Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations for fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to give to infants? How can you bring down the temperature in older children? What medicines are the safest?
- In the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense, two n are written; as a rule, these participles carry prefixes or explanatory words. For example: a corrected manuscript, galleys corrected by a proofreader.
- The distinction between passive participles and adjectives formed from them (thus clarifying the issue of writing nn - n) is sometimes made not on a formal basis, but on a semantic meaning. For example, in the sentence Being wounded, the soldier remained in the ranks, the word wounded is written with two n, despite the absence of a prefix and explanatory words: it retains the verbal meaning, indicates not a permanent attribute-quality, but a temporary state, i.e. is a participle , not an adjective; verbal adjectives do not designate and answer the questions: “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.
On the contrary, in combinations ironed-over-ironed trousers, patched-patched fur coat, worn-worn suit, washed-washed linen, shot-shot sparrow, darned-redarned stockings, etc. in the second part of complex formations, despite the presence of the prefix re-, it is advisable to write one n, since the compound word all as a whole has the meaning of an adjective (high degree of quality), and not the meaning of “adjective + participle”.
When the participle turns into an adjective, a change is possible lexical meaning words, for example: a twisted guy (windy, frivolous), a washed-up person (no longer capable of anything), a written beauty (beautiful, as in a picture).
Two n are written in non-prefixed participles formed from perfective verbs (abandoned, given, bought, deprived, captive, etc.), and in a few participles formed from imperfective verbs (seen, seen, heard, read, etc.).
- In short passive participles, in contrast to full participles, one n is written: During the period of palace coups in Russia, many favorites were brought closer to the court and exalted; You are always lucky, you seem to be spoiled by fate; The doctors were concerned about the patient's condition.
1. At the birch trees torn out (the presence of a prefix will explain the words) with shells of birches, an old man (M. Isakovsky) sits. 2. Inside the fanza there are low stoves built (the presence of a prefix and an explanatory word) of stone with iron boilers embedded in them (the presence of a prefix and an explanatory word) (V. Arseniev). 3. Packs were canvas bags and camping boxes, upholstered in leather and painted (the presence of a prefix and explain words) with oil paint (V. Arseniev). 4. You are spoiled (kr. p.) by nature, she is partial to you (A. Pushkin). 5. She took out a decanter in which some herbs were infused (kr. p.) and put it on the table (E. Popovkin). 6. Smeared huts are scattered along the slope of the mountain (A. N. Tolstoy). 7. I have all the money calculated (kr. prich.), I rub my place for everyone (A. Ostrovsky). 8. For almost a month now, the population of the city has been alarmed (kr. prich.) by rumors that have spread. 9. He looked with some doubt, almost wary: before (adverb). 10. Kovady (adj.; no prefix and explanatory words) the horse does not stumble (Proverb). 11. I will command the parade. At one time you were notified (kr. prich.) of this by telegraph (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). 12. All the youth of the city were so in love with the secretary of the local communal committee that this prevented her from collecting membership dues (I. Ilf and E. Petrov). 13. In front of me was roughly knocked together (the presence of a prefix and explain, words) and unhewn (adj.; lack of a prefix and explain, words) housing logs (V. Bryusov).
These participles are formed from the infinitive of the verb to the vowel. Usually, these are verbs of 1 and 3 classes. The suffix -nn- at the same time joins the basis of the past tense, which ends in -a or -ya, sometimes in -e.
For example, “I saw - I saw-nn-th”; “sowed - sowing-nn-th”; "lost - loss-nn-th."
Note: in short passives, one -n-, for example: "Thoughts are thought out by the author of the book."
In full participles, which were formed from perfective verbs, two -nn- are written, for example: (“what to do?”) “tie up - tied up”.
In participles formed from verbs with -ova-; -eva-, two –nn- are written, for example: “cipher-ova-ny”; "marinated".
With the suffix -enn-
These participles are formed from the infinitive of the verb into a consonant or into a vowel –i-, which drops out. In this case, there is an alternation of the final consonants of the stem itself, which are similar when alternating the formation of the first person of the present or future simple.
