Pushkin’s creativity is “soul-nurturing humanity.”

7. The illustrations well imitate the main episodes of the stories.

8. The poet’s satirical works attract with their novelty and youthfulness.

9. Ilya Ilyich is confident in the normality of his life, and nothing can take him out of this balance.

10. The duelist and bully Dolokhov was promoted to soldier for his indiscipline.

Speech failure

Speech failure (missing the right word) often gives rise to alogism: Pavel grew up in the eyes of people after the story with the “swamp penny”. Should be used: Pavel's authority grew in the eyes of people after the hysteria with the “swamp penny”.

TEST 1. Mark the sentences with illogicalisms.

1. Nagulnov’s speech is different from other heroes.

2. Katerina’s speech differs from Kabanikha’s speech.

3. The shovel hit something hard. When two rusty cast-iron pots were pulled to the surface with a crowbar, they were filled to the top with coins.

4. The shovel hit something hard. When they turned two rusty cast-iron pots to the surface with a crowbar, they saw that they were filled to the top with coins.

5. Deforge was not taken aback, put the pistol in his ear and fired. The bear fell.

6. Deforge was not taken aback: he put a pistol in the bear’s ear and fired; the beast fell.

7. I know that in the near future I will fly to the moon as freely as on a bus.

8. I know that in the near future I will fly to the moon as freely as I ride the bus now.

TEST 2. Mark sentences with illogicalisms

1. The report indicates that twenty students of the fourth . course are engaged in amateur activities.

2. You take on a lot! This initiative of yours will not lead to any good!

3. Patients who did not come for an appointment are handed over to the archives.

4. Great writers hang in the literature cabinet.

5. Special topics need to be discussed, including personnel and safety.

6. Since the beginning of the season, this player has scored in his third match.

7. The witness was so confused in his testimony that he even asked to be let out of the side door so as not to have to go back through the hall.

8. An application was received from citizen Olesik, asking to be released from the night watchman.

Speech redundancy

You should not use unnecessary words - pleonasms(month of August, time period, feathered birds, debut for the first time, work colleagues), repetitions of cognate words – tautologies(tell a story, ask a question).

TEST 1. Mark the sentences with pleonasms.

1. The scientist shared his thoughts about the new research method with his work colleagues.

2. Specific feature artistic speech is that it contains a lot of figurative words and expressions.

3. Larger yields are a consequence of improved agricultural technology for cultivating crops.

4. To do this work, I must save every minute.

5. The twins were so similar that even their parents had difficulty distinguishing them from one another.

6. We must determine the agenda for the upcoming shareholders meeting.

7. His work is not flashy and, at first glance, inconspicuous.

8. Participial phrases are separated by punctuation marks.

9. The note refers to the unsatisfactory organization of leisure and free time.

10. In the fourth quarter of this year, machines stood idle for 20 days.

TEST 2. Mark the sentences with pleonasms.

1. Currently, the production lines at our plant have not yet been put into operation.

2. The longer the break between sports competitions, the less effective the athletes are.

3. Recently, reproductions of paintings by famous artists have been reproduced.

4. To do this work, I must save every minute of time.

5. More than a hundred delegates attended the conference.

6. I was pleasantly surprised by the success of this athlete.

7. The teacher’s speech should be understandable.

8. The performance of the artists was accompanied by long and prolonged applause.

TEST 3. Mark the sentences with tautology.

1. We are getting closer and closer to the cave.

2. The boats were getting closer and closer.

3. Machines make labor-intensive work easier for workers.

4. Growing tea is a very labor-intensive process.

5. The plaintiff proves his claim with unsubstantiated evidence.

6. Among the papers of Captain Tatarinov, indisputable evidence of my rightness was found.

7. The poet poetically describes our beautiful midday region.

8. I earn my bread through hard, honest work.

9. The appearance of this manifesto was an important event in the life of society.

10. Working farms have been done great job during the construction of the complex.

ANSWER: 2,3,5,7,9,10

TEST 4. Mark the sentences withtautology.

1. Students successfully completed the assignment last week. homework.

2. Students successfully completed their homework assignments last week.

3. I want to list the character traits characteristic of Chatsky.

4. The images depicted by the writer clearly reflected the features of the younger generation of Russia.

5. It was not without difficulty that we managed to solve these complex and difficult problems.

6. The disadvantages of the manual include the insufficient amount of illustrative material.

7. It is necessary to distinguish between different approaches to this problem.

8. In conclusion, the narrator told the audience a funny story.

9. It is necessary to note the problems that arose during the study.

10. In January, a lot of excess products were delivered to trading enterprises in excess of the plan.

ANSWER : 1,3,4,5,6,7,10

Lexical compatibility

Lexical compatibility should not be violated. Violation of lexical compatibility is a common speech error: have piano, play the Omen. Should be used: matter, play a role.

TEST 1. Mark the sentences withviolation of lexical compatibility.

1. The role of books in a person’s life is great: he must expand his horizons.

2. The role of books in a person’s life is great: he must expand his horizons.

3. He wanted to say something, but his tongue was dumbfounded.

4. Am I capable of doing the things the characters in the book do?

5. Everything in life was given to Onegin superficially, easily.

6. The task we set has been achieved.

7. A series of new models of passenger cars will be produced by the plant.

8. This thesis was weaker substantiated than the previous one.

9. The air is clean. The sun is shining brighter. Breathe fresh.

10. Now, as the sports observer noted, the gap in the score has been smoothed out.

ANSWER: 1,3,4,5,6,9,10

TEST 2. Mark the sentenceswith a violation of lexical compatibility.

1. Recently, the level of presentation of speakers has deteriorated.

2. Pensioners believe that their standard of living is declining.

3. This football team has won more than one wonderful victory.

4. A lecture at the Faculty of Physics was given by a famous scientist who has worked in the field of electronics for many years.

