Find all phraseological units. Phraseological units and winged expressions

Stable combinations have existed in the history of the language for a long time. Already in the eighteenth century, examples of phraseological units with explanation could be found in collections of idioms, winged expressions, aphorisms, proverbs, although the lexical composition of the language had not yet been studied so closely. And only with the advent of V. V. Vinogradov in science, a basis appeared for the comprehensive study of set phrases. It was he who initiated the development of phraseology and called it a linguistic discipline.

The well-known linguist N. M. Shansky presented phraseological units as a fixed unit of the language, reproduced in finished form and having two or more stressed components of a verbal character. In addition to lexical indivisibility, phraseological units also have lexical meaning are often synonymous with words. As an example: "the right hand is an assistant", "bite your tongue - shut up."

The use of phraseological units in Russian, examples with explanation

We use a variety of phraseological turns in our native speech imperceptibly to ourselves, due to the fact that they have become familiar from childhood. The most famous came to us from fairy tales, epics, folk legends, some from foreign languages. Originally Russian can be attributed to peculiar combinations that are found only in our native language and reflect Russian life, traditions and culture. Let's try to understand the meaning with the following example and explanation. Bread was considered the main product in Rus' - it managed to become a symbol of prosperity, good earnings. Therefore, phraseological units: "to beat off someone's bread" or "to eat bread for nothing" are understandable only to Russian people.

Metamorphism and figurativeness are the main criteria of Russian phraseological units. It is the nationality inherent in the native language that allows you to understand set phrases not at the level of speech, but at the level of the language model that you absorb with mother's milk. Even obsolete phrases, the meaning of which is forgotten, become understandable and close to us thanks to their figurativeness. Below we will consider common examples of phraseological units with an explanation and their meaning.

Book and literary

The sphere of use of literary speech is much narrower than colloquial or interstyle. Book phraseological units are used mainly in written sources and give some shade of solemnity, elation, formality of action. Examples, explanations and meaning of book phraseological units are below:

• - do not let the case be postponed for an indefinite period. Cloth refers to the woolen cloth that used to cover the desk. If any paper or folder lay under the cloth, it means that it remained unsigned and did not go into work.
• "Raise to the shield"- that is, to honor, speak with praise about someone. As an example, the winners in the old days were literally raised on a shield and carried high so that everyone could see and thank them.
• "Write - it's gone." So they say about a thing that is obviously impossible to do due to the absence of certain conditions. In the nineteenth century, officials wrote in the ledger of expenditure items on the receipt and expenditure of goods. The embezzlers usually ordered their clerk to make a record of the loss of goods with the words “Write - it’s gone.” At the same time, the loss itself was appropriated.
• "Was there a boy?"- in this way, extreme doubt is now expressed in anything. Phraseologism came from M. Gorky's novel "The Life of Klim Smagin", which describes the scene of children skating. When the guys fall under the water, Klim saves the girl first. Then he throws his belt to the boy, but, afraid that he himself might drown, lets him go. While searching for a drowned child, Klim hears a voice saying the phrase: “Was there a boy, maybe there wasn’t a boy?”
• "Kisey young lady"- they speak so dismissively about a pampered girl who is absolutely not adapted to life. The turnover is taken from the story of N. G. Pomyalovsky “Petty-bourgeois happiness”.
• "Bear Corner"- deaf settlement, outback. For the first time, the expression was used by P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky in the novel of the same name about one of the distant towns of Russia.
• "Touch the inner core"- another book phraseological unit, the history of which goes back to the times when slaves were stigmatized. Cauterization delivered wild pain, especially when touching a healing wound. This turnover becomes relevant when the conversation touches on topics that cause mental anguish in the interlocutor.
• "Scapegoat"- the one who is blamed for someone else's fault. The phrase refers to literary phraseological units and has an ancient origin. The biblical tradition speaks of the rite of absolution. The priest laid his hand on an ordinary goat, as if transferring sins from a person to an animal, which was later expelled into the desert.
• "Like water off a duck's back"- all for nothing. The plumage of the goose is covered with a special lubricant that does not allow the bird to get wet. Water does not wet the wings of a goose. Thanks to this fat, it remains dry.

Examples of colloquial and borrowed phraseological units

Colloquial phraseological units are firmly entrenched in our speech. It is convenient for them to bring the thought to the interlocutor, especially when ordinary words are not enough for the emotional coloring of the phrase. Borrowed phraseological units are tracing papers and semi-calques taken from other languages ​​by literal translation of sayings. There are phraseological units that simply correlate in meaning with set expressions in other languages. Their examples are: "white crow" sounds like "rare bird" in English, and the expression "hanging by a thread" is replaced by the combination "hanging by a thread". Other examples of phraseological units with explanations and meaning:

• "First Among Equals"- that is, the best or leader. Borrowed from the Latin "Primus inter pare", which is literally translated as such. This title was held by the Emperor Augustus even before he assumed his high title. Thus, his prestige was maintained.
• "Good (fun) mine with a bad game"- that is, behind an external imperturbable look to hide your experiences and failures. At the same time, “mine” - from the old Breton language is translated literally as “facial expression”.
• "What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull." For the first time the phrase was uttered by Publius Terence Aphrom. It is used when it is necessary to stop unfounded claims by indicating to the disputant his lower place.
• "Eat a pood of salt"- a common colloquial phraseology. This is an example of a long life together. In the system of measures, a pood is equal to 16 kg. To consume this amount of salt, you need to live together for a huge period of time, during which people learn almost everything about each other.
• "There is nothing behind the soul"- so it is customary to speak of a poor person. According to popular belief, the human soul was located in a dimple on the neck. In the same place it was customary to store money and jewelry in the old days. If there was nothing to hide in the dimple, then it was believed that there was nothing “behind the soul”.
• - that is, a little snack. The expression is a tracing-paper from the French "tuer le ver", having literal translation- "drink a glass of alcohol on an empty stomach." It was assumed that alcohol, taken with a minimal snack, destroyed helminths in the body.
• "The reins got under the tail"- colloquial phraseology denoting the reckless actions of someone. The expression was once used in the literal sense, and not figuratively, in relation to horses, in which, having fallen under the tail of the rein, caused pain and forced them to perform thoughtless actions.
• "Nick down"- remember once and for all. In the old days, illiterate people carried tablets everywhere with them, on which they made notes with notches as a keepsake. The "nose" in this case is not an organ of smell, but a wearable thing.

