Sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic - these are four types of people, four different temperaments. What is behind this definition and how to recognize character by external signs?

What is temperament

Temperament is an unchangeable, innate thing, nothing can be done about it. Temperament determines how a person reacts to circumstances and other people. There are no bad temperaments, there is only bad compatibility. Socionics suggests determining temperament at first sight. Only they do this not according to individual symptoms, but according to their totality.

How to distinguish a sanguine person

They say about sanguine people: good man there must be a lot. Sanguines are characterized by:

• round, ball-shaped body;
• low or average height;
• rounded shapes;
• rounded belly - emphasis in the center of the body;
• wide bones;
• broad muscles;
• clearly defined adipose tissue
• fat can be deposited evenly in all parts of the body;
• the metabolic rate is low - weight gains rapidly, even if you eat small portions;
• the forehead is rounded, without irregularities and protrusions;
• the forehead is smoothly rounded, the transition to the hairline is almost imperceptible;
• cheekbones and chin are not pronounced;
• the nose is potato-like, duck-like, slightly upturned, but never clearly expressed.

How to distinguish a phlegmatic person

Usually this:

• people who resemble heroes;
• reasonable;
• slow;
• You can tell by slow movements;
• calm and confident, like a floating gait;
• square-rectangular, barrel-shaped body;
• angular shapes;
• dense, massive, tightly built figure;
• the muscles are strong, massive, strong;
• round, short or medium thickness and leg and arm length
• there is a tendency to obesity;;
• the nose is straight, large, protruding forward, the tip is pubescent downwards.

How to distinguish a choleric person

Representatives of this type of temperament:

• don't walk, but always rush somewhere
• they can’t sit still;
• they run and jump like crazy;
• choleric people are characterized by fragility of appearance;
• thinness;
• thinness;
• pointed chin;
• cheekbones are strongly or moderately expressed, pointed, protruding;
• a nose with a pronounced shape - birdlike, with a hump, strongly protruding, elongated, pointed, extended forward;
• the tip of the nose is lowered down in relation to the base.

How to distinguish a melancholic person

Melancholic people are called sad romantics, poets, servants of rain, autumn, and bad weather. They are distinguished by:

• refined facial features;
• signs of boundless melancholy in the eyes;
• fragility of appearance;
• thinness;
• thinness;
• thin, flat, weak muscles;
• protruding bones;
• thin, long bones and muscles;
• flat back;
• long, narrow, concave or flat chest;
• costal acute angle;
• wide pelvis and shoulders;
• slim waist;
• the nose is pointed, elongated, protrudes forward, pronounced.

Socionics is a science, but even exact sciences fail. It's best to keep this in mind.

A person’s appearance can reveal certain personality characteristics and preferences! How?

We often hear that you shouldn't judge a book by its cover. But with regard to people, things are somewhat different. A person's appearance can reveal certain personality characteristics and preferences.

All that is required is the ability to interpret them correctly. As in previous cases, the methods described below are not 100% accurate and there is always a possibility of error. Nevertheless…

1. Shoes can reveal a person's personality type.

Let us note right away that we are not talking about the obvious, such as goths or metalheads in black boots, hippies in sandals or hipsters in old curtains wrapped around their feet. According to science, a person's shoes can tell a lot about his relationships with other people.

A study conducted at a couple of colleges revealed certain patterns in how people choose shoes. She, of course, could not talk about political preferences, but she gave away a ton of other personal information, including potential insecurity and dependence in close relationships. Here are just some of the examples described by science:

• Anxious and dependent people prefer to wear new and well-maintained shoes to calm their nerves.
• People who wear practical shoes tend to be relatively pleasant to talk to.
• Calm and collected individuals find pleasure in seemingly uncomfortable shoes.
• And aggressive individuals tend to wear uniform boots with ankle boots.

If, after reading this, you thought that your shoes cannot say anything so personal about you, since when buying you are guided by, say, their price and convenience, then do not forget that your way of thinking is natural for a certain type of personality. And that's the whole point. Regardless of what logic you follow when choosing certain shoes, shoes or boots, you follow exactly the logic that corresponds to your personality type. And the purchase reveals this type to the whole world.

2. People who are pleasant to talk to are more likely to eat sweets.

Imagine a person who is pleasant to talk to. And pay attention Special attention on those qualities that make this person pleasant in the eyes of other people. Most likely he is kind and helpful. Definitely fun. Surely, honest and flexible enough to take blows while you yourself are running away from the wrestler to whom you flashed your ass in a drunken stupor. All this is quite consistent with the image of a pleasant person. And perhaps, if you are feeling sentimental, you will even call it “sweet.”

