Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis: what shows how to take it correctly, the norm and pathology. Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis: types, essence and features of the conduct Bacteriological examination of feces for dysbacteriosis decoding

26.02.2018

This is such a pathology that everyone has experienced, at least once, from infants to adults. To identify intestinal pathology, doctors advise taking a stool test for dysbacteriosis, they will tell you how to do it right and which tests to take.

Dysbacteriosis (bacteriosis) is an imbalance of microorganisms in the intestine. With age, the composition of food and intestinal microflora changes, so the norms for the content of bacteria in it, in children and adults, are different. And this is not a disease, but the result of another disease.

There are two types of dysbiosis:

1. Bacterial- through pathogenic bacteria;
2. Infectious- with the penetration of infection from the outside.

Bacterial:

• Chronic disease of the digestive system;
• Inflammation of the small and large intestine at the same time;
• Antibiotics have been taken for a long time.

Infectious - intestinal infections occur mainly when:

• Violation of sanitary and hygienic standards;
• Improper food preparation.

What is dysbiosis?

Dysbiosis is an imbalance in all existing species microflora of the human body, and dysbacteriosis is a violation of the balance of only the bacterial composition of the microflora. The causes of dysbiosis are constant stress, irregular nutrition, uncontrolled use of antimicrobials in the treatment of all kinds of infections. Signs of dysbiosis are found in inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, vagina, and oral mucosa. They are combined with itching, diarrhea, constipation, boils, purulent infections appear.

Signs of dysbacteriosis

A fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis is given if the following symptoms are present:

• Allergy on the skin;
• Bloating and pain all over the abdomen;
• Long absence of stool or vice versa diarrhea;
• Rejection of certain foods;
• peeling of the skin;
• Brittle nails and brittle hair;
• poor appetite;
• Bad breath.

Rules for passing the analysis

Before you pass, you need to prepare for the analysis:

Sample storage requirements

1 hour after the analysis is taken, the death of microorganisms begins, so the sample should be delivered to the laboratory in half an hour, the deadline is 2 hours. If the time does not fit, you can store in the refrigerator for up to 4 hours. Sample collection must not be frozen.

What should be the diet before testing?

Three days before the test, you should not use:

• Alcohol;
• Meat and fish products;
• Spicy and fried foods;
• Beets and cabbage;
• Dairy products.

Ways

There are three ways to analyze for dysbacteriosis:

1. Coprogram;
2. Bacteriological;
3. Biochemical.

Will the coprogram show dysbacteriosis

Coprogram is a microbiological analysis of the intestinal microflora, used after long-term use of antibiotics that are not associated with diseases gastrointestinal tract. And it reveals pathology by the appearance of feces and determines the presence of:

• Fragments of undigested food;
• starch;
• Helminths and their eggs;
• Fat;
• Blood and mucus.

Bacterioscopic examination is the first stage of microbiological analysis. The thick part of the feces is 30% composed of microorganisms. At the same time, the intestinal flora is not microscopically isolated using stained preparations. It is bacterioscopically possible to isolate iodophilic flora and tubercle bacillus.

Bacteriological examination - how much and how is done

If the coprogram shows an imbalance, then the doctor prescribes a more accurate study. Bacteriological seeding of feces in a nutrient medium is performed. In some cases, an analysis is made for bacteriosis of the oral cavity. A scraping is taken from the mucous membrane of the mouth, then a tank is carried out. sowing. After 5-7 days, when the bacteria multiply, they are recalculated. According to the results of bacteriological examination of feces, the specialist gives a conclusion. When other organs are involved in the pathological process, in addition to the intestine, a detailed analysis of blood and urine is performed.

Biochemical way

Fecal biochemistry - this type of analysis gives a result after 1 hour. The advantage of this method:

1. Relative speed;
2. Increasing the time of delivery of samples to the laboratory up to a day;
3. You can freeze the sample in the refrigerator;
4. Accuracy of received data.