Medical and other professional expressions with explanation

Some phraseological units are taken from the oral speech of people of various professions. These include the following sentences with phraseological units:

• "Chest Shoemaker"- a medical term that has its own meaning and explanation. So called funnel chest. The lower part of the sternum of shoemakers is pressed inward due to their professional activity, due to which the volume of the chest is significantly reduced.
• - so they say about unproductive work. As an example: in the old days, the pharmacist wrote just such a recipe directly on the bottles of medicine. This meant that the treatment should be carried out slowly in order to have time to respond to the appearance of allergic manifestations. If for a patient such an approach is quite justified, then for a working person it is an indicator of laziness and indecision.
• "Talk Teeth"- distract from the pressing problem with extraneous conversations. Unlike dentists, healers know how to temporarily eliminate pain with conspiracies. At the same time, they do not treat the teeth themselves and the problem remains unresolved.
• "Sit in the liver"- get bored, poison life. In ancient Rus', the liver was considered a receptacle life force person. It was believed that a person who interferes with life takes away free energy, which means that he sits in the liver and directly draws other people's strength from there.
• "Holding breath"- that is, carefully, not missing even the smallest detail. In medicine, in order to clear the chest for a correct diagnosis, it is required to hold the breath for several minutes. It is believed that a person holding his breath will get the highest quality result.
• "Rolling Up Your Sleeves"- act diligently and energetically, not sparing at the same time their own strengths. If you remember, in the old days it was customary to wear clothes with long sleeves - for some, the length reached 95 cm. It was impossible to work in such clothes. To do anything useful, you had to first roll up your sleeves, after which the case was argued much faster.
• "Sleeveless"- lazily, slowly, without proper enthusiasm. This phraseological unit exists in contrast to the previous one and has a similar explanation. That is, the long sleeves dropped down did not allow the work to be done properly.
• "Wait by the sea for the weather"- do nothing, expect the situation to resolve itself. This term came from the speech of sailors who, before going out to fish, always watched the weather and waited for a favorable period so as not to get into a storm.

Stable and neutral phrases and their meaning

Unlike colloquial phrases, which are more figurative, phrases that do not have an emotional connotation are considered neutral. Examples of such phraseological units with explanation and their meaning:

• "Can't find a place"- that is, worried. So they say about a person who is in a state of great anxiety about someone.
• "Without bending your back" It means hard work and perseverance. So they said about the plowmen who worked in the field from morning to night.
• - torture with requests and talk about the same thing.
• "To lose heart"- finally lose faith in their own abilities.
• "Looking at night"- that is, before dark, when public transport is no longer running and the risk of becoming a victim of bad circumstances increases. In addition, there are many examples of the fact that a person will not have time to do anything significant late in the evening, since the daily resources of the body have been exhausted.
• "Stay with the nose" or fail. Examples of the use of the expression: when someone allows himself to be fooled, does not get what he expected. The word "nose" in the old days meant a bow with an offering. "Nose" - that is, "brought". The rich usually came to officials with money, the poor carried a pig, chicken, eggs. Deacons for offerings made decisions in favor of the one who brought the gifts. It was a bad sign that the official did not accept the "nose" if he was too modest. At the same time, the one asking remained with his gift, that is, “with a nose” and did not receive what he wanted.
• "Wash the bones"- that is, gossip, slander, disassemble the actions of another person. It was once believed that a sinner who was under a curse could come out of the grave in the form of a ghoul. To rid him of the spell, it was necessary to dig up the grave and wash the bones with clean water.

In the examples above, we see that the appropriate use of phraseological units saturates our speech, allows us to make communication emotionally rich and interesting. Sentences with idioms bring "zest" to the conversation and are perceived by everyone as a completely natural element of speech, reinforcing its meaning.

The Russian language is rightfully considered the most perfect, beautiful and rich language in the world, which has absorbed, along with the authentic culture of more than 200 peoples of the Russian world, the best elements of Western and Eastern cultural traditions.

Our language is one of the basic elements of the entire Russian civilization, therefore, in order to be rightfully considered Russian, we must be able to use it well and master all the richness of concepts and expressions of the Russian language no worse than Pushkin, Gogol and Dostoevsky.

We present to your attention the first part of the TOP-50 most interesting phraseological units of the Russian language with their original and current meanings, as well as the history of origin:

1. Goal like a falcon

The expression denotes extreme poverty, need.

"Falcon"- this is a smoothly planed and iron-bound ram log, which could be hand-held or wheeled and was used until the end of the 15th century to punch holes in wooden palisades or fortress gates. The surface of this tool was even and smooth, i.e. "naked". The same term also denoted cylindrical tools: scrap iron, a pestle for grinding grain in a mortar, and so on.

2. Arshin swallowed

An expression denoting a person who stood at attention or assumed a majestically haughty posture with a straight back.

Arshin is an ancient Russian measure of length of 71 centimeters, widely used in the sewing business before the transition to the metric system of measures. Accordingly, the masters used wooden or metal arshin rulers for measurements. If you swallow this, your posture will surely become phenomenal ...

3. Scapegoat

This is the name of a person who has been blamed for any failure, failure.

An expression that goes back to the Bible. According to the Hebrew rite, on the day of the absolution of sins, the high priest put his hands on the goat's head and thereby laid on him the sins of the entire people of Israel. Then the goat was taken to the Judean desert and released, so that he forever carried away the sins of the Jews.

4. Screams all over Ivanovskaya

The ensemble of the Kremlin cathedrals in Moscow is decorated with the bell tower of Ivan the Great, where on holidays all thirty bells were always rung. The ringing was extremely powerful and carried very far.

5. Smoking room is alive!

We remember this expression from the film “The meeting place cannot be changed” and it denoted the joy of meeting a person who has gone through serious trials.

In fact, “smoking room” is an ancient children's game in Rus'. The children sat in a circle and passed each other a burning torch, saying: “Alive, alive smoking room! Thin legs, short soul. The one in whose hands the torch was extinguished left the circle. That is, a "smoking room" is a torch that burned weakly and "smoked" (smoked) in children's hands.