Sweet. It's quite an ironic word in this context, if you think about it. There's nothing sweet about nice people, unless you suddenly decide to cover them with caramel. And what gave rise to such an association between “sweet” and “pleasant”? Obviously, their daily behavior: it seems that eating sweets can turn a person into an ordinary Good Samaritan.

Let’s be clear right away that we are not talking about how giving a chocolate to a person can lift his mood and thus make him want to do good things (by the way, one study confirmed this fact, although it is quite obvious in itself). Scientists conducted five different studies and found that people with sweets are more pleasant and more likely to do good deeds than those who eat chips while snacking, for example.

And the most surprising thing is that the participants in the experiment knew in advance what the result would be. In a survey conducted before the experiment, they expressed the idea that sweet lovers would be more selfless and kind than salty lovers. The experience only confirmed what people already knew and observed in everyday life, even if it didn’t make any sense.

3. If a woman cradles a baby with her right hand, it means she is depressed

The birth of a child should, in theory, be the happiest moment in the life of any mother, but according to statistics, one woman in ten suffers from postpartum depression. And perhaps this is not surprising, because she really experiences a lot of stress, both physically and psychologically, not to mention the fact that the little toddler constantly yells when she tries to sleep.

So if you happen to have a friend or relative who recently gave birth and you want to know how she is feeling, you can either ask her or look at which hand she is holding the baby with. No kidding.

Find photos of yourself as a child and see what hand your mother uses to cradle you to sleep. Or just imagine yourself holding a baby. Which hand will you use? Most likely the left one. The vast majority of people use their left hand for this, regardless of whether they are left- or right-handed. This is one of those little quirks that are inherent in the human body.

When scientists began to study the topic in more detail, they discovered that it could be a potential way to determine whether a new mother is depressed or not. Stressed and depressed mothers are much more likely to rock their babies with their right hand than healthy, happy mothers: 14% of happy mothers versus 32% of depressed mothers. Although scientists still find it difficult to explain the reason for this.

Last time we already mentioned that people with wide cheekbones are usually less trustworthy. This sounds like an unfair stereotype, but in reality it's just chemistry - the more testosterone, the larger the face. And the amount of testosterone directly determines your personality type.

Also, the classic image of a jock with a can of beer in his hand has already managed to gain a foothold in society: a large, wide-faced guy with an eternal grin and rough facial features. This type of face can be found in many American youth films. He wears his team's jacket, drinks beer, speaks stupid slang, and hits on the girls at school, making you feel like a loser who will take years to realize that you weren't really one. But in certain situations, this cocky-looking guy can actually be quite nice... as long as he thinks you're on the same team.

Such people do what they do not because they are cruel. They just have a strong competitive spirit.

To determine this, the scientists divided male volunteers into groups and asked them to play a team game. At the same time, some were told that their results would be compared with the results of another school, while others played simply for the sake of playing. As a result, guys with classic "bully" faces were more likely to risk their health in order to take first place among the teams... but only when they were told that they were competing against another school. They were willing to show more altruism when they thought it would help them win.

Other studies support this theory. As long as the sense of competition remains, a guy with a bully face will be more productive, cooperative and, moreover, will be willing to sacrifice himself for the sake of the team he considers his own. And by the way, this extends to higher levels of life: from corporate presidents to presidential candidates, these idiotic, crude and broad facial features give their owners a strong desire to win, all because of the amount of testosterone they received in the womb.

If the thought of having so much of a person's destiny determined before they're even born makes you depressed...well, we have worse news for you.

5. People with symmetrical facial features are rich, those with asymmetrical facial features are leaders.

Science often likes to remind us of the superiority of symmetrical faces, but the reality is even worse: people with symmetrical facial features not only look better, but moreover, they are likely to be richer than people with asymmetrical facial features.

On the other hand, the latter have more developed leadership qualities.

Of course, genes have a significant influence in this matter, but they are only at the beginning of the path to the formation of facial symmetry. The conditions of human development play a decisive role. Everything, including cigarette smoke, baby food, socioeconomic status and illness, influence the shape of your face, so the easiest way to achieve symmetrical beauty is to be wealthy parents.

One study found that people with symmetrical facial features tended to live a privileged life as children and thus were more likely to become wealthy themselves.

But let’s say that a person grew up poor and turned into one of the common people with asymmetrical facial features. He doesn't have a trust fund or a perfect smile, so now he can only rely on his personal qualities. Moreover, just because this person is not as attractive as Symmetrical, people are less likely to expect any achievements from him in life.

And coincidentally, this is what makes him a more successful leader.