For example, “to take out + -enn- = to take out-enn-th”; “brought + -enn- = brought-enn-th”; “buy-l + -enn- = purchased-enn-th”; “ask-l + -enn- = asked-enn-th”.
From the verb to -ch, -sti, -it
Passive past participles from such verbs are formed from the stem of the present or future tense.
For example, "bring - brought"; "acquire - acquired"; "spin - spun"; "steal - stolen"
.
Note: vowels under stress are written -e-, for example: "solve - resolved"; "burn - burned."
In participles that were formed from perfective verbs, two –nn- are always written: “- replaced”; "to lay - to be laid."
In full participles that have a prefix, except for non-, two -nn- are also always written: “cook - cooked”; "to paint - painted."
In full participles that have a dependent word, two -nn- are also written: "painted fence" (a participle that has a dependent word is written with two -nn-), but "painted fence" (adjective).
With the suffix -t-
The suffix -t- is attached to the stem of the verb, ending in an indefinite form in -ot-, -nut, -eret. This suffix can also be used in monosyllabic stems, but without a prefix.
For example: "take out - take out-t-th"; "stab - stab-t-th"; "wipe - wiped-t-th"; "to beat - beat-t-th."
Note: Passive past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form, for example: "sold - sold".
Task theory A7 GIA in Russian
Suffixes of adjectives, participles, adverbs
What questions do these parts of speech answer?
denominative adjectives verbal adjectives
Which? Which? doing what? what did he do?
Short denominative adjectives short participles
short verbal adjectives
what? what? what is it? what are what is done?
Adverbs
Passive past participles
What's done? For example: written, raised, sketched
Short passive past participles (one H!)
What's done? For example: disabled, thrown out, organized
| Task Formulation | What are we looking for |
| In which word is the spelling of the suffix determined by the rule: “In the full passive participles of the past tense, NN is written”? | What's done? For example: learned |
| In which word is the spelling of the suffix determined by the rule: “In the short passive participle of the past tense, N is written”? | What's done? For example: postponed, learned, written, done |
| write out an adjective in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the conjugation of the verb from which the adjective is derived // write out a participle in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the fact that the verb from which it is formed belongs to the first conjugation. | Verbal adjectives and participles with suffixes: 1 sp 2 sp USCH, YUSCH, EM, OM ASCH, YASHCH, IM Be sure to find the verb from which the word is formed! |
| In what word is the spelling of the suffix determined by the spelling rule for adjectives formed from imperfective verbs? // write down the word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: "In full verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs, one H is written." | One H For example: loaded (load - what to do?); silver (silver - what to do?) |
| find a word in which the spelling NN is determined by the rule: "If there are dependent (explanatory) words with an adjective formed from an imperfective verb, then this adjective turns into a participle and NN is written in its suffix." Write down the found participle with the dependent word!!! | For example: painted in oil (write - what to do?), Loaded with bricks (load - what to do?) What should be written out: participle OR participle with a dependent word ??? |
| find a word in which the spelling H / HH is determined by the spelling rule for participle suffixes and verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs. Write down the found word. | Two N (HN) What done? For example: bought (buy - what to do?); loaded (upload - what to do?) |
| In which word is the spelling of the suffix determined by the rule: “In adjectives formed from nouns with the help of the suffixes -ENN-, -ONN-, it is written NN”? | Which? Be sure to find the noun from which it is formed. For example: divisional - division; life - life |
| write out the word in which the spelling H is determined by the rule: “In the suffixes -AN- (-YAN-), -IN- of denominative adjectives, one N is written.” | Which? For example: swan -IN-th (swan), sand -AN - th (sand) Be sure to find the noun from which the word is formed! |
| write out the word, the spelling of which is determined by the rule: "Two Hs are written in adjectives formed with the suffix -H- from nouns with a base on -H." | Denominative adjectives What? Be sure to find the noun from which the word is formed! For example: fog - N-th, true - N-th |
| write out the word in which the spelling H / HH is determined by the spelling rule for the suffixes of denominative adjectives. | Which? Formed from a noun 1. With suffixes AN, YAN, IN (serpent-IN-th) 2. With suffixes ENN, ONN (station-ONN-th) 3. From the base on H + suff.N (veseN–N-th - spring) |