In relation to a person, the expression was first used by the poet Alexander Pushkin in an epigram to the critic and journalist Mikhail Kachenovsky: “How! is Kurilka a journalist still alive?..”

6. Clean out those Augean stables

Deal with an incredibly neglected mess of cyclopean proportions.

It goes back to the ancient Greek myths about Hercules. There lived in ancient Elis King Augius, a passionate lover of horses, who kept three thousand horses in the stables, but did not clean the stall for 30 years.

Hercules was sent to the service of Avgius, to whom the king instructed to clear the stables in one day, which was impossible. The hero thought and directed the waters of the river through the gates of the stables, which carried out all the manure from there in a day. This act was the 6th feat of Hercules out of 12.

7. Bosom friend

Now a positive expression denoting an old and trusted friend. Previously it was negative, because meant companion.

The old expression "to pour over the Adam's apple" meant "to get drunk", "to drink alcohol". This is where this idiom comes from.

8. Get into trouble

Be in an extremely uncomfortable or even dangerous position.

A prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine with which wool was combed. Once in a hole, it was easy to cripple, lose a hand.

9. Poor place

And again, a biblical expression found in psalms and church prayers and denoting paradise, the kingdom of heaven. In secular word usage, it acquired a negative connotation - bars, strip clubs, etc. began to be called “hot spots”.

This refers to a place where cereals grow abundantly from which the main food (bread) is prepared - a fertile field, the basis of well-being.

10. Like Buridan's donkey

It means a person who is extremely indecisive.

It goes back to the famous example of the 14th-century French philosopher Jean Buridan, who argued that people's actions depend for the most part not on their own will, but on external circumstances. Illustrating his thought, he argued that a donkey, to the left and right of which two identical piles will be placed at an equal distance, one of which will contain hay, and the other straw, will not be able to make a choice and will die of hunger.

11. Reach the handle

To sink completely, to lose human appearance and social skills.

In ancient Rus', kalachi was baked not round, but in the form of a castle with a round bow. Citizens often bought kalachi and ate it right on the street, holding this handle like a handle. At the same time, for reasons of hygiene, the pen itself was not used for food, but was either given to the poor or thrown to the dogs. About those who did not disdain to eat it, they said: it reached the handle.

12. Goof off

Get into an uncomfortable, and often shameful position.

In Rus', walking bareheaded in crowded places (excluding the temple for men) was considered a shame. There was no greater shame for a person than if his hat was torn off in a crowded place.

13. Shabby look

Untidy clothes, unshaven and other signs of negligence in appearance.

Under Tsar Peter I, the Yaroslavl linen manufactory of the merchant Zatrapeznikov began to work, which produced silk and cloth that were in no way inferior in quality to the products of European workshops.

In addition, the manufactory also made very cheap hemp striped fabric, which, by the name of the merchant, was nicknamed “bastard”. She went to mattresses, bloomers, sundresses, women's headscarves, work dressing gowns and shirts.

For rich people, a dressing gown made from “shabby clothes” was home clothes, but for the poor, clothes made from this fabric were used “for going out”. The shabby appearance spoke of the low social status of a person.

14. Caliph for an hour

So they say about a person who accidentally and briefly found himself in power.

The expression has Arabic roots. This is the name of a fairy tale from the collection “A Thousand and One Nights” - “A waking dream, or Caliph for an hour”.

It tells how the young Baghdadian Abu-Ghassan, not knowing that he was facing the caliph Harun al-Rashid, shares with him his cherished dream - at least for a day to become a caliph. Wanting to have some fun, Haroun al-Rashid puts sleeping pills in Abu-Ghassan's wine, orders the servants to take the young man to the palace and treat him like a caliph.

The joke succeeds. Waking up, Abu-Ghassan believes that he is a caliph, enjoys luxury and begins to give orders. In the evening, he again drinks wine with sleeping pills and wakes up already at home.

15. Knock down

Make you lose the thread of the conversation, forget about something.

In Greece, there is Mount Pantelik, famous in antiquity, where marble was mined for a long time. Accordingly, there were many caves, grottoes and passages, and once there, one could easily get lost.

16. I saw him through

Those. realized what kind of person he was, noticed a deception or discovered a secret.

The expression came to us from those times when coins made of precious metals were in use. The authenticity of the coins was checked by a tooth, because precious metals without impurities were soft. If there is a dent left on the coin, then it is real, and if not, it is fake.

17. A voice crying in the wilderness

This is how they talk about the one whose sound thoughts and warnings stubbornly refuse to listen.

A biblical expression with roots in the prophecy of Isaiah and the Gospel of John. The prophets, who predicted the imminent coming of the Savior, urged the Jews to prepare for this day: to monitor their lives and correct it, becoming pious, attentive to the gospel sermon. But the Jews did not heed these calls and crucified the Lord.

18. Bury talent in the ground

It means not to use and not develop the abilities given by God.

Again, a reference to the Bible. Talent was the largest weight and monetary unit in Ancient Greece, Babylon, Persia and other areas of Asia Minor.

In the gospel parable, one of the servants received money from the master and buried it, being afraid to invest in a business that could bring both profit and loss. Upon the return of the master, the servant returned the talent and was punished for the lost time and the profit that the owner did not receive.

19. Tightened the gimp

He began some very long business, began to hesitate.

Gimp is the thinnest wire made of precious metals, which has already acquired the properties of a thread and was used to decorate camisoles, uniforms and dresses with beautiful complex patterns. It was necessary to pull the gimp on ever-decreasing jewelry rollers in several passes, which was a long process. Sewing with a cantle is even less fast.

20. Brought to white heat

Angry to the point of madness, uncontrollable rage.

Goes back to blacksmithing. When the metal is heated during forging, it glows differently depending on the temperature: first red, then yellow, and finally dazzling white. With even more high temperature the metal will melt and boil.

21. Soap opera

This is the name of a television series with a trivial plot.

The fact is that in the 30s in America they began to produce serial (then still radio) programs for housewives with melodramatic plots. They were created with the money of soap and detergent manufacturers, who advertised their products during breaks.