5. Serious attention was paid to this important issue.

6. At the meeting of shareholders, speakers made a number of comments, the elimination of which will help in the work.

7. A new turbine was installed and put into operation at the hydroelectric power station.

8. The products of this company are in great demand.

9. Priority should be given to improving the skills of personnel.

10. He spent most of his free time in the reading room.

ANSWER:1,4,6,7,8,9,10

Mixing paronyms

Should not be mixed paronyms(close in sound, but different in meaning words): spectacular appearance and effective activity, the main task and capital letter.

TEST 1. Mark the sentenceswith a mixture of paronyms.

1. Myopia that increases throughout life is progressive myopia.

2. These ideas seemed progressive for that time.

3. Petrov was a very practical person.

5. A new attempt was unsuccessful again.

6. I think I am a very unlucky person.

7. I wandered through the forest for two hours.

8. Wandering aimlessly through the streets, he experienced intolerable melancholy.

9. This root issue needs to be addressed immediately.

10. He became absent-minded and uttered incomprehensible phrases.

ANSWER: 1,3,5,7,8,9,10

TEST 2. Mark the sentenceswith a mixture of paronyms.

1. We cannot discuss Natasha Rostova for this.

2. This evening we discussed the plan for the future lesson.

3. The sun rose and illuminated the garden brightly.

4. Several couples skated on the ice illuminated by Jupiters.

5. The list goes on.

6. I express my gratitude to my supervisor.

7. It is necessary to provide travelers with hostel accommodation.

8. Comfort has been created in all wards, which has a beneficial effect on the general mood of the patients.

9. His appendicitis was removed last year.

10. Yesterday there was a meeting between two friendly teams.

ANSWER:1,3,5,7,8,9,10

GENERALIZING TEST

Checkviolations lexical norms.

1. Tikhon became the inert culprit of Katerina’s death.

2. I first met my future wife at a student party.

3. During the interval between lessons, the teacher entered the classroom.

4. We must prioritize improving literacy.

5. Standard of living department staff has increased.

6. In the near future, the cost of manufactured goods should be reduced.

7. This year, work on developing new varieties of elite wheat is progressing successfully.

8. From the very beginning of the meeting, his opponent began to think for a long time and, as a result, got into time trouble.

9. I would like to thank the publisher for publishing and releasing this book.

10. There are many defects in this text of the speech.

ANSWER:1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10

Test 8. Lexical norms. Mark the sentences that contain speech errors - tautology or pleonasm.

1. My mother has a birthday in February.

2. Such people like to make promises to attract people to their side.

3. We feel the hidden subtext behind these words.

4. The hairdresser has posted a new price list.

5. The article outlines the main provisions of the new concept.

6. The hare probably realized that he, completely white, could calmly lie on the white snow.

7. A small detail prevents the solution to this issue.

8. Her facial features are clearly defined.

9. The young man jumped into the carriage of a rushing train at full gallop.

10. The purpose of man is high; to be human means to strive for perfection.

11. To support his words, the lawyer gave many arguments and evidence.

12. Petrov’s report testifies to his erudition and reading in this area of ​​knowledge.

13. Bazarov was a man of remarkable intelligence and ardent heart.

14. The first premiere of the play took place at the new drama theater yesterday.

15. The professor studied unusual exotic plants for many years.

16. Large amber beads complemented her outfit.

17. At night, the recreation park is guarded by security guards.

18. The park is famous for its ancient centuries-old oak and maple trees.

19. An old black silk scarf wrapped around the master’s neck.

20. It’s nice to talk to a pleasant person.

21. To understand the national mentality of the Russian people, you need to seriously study the history of Russia.

ANSWERS: 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,17,18,21

Used sources

IN AND. Kapinos, L.I. Puchkova Educational and training materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam, M.: Intellect-Center, 2004

When choosing a word, you should take into account not only its meaning, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the meaning of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.

For example, the following phrase should be considered unsuccessful: Personal enmity gradually developed into strong enmity. Noun enmity can be combined with an adjective open, but not with an adjective - strong.

The following erroneous combinations have become very common in speech:

• keep your eyes open(Right: don't close your eyes);
• cozy experience(Right: pleasant impression; impression of comfort);
• meeting called(Right: the meeting took place);
• improve your horizons(Right: open the mind).

Speech errors associated with word combinations often arise because several stable phrases can be used in the same situation. And the use of a component of one combination as part of another leads to semantic inaccuracy.

For example, the following error contains the phrase: Let me raise a toast to our hero of the day. In a feast situation, we traditionally use two phrases: raise your glass And make a toast. In this case, we are dealing with the unlawful replacement of one member of a combination with another.

Mixing seemingly similar phrases is one of the most common mistakes in speech.

So, an error like: The level of passenger service at our airport has improved. The level can increase, improve, and the quality can improve. Therefore, the correct phrase would be: Quality has improved(the level of) passenger service at our airport has increased.

note into the following pairs of phrases (in speech the frequency of their components is mixed):

• meet requirements - meet needs;
• compensate for damage - collect money, fine;
• take action - take steps;
• gain fame - earn respect;
• constant help - unflagging attention;
• play a role - make a difference.

When using words that have limited opportunities lexical connections, violation of compatibility often becomes the reason for the comic sound of speech.

For example, expanding the compatibility possibilities of a verbal adjective dejected(in the language it is possible: grief-stricken) makes the following phrase absurd and comical: People came to us, dejected by the experience.

A deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words should be distinguished from a speech error: living corpse, an ordinary miracle. In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - oxymoron.

The Russian language very often imposes restrictions on the compatibility of even words with similar meanings, even synonyms. Therefore, in difficult cases, you should turn to the help of explanatory dictionaries and special compatibility dictionaries.