To get the correct result for biochemical analysis necessary:

• 2 weeks before collection, stop taking antibiotics;
• Women - until the end of menstruation, do not take tests;
• Samples are taken from different parts of the stool.

Biochemical research can be carried out in parallel with the coprogram

If these methods cannot confirm the final diagnosis, then a thorough examination is performed, where the true cause of the pathology will be clarified.

Deciphering the analysis of feces

The intestines contain a large number of bacteria and microorganisms. It is necessary to decipher the analyzes to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microflora. Among them are:

• Conditionally pathogenic (OPB)- enterococci, staphylococci, clostridia, candida;
• Pathogenic- salmonella, shingella.

The normal microbial landscape, which determines the optimal proportions, is as follows:

• Bifidobacteria - 10 to 8 - 10 to 10 degrees;
• Lactobacilli and Escherichia - 10 in 6 - 10 in 9;
• Streptococci - 10 in 5 - 10 in 7;
• Non-homolytic staphylococci - 10 in 4 - 10 in 5;
• - 10 in 3 - 10 in 5;
• Conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria - 10 in 3 - 10 in 4;
• Hemolytic staphylococci - 10 in 3.

In children under one year of age while breastfeeding:

• Bifidobacteria - 10 to 10 - 10 to 11 degrees;
• Lactobacilli norm - 10 to 6 - 10 to 7 degrees;
• Clostridia - 10 to 2 - 10 to 3 degrees.

All these indicators are indicated in CFU / g - colony forming units in 1 gram of the sample.

At birth, the child does not have any microorganisms, and only at the age of two is the content of the intestinal microflora considered formed. He gradually receives all microorganisms along with mother's milk. If antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus are not found in a woman in labor, then in the maternity hospital the child can get dysbacteriosis.

If the results of the analyzes do not correspond to the above parameters, i.e. lowered, we can assume the occurrence of dysbacteriosis.

Intestinal microflora

Clostridia in analysis

The intestinal microflora consists of many types of microorganisms, one of them is. They are dispersed in the large intestine. They are classified as conditionally pathogenic. Under normal conditions, they do not harm the body. If the number of clostridia is increased, they will cause damage to the body, poisoning it. The reason for the increase may be the consumption of a large amount of protein foods (meat, fish, legumes, nuts, etc.). Clostridia also live and multiply in the soil, so you must keep your hands and products clean.

Pathology can lead to botulism, tetanus, which can be fatal.

What is Enterococcus?

This type of bacteria contributes to:

• Digestion of carbohydrates;
• Compound of vitamins;
• Build immunity in the gut.

If the number of enterococci in the feces is greater than the number of Escherichia coli, then this can lead to pathologies.

Why is the number of enterococci increasing:

• Due to helminths;
• No immunity:
• Allergy to any food product;
• Poor quality food;
• Reducing the number of E. coli.

Bacteroids are reduced - what does it mean?

Bacteroids are actively involved in the digestion of fats. They are born in the intestines of the baby from the eighth month. The number of bacteroids is below normal due to:

• antibiotic treatment;
• Intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonella, viral infections).

Enterobacteria

They live mainly on the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines, are called anaerobic, that is, they do without oxygen. The pathogenic component is acquired by infection from a person or animal, the use of low-quality eggs, milk and meat.

The number of these bacteria is about 4% of all intestinal bacteria, they are few, but they take part:

If the number of lactobacilli is reduced, then:

1. Antibiotics, laxatives, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used;
2. Nutrition was wrong, fasting or artificial feeding (for babies) was used;
3. There were intestinal infections;
4. There were chronic pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract;
5. There was a stressful situation.

Bifidobacteria for the intestines

Bifidobacteria live mainly in the large intestine. There are 24 strains of these bacteria, that is, pure, homogeneous offspring. Bifidobacteria:

• They produce organic acids (lactic, acetic, etc.);
• Maintain normal pH;
• Protect against pathogenic flora;
• Accelerate protein hydrolysis, dissolution of fiber;
• Strengthen intestinal peristalsis;
• Helps the absorption of B vitamins, vitamin K and D;
• Accelerate the work of the lymphatic system and the production of immunoglobulins, as a result, strengthen the immune system.