| Which word has the suffix -n-? | 1. Denominative adjectives formed from a base on H For example: pocket-N-th 2. Short participles formed from verbs with suffixes A, Z, E, but not AND (because AND changes to ENN) For example: spread-N; write-N-a; offended-N-s BUT: shot-EN! |
| “In the short form of an adjective, as many N are written as in the full form of this adjective”? | What? What? What is it? what are ONLY denominative adjectives. Be sure to find the noun from which the word is formed! For example: yuna (young), vital (vital) |
| In what word is the spelling of the suffix determined by the rule: “As many Hs are written in the adverb as there were in the word from which it was formed”? | How? For example: interested - interested calmly - calm |
| write out an adverb that is formed by the prefix-suffix method and in which the spelling of the suffix depends on the prefix. | How? Adverbs with prefixes FROM, TO, C B, ON, FOR and with suffixes A (from the window) O (in the window) have long been, from left to right, easily |
| In which word does the spelling of the adverb suffix not depend on the prefix? | How? Adverbs in which there are no prefixes FROM, TO, C, B, ON, FOR and suffixes O, A. For example: ahead |
| write out the adjective, the spelling of the suffix in which is not determined by the general rule (is an exception). | Exceptions in denominative adjectives: Glass, tin, wooden, windy BUT: windless, overwind - by the rule! Exceptions in participles and verbal adjectives: Desired, sacred, unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard of, unexpected, wounded, forged, chewed BUT: wounded by an arrow, shod, chewed by a horse (i.e. with a prefix or dependent word) - according to the rule! |
| write down the word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the spelling rule for vowels O/Yo after nouns hissing in suffixes. | In suffixes and endings of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, after hissing, O is written (hissing: F, W, H, W) For example: hare, prince, canvas, general |
| write out the verb in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “To correctly write the suffix of the verb, you need to form the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense. If in this form the suffix is replaced by -U-, then -OVA / -EVA is written. | For example: image-OVA-t - image-U-th advice-OVA-t - advice-U-th NOT TO BE CONFUSED with words that have 2 suffixes: E and VA For example: led -E-VA-t from led - E-th |
| write out the verb in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “To correctly write the suffix of the verb, you need to form the form of the 1st person singular of the present or simple future tense. If the suffix is preserved in this form, then -IVA / -YVA is written. | For example: estimate-YVA-th - estimate-YVA-th signature-YVA-th - signature-YVA-th |
| | | next lecture ==> | |
The Russian language is a set of rules that you need not just to know, but to understand in order to write correctly and speak beautifully. "Communion" is one of the important topics, having learned which, you can learn a laconic, but expressive speech. Of particular difficulty is the past participle. Although, if you approach the study thoughtfully, then you can figure it out.
The difference between and without
Compare the sentences: one with and the second is complex with a subordinate clause. The first option is more concise, beautiful and poetic than the second.
It is especially important to be able to replace subordinate clauses for copywriters when fulfilling orders, which indicate the accuracy of the "water content" of texts, because introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions and allied words are just included in the list of "water" expressions.
Communion as a part of speech
Many find it difficult to understand the features of this part of speech. Children even compose funny poems about this:
Boundless misfortune -
Study, decline the sacrament!
I will suffer thoroughly
Until I start the passive
Distinguish from reality.
What is even more painful?
It is known from the school course that the sacrament is not at all simple because it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. From the verb, this part of speech has form and time, and from the adjective - gender, number, case, full or short form. There is also a real past participle and a passive participle. This function - pledge - it also received from the verb.
Communion time
Usually a distinction is made between past and present tenses. It is clear that in order to define this category, one should understand the semantic feature of the word, think about whether the action is taking place at the moment or has already happened. There is an unequivocal answer to the question of what the past participle is: the meaning of the word indicates that the result is shown here, and not the process. You can compare two options: “running boy” and “running boy”. In the first case, the present tense is used, because the child is performing an action at the moment. In the second case, the child has already finished running and is standing in front of us. Therefore, the tense of the sacrament is past.