22. Good riddance!

Now this is how they kick out an annoying guest or visitor. Previously, the meaning was the opposite - a wish for a good journey.

In one of Ivan Aksakov's poems, one can read about the road, which is "straight, like an arrow, with a wide smooth surface that the tablecloth lay down." Knowing our spaces, people wished for an unhindered and easy path.

23. Egyptian plagues

Heavy punishments that have fallen, disasters, torments.

Biblical story from the book of Exodus. For Pharaoh's refusal to release the Jews from captivity, the Lord subjected Egypt to terrible punishments - ten Egyptian plagues: blood instead of water, execution with frogs, an invasion of midges, dog flies, pestilence, ulcers and boils, thunder, lightning and hail of fire, an invasion of locusts, darkness and death first-born in the families of the Egyptians.

24. Do your part

To invest part of your work, skills or money in the creation of something important, big.

There is a biblical story about two mites of a poor widow, which she donated to the work of the Jerusalem temple. Lepta is one of the smallest coins of that time in the Roman Empire. Two mites were the widow's only money, donating which she remained hungry until evening. Therefore, her victim was the largest of all.

25. Sing Lazarus

Beat on pity, beg, try to play on sympathy.

The parable of the rich man and Lazarus is told by the Savior in the Gospel. Lazarus was poor and lived at the gate of the rich man's house. Lazarus ate the remnants of the rich man's food along with the dogs and endured all sorts of hardships, but after death he went to heaven, while the rich man ended up in hell.

Professional beggars in Russia often begged on the steps of churches, comparing themselves to the biblical Lazarus, although they often lived much better. Therefore, attempts to pity and are called in this way.

Andrey Segeda

In contact with

The directory was compiled by the editors of the Gramota.ru portal based on the materials of the following publications:

Birikh A.K., Mokienko V.M., Stepanova L.I. Russian Phraseology. Historical and etymological dictionary / Ed. V. M. Mokienko. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M., 2005.

Dushenko K. V. Dictionary of modern quotations. - 4th ed., Rev. and additional - M., 2006.

Dushenko K.V. Quotations from Russian literature. Directory. M., 2005.

Kochedykov L. G. Brief dictionary of foreign phraseological units. M., 1995.

Was it a boy? - an expression of extreme doubt about something. Goes back to the phrase "was there a boy?" from Maxim Gorky's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin". One of the episodes of the novel tells about children skating. The children fall into the wormwood, they save the girl, and Klim throws the end of his belt to the boy, but then, afraid that he will be pulled into the water, he lets go of the belt. The boy is drowning. When they are looking for the drowned man, Klim hears someone's incredulous voice: “Was there a boy, maybe there wasn’t a boy?”

And Vaska listens and eats (iron.) - about a situation where one speaks, convinces, and the other does not listen, does not consider the speaker and continues to do his (usually reprehensible) business. The expression is a quote from I. A. Krylov’s fable “The Cat and the Cook” (1813). In the fable, the cook reproaches the cat Vaska for stealing food in the kitchen. Vaska, listening to the cook's reproaches, calmly continues to eat the stolen chicken.

Augean stables - 1) about a heavily polluted, cluttered, clogged place (as a result of prolonged neglect), a room where there is a complete mess; 2) about any institution, organization, etc., where disorder and chaos reign, complete confusion in the conduct of business; 3) about badly neglected cases, disorderly accumulation of papers and documents. The origin of the turnover is connected with the ancient Greek legend about the sixth of the twelve labors of Hercules. The hero was able to clear the barnyard of King Avgii, where bulls were kept, donated to Avgii by his father. This yard has not been cleaned for years. Hercules also destroyed the wall that surrounded the courtyard on both sides, and diverted there the water of two full-flowing rivers - Alpheus and Peneus. The water carried away all the manure in one day. "The Animal Farm" of Tsar Avgiy, when tracing into Russian, was inaccurately translated by the word stables.

And yet she turns - the expression is attributed to the great Italian astronomer, physicist and mechanic Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Brought to trial by the Inquisition for adherence to the "heretical" teachings of Copernicus on the motion of the Earth, he was forced, on his knees, to swear that he would renounce heresy. According to the legend, after the abdication, Galileo, stamping his foot, said: “Eppur si muove” (“And yet she is spinning”). This legend is based on the message of the French writer Thrall (Augustin Simon Trailh 1717-1794) in his book "Literary feuds" (Paris 1761). The legendary phrase of Galileo, which received wingedness, is used as a formula for unshakable conviction in something.

Advocate of God (old ironic) - about a person who idealizes those around him, sees only the good sides in everything and closes his eyes to the shortcomings. The expression is associated with a Catholic custom that has existed since the Middle Ages: when the church decides to canonize a new saint, a dispute is arranged between two monks. One praises the deceased in every possible way - this is God's advocate, the other is instructed to prove that the canonized sinned a lot and is unworthy of such a high rank, this is - Devil's Advocate.

Devil's Advocate (book ironic) - about a person who loves to swear at someone else, who tries to find flaws in good things. This expression dates back to the Middle Ages. The Latin words advocatus diaboli were used to refer to a participant in a theological dispute who, in a dispute, acted as an opponent of a theologian who sought to prove a certain position (for example, during the canonization of a saint). Devil's Advocate raised objections as if on behalf of the enemy of the human race. Thus, the theologian had to demonstrate the ability to conduct a discussion with the most unfriendly and well-prepared opponent. As a rule, the role devil's advocate an experienced and erudite theologian came forward. See also the motivation for the expression Advocate of God .

hell (disapproved) - 1) a place of torment, where living conditions are unbearable; 2) unbearable noise, crowd, turmoil, confusion, chaos. Adjective pitch-black derived from the word cro ma"border, edge" (cf. edge). According to ancient ideas, the sun shines up to a certain limit of the earthly circle, beyond which another, outer world begins, where complete darkness reigns. Over time the word pitch-black began to mean "painful, desperate", and hell- "a place of torment". Then the combination became associated with chaos, unimaginable noise during quarrels and squabbles.