With a decrease in the number of bifidobacteria, diarrhea, constipation, allergic reactions, deterioration of immunity.

Escherichia coli

The bacterium of the species E coli (E. Coli) is found in the intestines of humans and animals. They are not pathogenic and help the process of digestion, the production of vitamins. Their main role is to block the passage of pathogenic bacteria. If there is no pathology, then the normal amount of this E. coli is - 10 6 degrees CFU / g.

lactic acid bacteria

The backbone of normal intestinal microflora includes lactic acid bacteria. They are considered anaerobic, that is, oxygen is contraindicated for them. All lactic acid bacteria process carbohydrates into lactic, acetic acids, protect the liver from toxic substances. They also improve intestinal motility, produce vitamins and trace elements.

Video: Examination of feces for dysbacteriosis

What to do if symptoms of dysbacteriosis appear?

To save time, there is a service on the Internet - a question to the doctor online, you can even sign up for a consultation with a specialist. The doctor may recommend various medications and herbal preparations.

Herbal collection for dysbacteriosis

The therapeutic effect of herbs is due to the fact that they contain the necessary nutritional enzymes for the intestinal microflora. The collection is prepared from:

• Mint leaves - 1 part;
• Valerian root - 2 parts;
• Chamomile flowers - 2 parts;
• Raspberries - 2 parts.

Add a tablespoon of the collection to a glass of boiling water, leave for 10 hours and consume. This amount is enough for up to 3 times. Children take one teaspoon at a time. Course 1 month.

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is usually prescribed as part of the diagnosis of intestinal pathology.

Dysbacteriosis (dysbiosis) of the intestine is a syndrome characterized by a change in the microbial composition of the colon. Laboratory diagnostics dysbacteriosis begins with a bacteriological analysis of feces. As a rule, the attending physician, writing out a referral for a study, tells not only where to take tests, but also how to properly prepare. Compliance with the rules of preparation and collection technique largely affects the reliability of the result of the study of intestinal microflora.

For the purpose of qualitative and quantitative determination of pathogenic forms of microorganisms in 1 g of feces, a tank analysis is used - sowing feces on nutrient media.

When is a stool test for dysbacteriosis indicated?

Suspicion of an imbalance in the microbial flora can be caused by signs of ill health that appear for a long time and are not explained by other reasons.

General symptoms:

• loss of appetite;
• general malaise;
• decreased immunity;
• violation of normal weight gain in children.

Local symptoms:

• stool disorders, pain during defecation;
• flatulence, bloating, rumbling;
• cramping pain in the abdomen;
• nausea, belching, bad taste in the mouth.

Stool disorders are determined by the localization of dysbiotic changes: enteric diarrhea is a sign of dysbacteriosis in small intestine. Due to impaired absorption of nutrients, the volume of feces is increased, feces are fetid, foamy. Violation of the colitis-type stool indicates dysbiosis with localization in the large intestine. The volume of bowel movements in this case is often meager, with an admixture of mucus, streaks of blood.

Violation of absorption in the intestines of essential nutrients for a long time can cause hypovitaminosis, protein-energy deficiency, ionic imbalance, calcium deficiency and has the following manifestations:

• mood swings, irritability, cognitive decline;
• dryness and pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
• skin itching;
• dullness and fragility of hair, delamination of nails;
• decreased mineralization of bone tissue;
• angular stomatitis.

Preparation for the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

One week before the study, antibiotics and other drugs are canceled. medicines that affect the microbial flora, as well as the parameters of feces. The stool intended for testing should be formed naturally; enemas, laxatives or rectal suppositories should not be used.

An analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis can only reveal its presence; an additional examination is necessary to determine the causes.

It is forbidden to collect material for research earlier than two days after X-ray contrast examination of the digestive tract. On the eve of the fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis, it is necessary to exclude from the diet products that contribute to the staining of feces, excessive gas formation, diarrhea or constipation.