Active pledge of participles
How to distinguish the real participle of the past tense from the passive? Yes, simple! First, you need to think about the meaning of the statement. Let's look at this with examples.
Passive participle in the past tense
The verb form we are considering can denote an action that someone else performs with an object. Then the past participle wears passive voice. To better understand this, consider examples.
- “The dress worn by the girl was so to her face that everyone around looked at the baby with a smile of tenderness.” From the context it is clear that the outfit itself cannot do anything. This means that “put on” is a passive participle, because the girl performs the action, because it was she who put on the dress.
- “The dishes washed by Tanya sparkled with cleanliness.” And here it is clear that up to the moment described, someone did a certain job - the plates themselves could not clear themselves of the remnants of food. Therefore, the word "washed" is a passive past participle.
What are the main conditions for spelling suffixes in participles in the present tense, it seems to be easy to understand, you just need to remember which suffix refers to a particular conjugation.
Forming past participles
They are formed using the stem of the verb of any tense and suffixes that help: loved - loved, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, feed - fed, carry - carried, climb - crawled out. These are examples of the formation of the past participles of the active voice. The pledge is indicated by the fact that all actions are performed by the objects themselves. For passive participles of the past tense, other examples are suitable: wish - desired, lead - led, ridicule - ridiculed, promise - promised.
Suffixes of the past participles of the active voice
This form is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of suffixes: -vsh-, -sh-. The form and transition in this case do not matter. The suffix used in the formation of the participle depends only on the ending of the stem of the verb.
- If it ends in a vowel, then it is written -vsh-. (Examples: draw - draw, build - build, watch - look.)
- If there is a consonant at the end of the stem, then you should put the suffix -w-. (Examples: carry - carry, carry - carry.)
- If the participle is formed from a verb in -th, then the suffix -vsh- will be written after the vowel that was in the original verb form before -th. (For example: wash - washed, laugh - laughed, hang - hung.)
Formation table of the past participles of the active voice
Real Communion | initial form of the verb | Transitivity | |
staring | |||
printed | |||
brilliant | shine | ||
flushed | |||
drunk | |||
interrupted | interrupt | ||
truant | truant | ||
fled |
Transitivity and definitions of the type of participles
To easily check the transitivity of the participle, you need to put a question to the dependent noun from the verb that forms it. If the question of the accusative case without a preposition is appropriate in this construction, then For example: watch (what?) A film, print (what?) an essay. In the construction “to run (where?) along the road”, the question “what?” does not fit, then it is an intransitive verb, and the participle will have the same category, respectively.
There should be no problems with the view: if the action in the process is an imperfect view, if it has already happened, it is perfect.
Forming passive participles in the past tense
They are formed from the transitive verb of the corresponding tense. There are very few of the sacraments.
Suffix | How does the verb end | Transitivity | From the verb Sov. / Nesov. kind | Examples |
educated, shot |
||||
overwhelmed, donated |
||||
Ot, -nut + monosyllabic verbs | shattered, broken |
According to the table, only one important question now arises: when are the suffixes of the passive participles of the past tense written with one "n", and when with two? Here it is important to remember a few simple rules. Imperfect participles will have one "n" if they:
- do not have a dependent word, prefix, suffix -ova-/ -yova-: fried, boiled, smoked;
- short participles: a partnership is formed, the wife is made up.
Two "n" have full passive past participles, formed by perfective verbs with the presence of:
- dependent words: sturgeon fried in oil; peas boiled in broth;
- suffixes -ova-/-yova-(The following examples can be given: 1. A child spoiled by her mother screamed in the store. 2. Bewitched by her bewitching gaze, the man immediately fell in love with the beauty).
The participles "spoiled" and "bewitched" have the same syntactic function as adjectives, that is, in a sentence they are most often definitions.
Active past participles can also have a reflexive suffix -sya. For example: a hidden cockroach, spilled sand, a laughing beauty, a frightened fly.
Exceptions to general rules
But there are always exceptions in the Russian language. Words such as "seek", "love" and "take" are incapable of forming passive participles. There is another feature of verbs ending in -sti: they can be reincarnated as passive participles of the past tense. For example:
- Weave. (It is so convenient to pick mushrooms in baskets woven by grandfather.)