Alpha and Omega (book high) - the very essence, the basis of something. The literal interpretation of phraseology - "the beginning and end of something" - goes back to a quote from the Bible: "I am alpha and omega, the beginning and the end ..." (Apocalypse, 1, 8); "I am alpha and omega, first and last" (ibid., 1, 10). Phraseologism is built on the collision of antonymic components: alpha And omega are the names of the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. In Russian, the turnover is borrowed from Old Slavonic. Now it is gradually falling out of active use, becoming obsolete, archaic.

Ani ka-warrior (iron.) - about a boastful person who boasts of his courage only when he is away from danger. The expression is related to the folk saying Anika the warrior sits and howls, in which the name was not chosen by chance: Greek. a - "not", nike - "victory". Apparently, this is why the fairy tale “about the warrior Anika” was composed, where the hero boasts that he is not afraid of Death, and when she suddenly appears in front of him, he begins to cowardly and beg for forgiveness.

Annibalova (Hannibalova) oath (bookish high) - a firm determination to fight with someone for something to the end; a promise to always follow your ideals. An expression from ancient history. According to Polybius (c. 201–120 BC) and other historians, the Carthaginian commander Annibal (Hannibal, 247–183 BC) himself said that before setting off on a campaign, when he was ten years, his father made him swear before the altar to be an implacable enemy of Rome. Annibal kept his oath.

The time comes when schoolchildren begin to study what phraseological units are. Their study has become an integral part school curriculum. Knowledge of what phraseological units are and how they are used will be useful not only in the lessons of the Russian language and literature, but also in life. Figurative speech is a sign of at least a well-read person.

What is a phraseological unit?

Phraseologism - with a certain content of words, which in this combination have a different meaning than when these words are used separately. That is, a phraseological unit can be called a stable expression.

Phraseological turns in the Russian language are widely used. The linguist Vinogradov was engaged in the study of phraseological units, to a greater extent thanks to him they began to be widely used. Foreign languages ​​also have phraseological units, only they are called idioms. Linguists are still arguing whether there is a difference between a phraseological unit and an idiom, but they have not yet found an exact answer.

The most popular are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be found below.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms have several important features and characteristics:

1. Phraseologism is a ready language unit. This means that a person who uses it in his speech or writing retrieves this expression from memory, and does not invent it on the go.
2. They have a permanent structure.
3. You can always pick up a synonymous word for a phraseological unit (sometimes an antonym).
4. Phraseologism is an expression that cannot consist of less than two words.
5. Almost all phraseological units are expressive, they encourage the interlocutor or the reader to show vivid emotions.

Functions of phraseological units in Russian

Each phraseological unit main function one is to give brightness, liveliness, expressiveness to speech and, of course, to express the author's attitude to something. In order to imagine how much speech becomes brighter when using phraseological units, imagine how a humorist or writer makes fun of someone using phraseological units. The speech becomes more interesting.

Styles of phraseological units

The classification of phraseological units according to style is their very important feature. In total, there are 4 main styles of set expressions: interstyle, bookish, colloquial and colloquial. Each phraseological unit belongs to one of these groups, depending on its meaning.

Colloquial phraseological units are the largest group of expressions. Some believe that interstyle and vernacular phraseological units should be included in the same group as colloquial ones. Then there are only two groups of set expressions: colloquial and bookish.

Differences between book and colloquial phraseological units

Each style of phraseological units differs from each other, and book and colloquial phraseological units demonstrate the most striking difference. Examples: not worth a penny And fool fool. The first stable expression is bookish, because it can be used in any work of art, in a scientific and journalistic article, in an official business conversation, etc. Whereas the expression " fool fool" widely used in conversations, but not in books.

Book phraseological units

Book phraseological units are set expressions that are much more often used in writing than in conversations. They are not characterized by pronounced aggression and negativity. Book phraseological units are widely used in journalism, scientific articles, fiction.

1. During it means something that happened a long time ago. The expression is Old Slavonic, often used in literary works.
2. pull the gimp- the value of a long process. In the old days, a long metal thread was called a gimp; it was pulled out with tongs from a metal wire. The thread was embroidered on velvet, it was a long and very painstaking work. So, pull the gimp It's a long and extremely boring job.
3. Play with fire- to do something extremely dangerous, "to be on the cutting edge."
4. Stay with your nose- to be left without something that you really wanted.
5. Kazan orphan- this is a phraseological unit about a person who pretends to be a beggar or a patient, while having the goal of gaining a benefit.
6. You can't ride a goat- so a long time ago they talked about girls who, on holidays, jesters and buffoons could not cheer in any way.
7. Bring to clean water- expose in committing something impartial.

There are a lot of book phraseological units.

Interstyle phraseological turns

Interstyles are sometimes called neutral colloquial, because they are neutral from both a stylistic and an emotional point of view. Neutral colloquial and book phraseological units are confused, because interstyle ones are also not particularly emotionally colored. An important feature of interstyle turns is that they do not express human emotions.

1. Not a drop means the complete absence of something.
2. Play a role- somehow influence this or that event, become the cause of something.

There are not very many interstyle phraseological turns in the Russian language, but they are used in speech more often than others.

Colloquial phraseological turns

The most popular expressions are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be very diverse, from expressing emotions to describing a person. Colloquial phraseological units are perhaps the most expressive of all. There are so many of them that it is possible to give examples ad infinitum. Colloquial phraseological units (examples) are listed below. Some of them may sound different, but at the same time have a similar meaning (that is, be synonymous). And other expressions, on the contrary, contain the same word, but are bright antonyms.

Synonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:

1. All without exception, the meaning of generalization: all as one; both old and young; from small to large.
2. Very fast: in an instant; did not have time to look back; in a moment; couldn't blink an eye.
3. Work diligently and diligently: tirelessly; up to the seventh sweat; roll up your sleeves; in the sweat of your face.
4. Proximity value: in two steps; be at your side; hand over.
5. Run Fast: headlong; what is strength; at full speed; what is urine; in all shoulder blades; from all legs; only heels sparkle.
6. Similarity value: all as one; everything, as in the selection; one to one; well done to young man.