Urine or vaginal secretions should not be allowed to enter the test material, so empty before collecting faeces. bladder, then wash with soap and water without foaming additives or fragrances.

In advance, you need to take care of the container from which the feces will be collected. It can be a dry and clean vessel, if this is not the case, you can fix a plastic film on the surface of the toilet bowl. Immediately after defecation, feces from different areas must be collected in a sterile plastic container using a special spatula built into the lid. About 10 ml of biomaterial will be needed to analyze for dysbacteriosis. Feces are delivered to the laboratory within three hours from the moment the analysis is collected. It is allowed to store the material in a refrigerator at a temperature of +3 to +7 °C for six hours; with longer storage, the reliability of the results is considered to be reduced.

During the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis, the concentration and ratio of normal, conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms are determined.

Normal intestinal microflora and its functions in the body

Microbial flora is essential for the life of the organism. In the intestines healthy person Normally contains 400-500 strains of different microorganisms. They ensure normal digestion, participate in the synthesis and absorption of vitamins, inhibit the activity of pathogenic microbes.

Sometimes an express method for diagnosing dysbacteriosis is used, the results of which can be obtained in an hour, however, with such a test, the content of only bifidobacteria and its own protein in the feces is assessed.

The normal intestinal microflora performs the following functions:

• participation in the development of local immunity, the implementation of the synthesis of antibodies that suppress foreign microflora;
• increase in the acidity of the medium (decrease in pH);
• protection (cytoprotection) of the epithelium, increasing its resistance to carcinogenic and pathogenic factors;
• the capture of viruses, preventing the colonization of the body by foreign microorganisms;
• bacterial enzymes break down food substances, and various compounds are formed (amines, phenols, organic acids, and others). Under the influence of enzymes, the transformation of bile acids also occurs;
• participation in the final decomposition of undigested food residues;
• providing the body with nutrients, the synthesis of low molecular weight fatty acids, which are a source of energy for intestinal cells;
• formation of gas composition, regulation of peristalsis, strengthening of absorption processes in the intestine;
• synthesis of B vitamins, nicotinic, folic and pantothenic acids, vitamin K, ensuring the absorption of calcium, magnesium, iron;
• participation in the mechanisms of regulation of reparative processes during the renewal of intestinal epithelial cells;
• synthesis of a number of amino acids and proteins, metabolism of fats, proteins, carbons, bile and fatty acids, cholesterol;
• disposal of excess food, the formation of feces.

In a healthy person, a dynamic balance is maintained in the intestine between the host organism, the microorganisms inhabiting it, and environment. Violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora causes dysbacteriosis.

Usually, dysbacteriosis is a consequence or complication of intestinal pathology or irrational antibiotic therapy.

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

For the purpose of qualitative and quantitative determination of pathogenic forms of microorganisms in 1 g of feces, a tank analysis is used - sowing feces on nutrient media. Bacteriological culture is used to diagnose intestinal infections and bacterial carriage. The material for bakposev is placed in a sterile container with a preservative, then a pure culture of the microorganism is isolated, its properties are studied and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) is counted.

How much is a fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis done? As a rule, the waiting time for the result is from two days to a week. Sometimes an express method for diagnosing dysbacteriosis is used, the results of which can be obtained in an hour, however, with such a test, the content of only bifidobacteria and its own protein in the feces is assessed.

Deciphering the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis is carried out by the attending physician, taking into account the history and clinical manifestations diseases.

Normal performance

The norms for newborns are significantly different, since the children's intestines are not yet fully populated with microorganisms. With the transition to artificial feeding, many parents are faced with the problem of dysbacteriosis in children, since in infants the balance of microorganisms often helps to maintain the mother's microflora.

On the eve of the test, it is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that contribute to the staining of feces, excessive formation of gases, the occurrence of diarrhea or constipation.