- Steal. (We could not find the slippers stolen by the cat for a long time.)
- Find. (Sharik's newly found bone made him very happy, because of which he wagged his tail happily.)
- Find. (When the teacher discovered the cheat sheets found, Vasya realized that he needed to come up with a better way to cheat, but the more he cheated, the more he had to know.)
Knowledge of the rules of the Russian language is not yet a guarantee that a person will be able to write and speak correctly. They need to be understood. And it is extremely important to develop the ability to use your knowledge in practice.
The spelling of participles includes several types of rules:
1) spelling of participle endings;
2) spelling of vowels in participle suffixes;
3) spelling nn and n in participles (and in verbal adjectives).
Since the spelling of nn and n in verbal adjectives is similar to the spelling of nn and n in participles, these rules are considered in one paragraph. For the same reason, this paragraph also discusses the rules for spelling nn and n in nouns and adverbs formed from participles and verbal adjectives.
1. Spelling of participle endings:
Participles have the same endings as adjectives. Therefore, the spelling of vowels in the endings of participles, like that of adjectives, is checked by questions.
Wed: V[which ?] raging sea; V[what?] raging sea; With[what?] raging sea.
2. Spelling of vowels in participle suffixes:
A) present time depends on the conjugation of the verb from which this participle is formed:
V real participles present tense: -usch-(-yusch-) - I conjugation; -ashch-(-box-) - II conjugation. These vowels coincide with the vowels of the personal endings of single-root verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural;
Wed: decide t(I question) - decisive; building t(II question) - building.
Note!
In a word future(by origin - participle) the suffix -yush- is added to the stem bud-, therefore, before the suffix, you should not write an extra vowel u (!).
V passive participles present tense: -om-(-em-) - I conjugation; -im- - II conjugation. These vowels coincide with the vowels of the personal endings of single-root verbs in the form of the 3rd person singular.
Wed: solve t(I question) - solved; build t(II question) - build.
b) spelling of vowels in participles past tense does not depend on conjugation, but on the final vowel stem of the infinitive (past tense) of the verb from which this participle is formed:
- V real participles;
vowels a, i, e, if the stem of the verb ends in a, i, e;
Hanging - hung; sow - sown, see - seen.
vowels e, e, if the stem of the verb ends in and ( verbal suffix-i- is truncated) or into a consonant.
Wed: hang up - hanged; build - built, sweep - swept, shoot - shot.
Glue - glued, melted - melted.
V passive participles before the suffix -nn- (-n-) are written:
3. Spelling n and nn in full participles and full verbal adjectives:
A) H is written in full participles and verbal adjectives:
- in phraseological units:;
if they do not have prefixes, dependent words, a combination of suffixes -ovann-, -evann- and if they are formed from an imperfective verb;
Paint[what to do?] - painted floor; mow[what to do?] - mowed meadow, write[what to do?] - painted portrait.
in a substantiated verbal adjective: dowry (of the bride).
b) NN is written in full participles and verbal adjectives:
- if there is a prefix (other than non-).
To mow - from a mowed meadow, to write - a painted portrait.
The prefix non- does not affect the spelling of n and nn;
Wed: not mowed meadow - not mowed clover; unpainted floor - unpainted floor.
- if there is a dependent word;
Cohen[When?] last Friday meadow; painted[When?] last Friday floor; written[how?] oil paints portrait.
if the participle and the verbal adjective are formed from the perfective verb (regardless of whether there are prefixes and dependent words);
Wed: decide[what to do?] - solved problem; quit[what to do?] - abandoned mine.
if participles and verbal adjectives end in -ovanny, -ovanny, and -ova-, -eva- are part of the verbal suffix.
Wed: pamper - spoiled, arrest - arrested, uproot - uprooted.
Exceptions: forged, chewed(-ov- is part of the root: kov-, chew-);
V exceptions(in some non-prefixed verbal adjectives or adjectives with the prefix non-): given, done, slow, sacred, desired, cutesy, conceited, chased, pecked, desperate, cursed, unseen, unheard of, unintentional, unexpected, unexpected, awake.