Antonymic colloquial phraseological units, examples:

1. The cat cried(few) - Chickens don't peck(a lot of).
2. Nothing is visible(dark, hard to see) - At least collect the needles(light, clearly visible).
3. Lose your head(bad thinking) - Head on shoulders(reasonable person).
4. Like a cat with a dog(warring people) - Do not spill water, Siamese twins; soul to soul(close, very friendly or
5. two steps away(near) - For distant lands(far).
6. Soar in the clouds(thoughtful, dreaming and unfocused person) - Keep your eyes open, keep your eyes open(attentive person).
7. scratch your tongue(talk, gossip) - swallow tongue(to be silent).
8. Mind Chamber(clever man) - Without a king in my head, live in someone else's mind(stupid or reckless person).

Phraseologisms examples with explanation:

1. american uncle- a person who very unexpectedly helps out of a financially difficult situation.
2. Fight like a fish on ice- do unnecessary, useless actions that do not lead to any result.
3. Beat the thumbs- idle.
4. Throw down the gauntlet- to enter into an argument with someone, to challenge.

phraseological units they call stable combinations of words, turns of speech such as: “beat the buckets”, “hang your nose”, “ask a brainwasher” ... The turn of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not add up from the meanings of its constituent words. It works only as a whole, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms- these are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.

When phraseological units are formed, some components acquire the status of optional (optional): “The components of a phraseological unit that can be omitted in some cases of its use are called optional components of a phraseological unit, and the phenomenon itself, as a feature of the phraseological unit form, is called optional components of a phraseological unit.

The first component of the turnover may be optional, facultative, i.e. expression will sound without it.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their permutations, for which they are also called set phrases.

Through thick and thin can't pronounce no matter what happens to me or no matter what, A take care of the pupil of the eye instead of cherish like the apple of an eye.

There are of course exceptions: puzzle over or break your head, surprise And take someone by surprise but such cases are rare.

Many phraseological units are easily replaced by one word:

headlong- fast,

at hand- close.

most main feature phraseological units - their figurative and figurative meaning.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams- from the speech of the tailor acquired a wider meaning - to decline.

Confound- from the speech of railway workers it passed into common use in the sense of confusing.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

Buckwheat beat- mess around
henbane overeat- get mad (applied to people who do stupid things
After the rain on Thursday- never
Anika warrior- braggart, brave only in words, away from danger
Ask a brainwash (bath)- lather the neck, head - strongly scold
White crow- a person who stands out environment one quality or another
Biryuk live- to be sullen, not to communicate with anyone
Throw down the gauntlet- challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws gloves)
Wolf in sheep's clothing- evil people pretending to be kind, who hide under the guise of meekness
Soar in the clouds- blissfully dream, fantasize about what
The soul has gone to the heels- a person who is afraid, frightened
Don't feel sorry for your belly- sacrifice life
Nick down- remember firmly
Make an elephant out of a fly- turn a small fact into a whole event
On a silver platter- get what you want with honor, without much effort
At the edge of the earth- somewhere very far away
On the seventh sky- to be in complete ecstasy, in a state of supreme bliss
Nothing is visible- so dark that you can not see the paths, paths
Throw headlong- act recklessly, with desperate determination
Eat a pood of salt- get to know each other well
Good riddance- go away, we can do without you
Build castles in the air- to dream about the unrealizable, to indulge in fantasies. Think, think about what cannot be realized in reality, get carried away by illusory assumptions, hopes
Roll up your sleeves- work hard, with diligence.

See “PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN PICTURES. Meanings of phraseological units "

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Phraseological units about school

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Live and learn.
A scientist without work is like a cloud without rain.
Learn from a young age - you will not die of starvation in old age.
What I learned, that's what came in handy.
Hard in teaching - easy in battle.
Teach the mind.
Go through the school of life.
Hit in the head.
Bang your head on the ice.
To teach a fool that the dead can be cured.

Phraseological units from ancient Greek mythology

There are native Russian phraseological units, but there are also borrowed ones, including phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient times. Greek mythology.

Tantalum flour- unbearable torment from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. (An analogue of the Russian proverb: “The elbow is close, but you won’t bite”). Tantalus is a hero, the son of Zeus and Pluto, who reigned in the region of Mount Sipila in southern Phrygia (Asia Minor) and was famous for his wealth. According to Homer, for his crimes, Tantalus was punished in the underworld with eternal torment: standing up to his neck in water, he cannot drink, as the water immediately recedes from his lips; branches weighed down with fruits hang from the trees around it, which rise up as soon as Tantalus stretches out his hand to them.

Augean stables- a heavily littered, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying in disarray. Phraseologism comes from the name of the huge stables of the king of Elis Avgeas, not cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules - the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, directing the waters of two turbulent rivers through them.

Sisyphean labor- useless, endless hard work, fruitless work. The expression came from the ancient Greek legend of Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who was able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death, sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades: he had to roll a heavy stone up the mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all work had to be started anew.

sing praises- to praise someone or something with great enthusiasm; to praise someone or something. It arose from the name of dithyrambs - laudatory songs in honor of the god of wine and the vine Dionysus, which were sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Golden Rain- large sums of money. The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of a golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was later born. Danae, showered with a rain of golden coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, and others. Titian. Danae.

Throw thunder and lightning- scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing someone or threatening him. It arose from ideas about Zeus, the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people who were objectionable to him with the help of thunderbolts, terrifying in their power, forged by Hephaestus.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread- that helps to find a way out of a predicament. Named after Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull-half-human Minotaur, safely get out of the underground labyrinth with a ball of thread.

Achilles' heel- a weak point, a weak point of something. In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; He is sung in Homer's Iliad. The post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that the mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him into the sacred river Styx; dipping, she held him by the heel, which the water did not touch, so the heel remained the only vulnerable spot of Achilles, where he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Gifts of the Danaans (Trojan horse)- insidious gifts that bring death to those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to a trick: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to swim away from the coast of the Troad. The priest Laocoön, who knew about the tricks of the Danaans, saw this horse and exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, who hid inside the horse, went out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who returned on ships, and thus captured Troy.