Deciphering the analysis: dysbacteriosis, its stages and types

Intestinal dysbacteriosis is divided into several phases depending on changes in the intestinal microflora and the severity of the clinical picture:

1. Latent phase (compensated dysbacteriosis)- the predominance of anaerobic microorganisms, the number of apathogenic microbes is slightly reduced, conditionally pathogenic flora begins to multiply. There are no clinical manifestations, violations are detected in a laboratory study of feces for a different reason.
2. Starting phase (subcompensated dysbacteriosis)- the number of bifido- and lactobacilli decreases, the normoflora is suppressed with the development of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Clinical manifestations are moderate and are corrected by the basic treatment regimen.
3. Aggressive microbial association (common dysbacteriosis)- the predominance of aerobic microflora, Escherichia coli undergo structural and functional changes. Hemolytic cocci, Proteus and other pathogenic flora appear. Expressed clinical picture disorders of the digestive process, the appearance of an inflammatory process in the intestine.
4. Associated dysbacteriosis (decompensated dysbacteriosis)- there are no bifidobacteria in the intestinal microflora, the number of lactobacilli is significantly reduced, Escherichia coli are practically not detected. Replacement of normal microflora with pathogenic strains of microorganisms is accompanied by severe local symptoms, severe disorder general condition with the development of intoxication or sepsis, foci inflammatory processes located in different internal organs.

Suspicion of an imbalance in the microbial flora can be caused by signs of ill health that appear for a long time and are not explained by other reasons.

By type of pathogen, intestinal dysbacteriosis is divided into the following groups:

• staphylococcal;
• bacteroid;
• candidomycosis (fungi from the genus Candida);
• protein;
• clostridious;
• klebsiella;
• associated (Protein-enterococcal, etc.).

Causes of dysbacteriosis

An analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis can only reveal its presence; an additional examination is necessary to determine the causes. Usually, dysbacteriosis is a consequence or complication of intestinal pathology or irrational antibiotic therapy. In addition, the composition of the microflora in the intestine can change under the influence of the following factors:

• endocrine disorders, especially diabetes mellitus;
• immune disorders;
• irrational use of antimicrobial agents, steroid hormones;
• radiation therapy;
• nervous disorders, stress;
• alcohol abuse.

Treatment of dysbacteriosis

Treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults is aimed at eliminating the root cause of the disorder, removing acute symptoms diseases, normalization of the microflora of the colon and elimination of excessive bacterial contamination of the small intestine, improvement of intestinal digestion and absorption, strengthening of the protective functions of beneficial bifidus and lactobacilli, restoration of impaired intestinal motility.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis - a study of the human intestinal microflora.

What does the analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis show?

The analysis evaluates the concentration and ratio of "useful" (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, E. coli), opportunistic (enterobacteria, staphylococci, clostridia, fungi) and pathogenic (shigella, salmonella) microorganisms. Due to various reasons, "beneficial" bacteria may disappear from the intestinal microflora and fungi of the genus Candida, staphylococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa may appear.

In what cases is a stool test prescribed for dysbacteriosis?

• unstable stool (constipation, diarrhea);
• pain and discomfort in the abdomen, flatulence;
• intolerance to a number of products;
• skin rashes; allergic reactions;
• intestinal infections;
• long-term therapy with hormones and anti-inflammatory drugs;
• determination of the nature of the violation of the normal intestinal biocenosis.

Also, the analysis is prescribed for newborns at risk and adolescents with frequent respiratory infections and allergic reactions.

How to prepare for research?

3-4 days before the study, you need to stop taking laxatives and stop the introduction of rectal suppositories.

Feces obtained after an enema, as well as after an x-ray examination with barium, are unsuitable for analysis. If the patient is taking antibiotics, the analysis is done no earlier than 12 hours after the drug is discontinued.

Feces are collected in a sterile container. Care must be taken to ensure that no urine is included in the analysis.

Approximately 10 ml is required for analysis. feces.

Feces are delivered to the laboratory within 3 hours from the moment the analysis is collected.

It is advisable to store the container with feces in the cold, but do not freeze. On Saturday and Sunday, this analysis is not accepted in the laboratories.