Note!
1) When forming a participle (verbal adjective) from a two-species verb, wound without a prefix and a dependent word, as a general rule, one letter n is written; in the presence of a prefix or dependent word - nn.
Wed: wounded soldier - a wounded soldier, a soldier wounded in the hand.
2) IN compound words, where the second part is a verbal adjective, act general rules. The presence of the first root does not matter: if there is no prefix before the second root, then one letter is written n, if there is a prefix before the second root, then it is written nn.
Wed: freeze - freshly frozen fish; freeze - freshly frozen fish.
3) The words forged and chewed obey the general spelling rules n and nn: without a prefix, a dependent word is written one n, with a prefix or dependent words - nn.
Wed: forged chest, shod horse, forged on all four legs horse.
4) Do not confuse the main participle (verbal adjective) word and the participle dependent (adjective) words! The main part for the participle (adjective) is the word from which the question is asked to this participle: horse[which?] forged; horse[which?] savvy. The presence or absence of the main word does not affect the spelling of n and nn! For a dependent word, the participle is already the main one, and it is from the participle that the question is asked: horse, shod[by whom?] a blacksmith. The presence or absence of a word dependent on the participle affects the spelling of n and nn!
5) One letter n is written in combinations planted father, named brother only if they are phraseological units. Outside of such combinations, participles with prefixes planted, named are written with two letters n.
Wed: It was planted by my father at my wedding. - The father, seated to the left of the groom, was gloomy; You will be called my brother. - Sergei, named after his grandfather, was proud of this.
6) Spelling n and nn in participles and verbal adjectives, unlike adjectives formed from nouns, does not depend on the vowel before n, compare:
adjectives formed from nouns: silver - solemn;
verbal adjectives and participles: written - written, wounded - wounded.
7) For memorization words in which one letter is written n, you can use the following sentence:
On a windy day at Shrovetide in a cozy living room, the planted father introduced the named brother to a smart girl, a hard worker, a hand-written beauty with a large dowry.
4. Spelling n and nn in short participles and adjectives:
A) in brief participles one letter n is always written;
Wed: tied knot - knot tied; styled hair - hair is styled.
b) in brief adjectives as many letters n are written as in full forms.
Wed: valuable thing - a valuable thing; green crops - crops are green.
Note!
In order to distinguish between a short participle and an adjective, the following must be considered:
1) If the short form is not formed from a verb, then it is certainly a short adjective (and it will be written as much as in the full form):
sultry - sultry; worthy - worthy; valuable is valuable.
2) The short verbal form can be either a short participle or a short adjective.
A) The short verb form will be communion(and one letter n will be written in it) if:
- this form carries the dependent word in the instrumental case:
the house was built by workers; the tour is organized by a well-known company; the child is spoiled by the parents;
- this form has a dependent infinitive, a dependent circumstance (except for the circumstance of measure and degree):
she intends to go to university; she was brought up[Where?] in a monastery;
- a combination with a participle can be paraphrased using a verb.
Wed: the child is frightened - the child was frightened; she was brought up in a monastery - she was brought up in a monastery;
b) short verbal form would be adjective(and it will contain as many letters n as in the full form), if it has a qualitative meaning, it gives a constant (qualitative) characteristic of a person or an inanimate object.
Wed: children are naughty and spoiled(this is their constant quality); the girl is modest and educated (this is her constant quality).
5. Spelling n and nn in nouns and adverbs in -o, formed from participles and verbal adjectives:
A) in nouns and adverbs in -o, formed from participles and verbal adjectives, as many letters are written n as they are written in full participles and verbal adjectives, cf .:
ONE letter H: confused th → confused ik, confused about; boiled y → boiled ik; smoked → smoked osti; ice-cold → ice-cold; martyr y → martyr ik; scientist y → student ik, student itza;
TWO letters H: given → given; dowry → dowryless; chosen → chosen one, chosen one; recessed → recessed ik; sacred → sacred ik; made → made;
b) should remember noun spelling: hard worker, dowry oe - dowryless, put ik.