Between Scylla and Charybdis- to be between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides. According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, which swallowed sailors. “Scylla, ... incessantly barking, With a piercing screech, like a young puppy’s screech, The whole neighborhood of monsters announces ... Past her, not a single sailor could pass unscathed With an easy ship: all toothy mouths gaping, At once she is six people from the ship kidnaps... Close up you will see another rock... Terribly the whole sea under that rock disturbs Charybdis, Three times a day absorbing and three times a day spewing Black moisture. Do not dare to approach when it absorbs: Poseidon himself will not deliver from certain death then ... "

Promethean fire sacred fire, burning in the human soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, social work. Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from heaven and taught people how to use it, which undermined faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; the daily flying eagle tormented the liver of the chained titan.

Apple of discord- the subject, the cause of the dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (II century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple between the guests at the wedding feast with the inscription: "To the most beautiful." Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should get the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

Sink into oblivion- to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace and forever. From the name of Leta - the river of oblivion in the underground kingdom of Hades, the souls of the dead drank water from it and forgot their entire past life.

Phraseologisms with the word "WATER"

Storm in a teacup- big commotion for a small reason
It is written with a pitchfork on the water- it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”
Do not spill water- great friends, about strong friendship
Carry water in a sieve- wasting time, doing useless business Analogously: crushing water in a mortar
Got water in my mouth- silent and unwilling to answer
Carry water (on smb.)- burden with hard work, taking advantage of his complaisant nature
Bring to clean water- expose dark deeds, convict of lies
Come out dry from water- go unpunished, without bad consequences
Money is like water- refers to the ease with which they are spent
Blow on the water, getting burned in milk- be overly cautious, remembering past mistakes
How to look into the water- as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events
How to sink into the water- disappeared without a trace
Down in the mouth- sad, sad
Like water through your fingers- one who easily escapes persecution
As two drops of water- very similar, indistinguishable
As you do not know the ford, then do not go into the water- a warning not to take hasty action
Like a fish in water- feel confident, very well oriented, good at something,
Like water off a duck's back- nothing to man
Much water has flown under the bridge since that time- a lot of time has passed
Carry water in a sieve- wasting time
Seventh water on jelly- very distant relationship
Hide the ends in the water- hide the traces of the crime
Quieter than water, lower than grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously
Pound water in a mortar- do something useless.

Phraseologisms with the word "NOS"

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning in any way. The nose is the organ of smell, however, in stable phrases, the nose is associated primarily with the idea of ​​something small, short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Gingerbread Man to get within her reach, to get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always mean the organ of smell. It also has other meanings.

grumble under your breath- grumbling, grumbling, muttering indistinctly.
lead by the nose- this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading it by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through the ring located in the camel's nose. Here you already want it, you don’t want it - but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their temper more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill the promise, then they also say about him that he "leads by the nose."
Turn up one's nose- unjustifiably proud of something, boast.
Nick down- To chop on the nose means: to remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Useless fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a commemorative plaque, a tag for records. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such boards with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches, cuts. These tags were called noses.
nod off- fall asleep.
Curious Barbara got her nose torn off at the market Don't meddle in your own business.
On the nose- so they say about something that is about to come.
Can't see beyond your own nose- ignore the surroundings.
Don't poke your nose into other people's business- in this way they want to show that a person is too, inappropriately curious, interferes in what he should not.
Nose to nose On the contrary, close.
Keep your nose to the wind- in the glorious times of the sailing fleet, movement by sea completely depended on the direction of the wind, on the weather. Calm, calm - and the sails nick, more like a rag. A contrary wind is blowing in the bow of the ship - you no longer have to think about sailing, but already about throwing all the anchors, that is, “anchoring” and removing all the sails so that the air current does not throw the ship ashore. In order to go to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The sailors' vocabulary associated with this received figurativeness and entered our literary language. Now "to keep your nose to the wind" - in a figurative sense, means to adapt to any circumstances. "Anchor", "Anchor", - stop in motion, settle down somewhere; "Sit by the sea and wait for the weather"- inactive expectation of change; "On full sail"- move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; Wish "fair wind" to someone - means a wish for him good luck.
Nose hang or Nose hang- if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him, they say that he seemed to “hang his nose”, and they can also add: “a fifth”. Quinta, translated from Latin, it means: "fifth". Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, so call the violin's first string in terms of tonality (the highest). While playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression "hang your nose on the fifth", improved in the circle of musicians, has entered the literature.
Stay with your nose- without what he hoped for.
Right under your nose- close.
show nose- to tease someone thumb to the nose and waving the rest.
With a goofy nose- very little (a bun is a dove, the dove's beak is small).
Poke your nose into other people's business- take an interest in other people's affairs.
Get away with your nose- the roots of the expression "go away with the nose" are lost in the distant past. In ancient times, bribery was very common in Rus'. Neither in institutions nor in court could a positive decision be achieved without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word "bribe". They were politely called "bringing" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the "nose", then one could be sure that the case would be favorably resolved. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or if the offering from the opposite side had already been accepted), the petitioner left with his “nose” on his way. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “go away with a nose” have come to mean “to fail, to fail, to lose, to stumble, having achieved nothing.
Wipe your nose- if you managed to surpass someone, then they say that they wiped his nose.
bury your nose- immerse yourself completely in some activity.
Full, drunk and nose in tobacco- means a satisfied and contented person.

Phraseologisms with the word "MOUTH, LIPS"

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions in one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

You won't take it in your mouth- they say if the food is cooked tasteless.
Lip no fool- they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.
Shut someone's mouth It means not letting him talk.
Porridge in the mouth- the person speaks indistinctly.
There was no poppy dew in the mouth- it means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.
Wet behind the ears- they say if they want to show that someone else is young and inexperienced.
Take water in your mouth is to shut up.
pout lips- be offended.
open mouth- to freeze in amazement before something that struck the imagination.
Hassle full mouth- they say, if there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.
wide open mouth is a sign of surprise.