What are normal test results?

Defined bacteria	Norm
Pathogenic microbes of the intestinal family
Typical E. coli (lactose fermenters)	10 7 – 10 8
E. coli lactose-negative	Less than 10 5
E. coli hemolytic	Missing
Microbes of the genus Proteus	Less than 10 2
Other opportunistic enterobacteria	Less than 10 4
Non-fermenting bacteria	10 4
Enterococcus	10 5-8
Hemolytic staphylococci (S.aureus, etc.)	Missing
Staphylococci (saprophytic, epidermal)	10 4
bifidobacteria	10 9-10
lactobacilli	10 7-8
Bacteroids	Less than 10 7
Clostridia	No more than 10 5
yeast mushrooms	Less than 10 3

How are the results of a fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis evaluated?

The interpretation of the results obtained is carried out by a gastroenterologist, taking into account the norms characteristic of age, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations and anamnesis of the disease.

After evaluating and analyzing all the available information and clarifying the diagnosis, the gastroenterologist selects an individual treatment regimen.

Analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis - this study allows you to determine the content of bacteria in the intestine. The human intestine contains a huge number of bacteria that are actively involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis is prescribed for the most part to children, in such cases when there are the following intestinal disorders: diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, flatulence, and also after long-term antibiotic treatment (antibiotics, in addition to fighting infections, also destroy normal gut bacteria). There are three groups of intestinal bacteria - “normal” bacteria (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and escherichia), they are actively involved in the work of the intestine, opportunistic bacteria (enterococci, staphylococci, clostridia, candida) under certain circumstances can turn into pathogenic bacteria and cause various diseases, and pathogenic bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella) which, if they enter the intestines, cause serious infectious diseases of the intestines.

Norms of analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis

	Children under 1 year old	older children	adults
bifidobacteria	10 10 – 10 11	10 9 – 10 10	10 8 – 10 10
lactobacilli	10 6 – 10 7	10 7 – 10 8	10 6 – 10 8
Escherichia	10 6 – 10 7	10 7 – 10 8	10 6 – 10 8
Bacteroids	10 7 – 10 8	10 7 – 10 8	10 7 – 10 8
Peptostreptococci	10 3 – 10 5	10 5 – 10 6	10 5 – 10 6
Enterococci	10 5 – 10 7	10 5 – 10 8	10 5 – 10 8
Saprophytic staphylococci	≤10 4	≤10 4	≤10 4
Pathogenic staphylococci	-	-	-
Clostridia	≤10 3	≤10 5	≤10 5
Candida	≤10 3	≤10 4	≤10 4
Pathogenic enterobacteria	-	-	-

bifidobacteria

Norm of bifidobacteria

About 95% of all bacteria in the gut are bifidobacteria. Bifidobacteria are involved in the production of such vitamins as B 1, B 2, B 3, B 5, B 6, B 12, K. They help the absorption of vitamin D, with the help of special substances produced by them, they fight "bad" batteries, and also participate in strengthening the immune system.

Reasons for the decrease in the number of bifidobacteria

• Fermentopathies (celiac disease, lactase deficiency)
• Immune diseases (immune deficiencies, allergies)
• Change of climatic zones
• Stress

lactobacilli

The norm of lactobacilli

Lactobacilli occupy about 4-6% of the total mass of intestinal bacteria. Lactobacilli are no less useful than bifidobacteria. Their role in the body is as follows: maintaining the pH level in the intestines, producing a large number of substances (lactic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, lactocidin, acidophilus), which are actively used to destroy pathogenic microorganisms, and also produce lactase.

Reasons for the decrease in the number of lactobacilli

• Medical treatment(antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as analgin, aspirin, laxatives)
• Improper nutrition (excess fat or protein or carbohydrates, starvation, improper diet, artificial feeding)
• Intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis, viral infections)
• Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (chronic gastritis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, peptic ulcer stomach or duodenum)
• Stress

Escherichia(E. coli typical)

Escherichia norm

Escherichia appear in the human body from birth and are present in it throughout life. They perform the following role in the body: they participate in the formation of B vitamins and vitamin K, participate in the processing of sugars, produce antibiotic-like substances (colicins) that fight pathogenic organisms, strengthen immunity.