Phraseological units with the word "HAND"

be at hand- to be available, to be in close proximity
Warm your hands- take advantage of position
Keep in hand- do not give free rein, keep in strict obedience
How it was removed by hand- disappeared quickly
Wear on your hands- to give special location, attention, appreciate, indulge
Without stopping ru k - work hard
Get under your arm- randomly appear nearby
Get a hot hand- get in a bad mood
The hand doesn't go up- it is not possible to perform an action due to an internal prohibition
Hand in hand- holding hands, together, together
hand washes hand- people who have common interests protect each other
Hands don't reach- there is no time or energy to do something
Itchy hands- a strong desire to do something
At hand- very close, very near
Grab with both hands- happy to accept a proposal
Rake heat with the wrong hands- to enjoy the fruits of someone else's work
Skillful fingers- about someone who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any work

Phraseologisms with the word "HEAD"

wind in my head- unreliable person.
Flew out of my head- forgot.
Head is spinning- too much to do, responsibilities, information.
Giving head to cut off- promise.
Like snow on your head- suddenly.
fool your head- to deceive, to lead away from the essence of the matter.
Don't take off your head- be responsible for your actions.
View from head to toe- of everything, carefully, attentively.
Headlong- risky.
Don't pat on the head- they scold.
From a sick head to a healthy one- to put the blame on someone else.
Upside down- vice versa.
Break your head over the task- think hard.
Breaking my head- very fast.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units, one way or another connected with hearing. Harsh words act primarily on the ears. In many stable expressions, the word ears means rather than the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Be careful- a person tensely waits for danger. Vostry is the old form of the word acute.
prick up your ears- listen carefully. The dog's ears are pointed and the dog's ears stick up when listening. This is where phraseology came from.
Can't see your ears- they say about a person who will never get what he wants.
Dive deep into something- they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in any occupation. You can also be deeply in debt - if there are a lot of debts.
Blushed to the ears- they say when a person is very embarrassed.
hang your ears- so they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.
Listen with all ears means to listen carefully.
Listen with half an ear or listen with the corner of your ear- listen without much attention.
Ears wither- it is disgusting to listen to something extremely.
Ears cuts- they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseologisms with the word "TOOTH"

With the word tooth in the Russian language, there are a fairly large number of set expressions. Among them, a group of phraseological units is noticeable, in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, a threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable states of a person.

be in the teeth- to impose, to bother.
Armed to the teeth- they say about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.
speak teeth- divert attention.
tooth for tooth- quarreling (a tendency to swear), unyielding, "as it comes around, it will respond."
Tooth not touching- they say if someone is cold from a strong cold or from trembling, excitement, fear.
Give a tooth- to ridicule, to ridicule someone.
Tooth eat- push, push.
Bare teeth- laugh.
eat teeth- gain experience.
scratching teeth- talk nonsense, nonsense.
Try it on the tooth- learn, try directly.
Something too tough for anyone- it is difficult to bite off, beyond the power, beyond the abilities.
Nothing to put on the tooth- they say when there is nothing to eat.
Not in the tooth with a foot- absolutely nothing (not to know, not to understand, etc.).
look someone in the mouth- learn everything about the person.
Raise by the teeth- laugh.
Show teeth- means to demonstrate one's evil nature, the desire to be at enmity, to threaten someone.
Put your teeth on the shelf- to starve when there is no food left in the house.
speak through teeth- barely open his mouth, reluctantly.
Grit your teeth- do not lose heart, do not despair, start the fight.
Sharpen or have a grudge against someone- To be mean, to do harm.

Phraseologisms with the word "CHEST, BACK"

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Stand up or stand with your chest for someone- rise to the defense, steadfastly defend.
Riding on someone's back- achieve your goals by using someone in your interests.
Bend your back- work, or bow.
Hunch your back- work.
Ride on whose back- to use someone for any of their purposes.
Behind someone (to do something)- so that he did not see, did not know, secretly from someone.
Put your hands behind your back- cross them at the back.
On one's own back (experience, learn something)- from my own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, hardships that I myself had to endure.
Knife in the back or stab in the back- traitorous, treacherous act, blow.
turn your back- leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with someone.
Pave the way with your chest- to achieve a good position in life, achieves everything by hard work, overcomes all the difficulties that have fallen to him.
Skulk- shift your duties or responsibilities to someone else.
Work without bending your back- diligently, diligently, a lot and hard. They can praise an approximately working person.
Straighten your back- gain self-confidence, cheer up.
Show back- leave, run away.
Stand behind someone- secretly, covertly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word "LANGUAGE"

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with him that the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of ​​speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

Run with your tongue out- very fast.
Keep your mouth shut- be silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.
Long tongue- they say, if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.
How a cow licked her tongue- about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.
Find a common language- reach mutual understanding.
step on the tongue- make them fall silent.
Hang your tongue on your shoulder- very tired.
Get on the tongue- to become the subject of gossip.
bite your tongue- shut up, refrain from speaking.
untie tongue- encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.
Dissolve language- without restraining oneself, losing control over oneself, blurting out, saying too much.
Pip on your tongue- an angry wish to an evil talker.
pull tongue- to say something not entirely appropriate to the situation.
shorten tongue- to make someone shut up, not to let them speak insolence, superfluous.
Scratch your tongue (scratch your tongue)- talk in vain, engage in chatter, idle talk.
scratch tongues- to gossip, to slander.
The devil pulled the tongue- an unnecessary word breaks off the tongue.
Tongue without bones- they say if a person is talkative.
Tongue is braided- you can't say anything clearly.
Tongue stuck to throat- suddenly shut up, stop talking.
Tongue swallow- shut up, stop talking (about the unwillingness of someone to speak).
The tongue is well suspended- they say about a person who speaks freely, fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word "LITTLE"

Almost- about, almost
Small spool but precious- value is not determined by size
Small small less- one is smaller than the other (about children)
Small bird, but the nail is sharp- insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for his qualities
small dog to old age puppy- a person of small stature always seems younger than his years, does not make a solid impression
You never know what– 1. anything, anything 2. not essential, not important 3. excitement, what if…
little by little- slowly, little by little
low speed- slowly
From small to large– all ages
Little by little (drink)- a little, a small portion
play little by little- make a small bet (in games)
From an early age- since childhood
The smallest- a small part of something.

The correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech a special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN PICTURES

See if phraseological units are illustrated correctly, and tell me how do you understand their meaning?

Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological turns:

You will not find friendlier than these two guys in the world.
They are usually referred to as water...

We walked the town literally along and …
And we were so tired on the road that we barely ...

Your friend asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, you will give this to a friend ...

They are out of tune, they confuse words, someone sings in the forest, ...
The kids won't listen to them.
From this song, ears ...