Reasons for the decline in the number of Escherichia

• Helminthiases
• Antibiotic treatment
• Improper nutrition (excess fat or protein or carbohydrates, starvation, improper diet, artificial feeding)
• Intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis, viral infections)

Bacteroids

The norm of bacteroids in feces

Bacteroids are involved in digestion, namely in the processing of fats in the body. In children under 6 months of age, stool tests are not detected, they can be detected starting from the age of 8-9 months.

Causes of an increase in the content of bacteroids

• Fat diet (eating a lot of fat in food)

Reasons for the decrease in the content of bacteroids

• Antibiotic treatment
• Intestinal infections (dysentery, salmonellosis, viral infections)

Peptostreptococci

Normal amount in feces

Normally, peptostreptococci live in the large intestine, with an increase in their number and getting into any other area of ​​\u200b\u200bour body, they cause inflammatory diseases. Participate in the processing of carbohydrates and milk proteins. They produce hydrogen, which is converted into hydrogen peroxide in the intestines and helps control the pH in the intestines.

Reasons for the increase in the content of peptostreptococci

• Eating a lot of carbohydrates
• Intestinal infections
• Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Enterococci

Norm of enterococci

Enterococci are involved in the processing of carbohydrates, in the production of vitamins, and also play a role in creating local immunity (in the intestines). The number of enterococci should not exceed the number of Escherichia coli, if their number increases, they can cause a number of diseases.

Causes of an increase in the content of enterococci

• Decreased immunity, immune diseases
• food allergies

• Helminthiases
• Treatment with antibiotics (in case of resistance of enterococci to the antibiotic used)

• Improper nutrition
• Decreased number of Escherichia coli (Escherichia)

Staphylococci ( saprophytic staphylococci and pathogenic staphylococci )

Norm of saprophytic staphylococci

The norm of pathogenic staphylococci

Staphylococci are divided into pathogenic and non-pathogenic. Pathogenic include: golden, hemolytic and plasma coagulating, golden is the most dangerous. Non-pathogenic staphylococci include non-hemolytic and epidermal.

Staphylococcus does not belong to the normal intestinal microflora, it enters the body from the external environment along with food. Staphylococcus aureus, getting into the gastrointestinal tract, usually causes toxic infections.

Immune functions largely depend on the state of the intestine. The close relationship between health and the state of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract is especially pronounced in children. In many ways, the functions of the intestines depend on the state of its flora, which can be pathogenic and healthy. If a child has unhealthy intestinal symptoms, his examination should begin with a study on dysbacteriosis.

Video - When is an analysis for dysbacteriosis needed?

How to do research, and what does it reveal?

Important! To obtain an objective result, the study is carried out strictly before the start of medication.

Children's feces without urine impurities are used, collected in a sterile container with sterile instruments. It is better to take the analysis in a good laboratory, where, when placing an order, you will be given a container with a screw cap and a spoon. Sample storage depends on the method to be tested.

The state of dysbacteriosis occurs as a result of a weakening of the immune response, irrational therapy, congenital disorders in the function of enzyme production. In some cases, there is a complete disappearance of bacteria belonging to the normal microflora, first of all, this applies to Escherichia coli, bifidus and lactic acid bacteria.

Their place is occupied by fungi of the genus Candida, the number of staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus increases. As a result, they become characteristic clinical symptoms intestinal diseases - diarrhea, anemia (decrease in hemoglobin), steatorrhea (excess fat excretion in feces), weight loss. And with a sharp drop in immunity, the development of a strong intestinal infection up to sepsis is possible.
Thus, timely analysis for dysbacteriosis helps protect the child from serious diseases. It can be done with or without symptoms.

Video - Dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis in children: how to identify violations by analysis?

Normal microflora

Normal microflora in children has the following composition and quantitative range.

Anything outside these ranges indicates intestinal dysbiosis or infectious diseases. In infants with age before and after a year, the microflora differs in composition, it can be assessed for the presence of disorders using the following table.

The composition of the microflora of children's feces, depending on
age and type of feeding (cu/g)

Description of microflora components and clinical disorders

Detection of enteropathogens - infectious infection.

E. coli - E. coli

Increased content e. coli - rarely, it is treated as an opportunistic flora with sensitive antibiotics or corrected due to the balanced composition of the flora when taking Hilak Forte.

E. coli can be found in several forms: typical, lactose-negative, hemolytic, and with reduced enzymatic activity.

If Escherichia coli with reduced enzymatic activity is found. It manifests itself quite often, but does not carry any functional role due to its inferiority.

E. coli with reduced enzymatic activity with indicators above the norm - beginning dysbacteriosis.

Hemolyzing E. coli have been identified. — there are Clinical signs in the form of the production of toxins that affect nervous system especially the intestines. There is a violation of digestion and allergies.

Hemolyzing E. coli were not detected. - the norm.

Lactose-negative enterobacteria have been identified - if 5% (104 - 105) of the barrier of the total number exceeds the barrier, digestive problems, flatulence, heartburn and belching in children can be observed.

Lactobacilli below normal - beginning dysbacteriosis as a result of antibiotic therapy, malnutrition and other factors, impaired digestive function and reduced immunity. Accepted for correction: Canadian yogurt, Enterogermina.

Lactobacilli above normal - as a rule, are not observed and do not require treatment. Enterogermina is taken to correct the condition.

Bifidobacteria below the norm - a significant decrease in the resistance of the child's body to intestinal infections, is observed in newborns born by caesarean section.

Bifidobacteria above the norm - as a rule, are not observed, but do not require treatment.

Enterococci above normal - can lead to infectious damage to the kidneys and reproductive organs. In general, the number of enterococci should be commensurate with the total number of Escherichia coli. Bacteriophages are used for treatment.

Bacteroids are above the norm - eating fatty foods.

Bacteroids are below normal - antibiotic therapy, intestinal infections.

Peptostreptococcus is below normal - is not a pathology, but may indicate an incipient dysbacteriosis.

Peptostreptococcus above normal infection intestines, eating foods high in carbohydrates, chronic diseases organs of the gastrointestinal tract.

Clostridia above the norm - a state of intestinal dysbacteriosis. The reason is the consumption of excessive amounts of protein foods. Preparations are used that balance the normal intestinal microflora in its composition, and a diet with a small amount of protein is established. Symptomatic treatment carried out with the help of Hilak Forte, Enterogermina.

Proteus above the norm - personal hygiene rules are not observed or nosocomial infection occurs.

Klebsiella above normal is a gastroenterological disease that occurs more often as a result of nosocomial infection of a child. Treatment is carried out with bacteriophages.

Pathogenic staphylococci:

The recovery time of the child depends on the state of the microflora before the disease. Severe in infants. A mild course of the disease is observed in babies with normal intestinal microflora. During the disease, there is a change in the leukocyte blood count, stools up to 7-10 times a day, and other signs of intestinal damage.

Non-pathogenic staphylococci:

• non-hemolytic and epidermal - saprophytic microflora, acceptable in a given range;
• fungi of the genus Candida belong to the pathogenic flora, but in small quantities can be detected. With normal intestinal microflora, fungal infection is not observed even with an increase;

  

  Fungi of the genus Candida (represented by oval budding yeast cells, pseudohyphae and septate hyphae)
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• candida is found and above the norm - indicates candidiasis, with a rash on the skin - candidomycosis. With candidiasis in children, the pain is concentrated at the navel, the stomach swells and heaviness is constantly felt. A fungal infection is characterized by a liquid mushy stool with mycotic lumps and films 6 or more times a day. study the link.

Video - Intestinal microflora