That’s right, an endless string of small problems and hardships, which, thanks to the angelic appearance and thick wallet, people with symmetrical facial features will never experience, make this person a truly effective leader. Of course, this does not mean that he automatically becomes Winston Churchill. It just means that he has the predestination to become one. Therefore, if you suddenly meet a man with scars on his face in a bar, do not rush to put him at the head of your multinational company.

How to find out something personal about the interlocutor by his appearance

There is a connection between physiology and human character

Who among us, reading about the adventures of Sherlock Holmes, did not envy his ability to figure out all the ins and outs of people, paying attention to the smallest details of their appearance? Of course, life is much more complex than the most sophisticated literary fiction, and even very insightful people are unlikely to be able to achieve the perfection of the great detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle. However, there are some patterns that make it possible to determine character traits or health status based on physiological characteristics person.

1. According to statistics, women with wide hips are less scrupulous in choosing partners

An amazing fact - by the width of a woman's hips you can estimate how likely it is that your first date will end in sex. This is evidenced by the results of a study conducted by researchers at the University of Leeds (UK). Experts studied some aspects of the sexual behavior of female volunteers, including the number sexual partners and the age at which they lost their virginity, and then checked how these scores compared to the physical measurements of their waists, hips and buttocks. It turned out that women with wide hips tend to practice “sex without commitment” more often, while women with narrow hips are more predisposed to long-term relationships and are more careful in choosing partners.

Of course, the objectivity of such a study leaves much to be desired - it is quite possible that the participants simply exaggerated the activity of their sexual lives. However, scientists argue that this phenomenon can be explained by biological factors - women with a wide pelvis often have much less problems with giving birth to children, so nature itself sets them up for procreation.

2. Sex with obese men tends to last longer.

According to data published in the International Journal of Impotence Research, overweight men are less hasty in sex than thin men. Experts from Turkey spent a year studying the sexual life of men of different sizes, and it turned out that for overweight men, lovemaking lasts an average of 7 minutes 18 seconds, and for thin men it is more than four times less - about 1 minute 43 seconds.

One of the reasons for this may be fast fatiguability obese men, which does not allow them to bring sexual intercourse to its logical conclusion on the first attempt, but there are other factors. U fat people often observed increased level female hormone(estrogen) in the body, which in some way “slows down” the male body, as a result, ejaculation occurs later. It should be noted that men who want to please their partners with long-term sex should not rush to gain excess weight, since erectile dysfunction is one of the most common side effects obesity.

3. You can judge your predisposition to a sport by eye color.

As you know, in some sports, success is most often achieved by people with certain physical characteristics - for example, to be a professional basketball player, you need to be above average height, and let’s say, in American football they prefer to take only well-built, strong guys. Less obvious physical features, such as eye color, can also indicate future outstanding achievements in sports.

The results of several experiments indicate that people with brown eyes They are more likely to succeed in those sports that require quick reactions, including tennis, football or boxing. Blue or green eyes, in turn, is a sign that a person is more suited to leisurely sports disciplines that require strategic thinking - say, golf, chess or bowling.

This curious effect is explained by physiology - light-colored eyes are more sensitive to sunlight, which complicates the processing of visual information and slows down decision-making by a split second. A simple example - a blue-eyed boxer can be confused by even a glare on the referee's watch, as a result of which he misses a strong blow, while a brown-eyed boxer in his place would not even pay attention to the visual stimulus.

4. Earlobes “predict” heart attacks

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main problems of modern humanity. Their development is significantly influenced by factors such as lifestyle, diet and bad habits, but there is a rather unusual method to immediately determine a person’s tendency to have a heart attack - pay attention to the shape of his ears.

If there are diagonal folds on the earlobes, which doctors call “Frank's sign,” this is a sure sign of a predisposition to the development of cardiovascular diseases. It sounds like something out of science fiction, but such folds really make it possible to judge heart problems. In one study of this phenomenon, doctors examined the bodies of more than three hundred patients who died from heart disease, while “Frank’s signs” were found in 72% of men and 67% of women. Later, other experts questioned the value of this experiment and conducted their own. The researchers took into account factors such as the presence of jewelry in the ears and even sleeping position, but they were also forced to admit that there was some connection between folds on the earlobes and heart disease.

While there is no scientific explanation for such a mysterious phenomenon, experts are at a loss and continue experiments.

According to the Osh City Center for Disease Prevention and State Sanitary Surveillance, a case was registered food poisoning"botulism" with six victims, including one child.

Before this, the Ministry of Health already reported an outbreak of botulism with 24 victims from the Jalal-Abad and Naryn regions.

Is it possible to detect that canned food contains botulism toxin? website I asked the head of the department of food safety supervision and prevention of non-communicable diseases of the Department of Disease Prevention and State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance, Toktogul Bazarbayev.

What is botulism and why is it dangerous?

Botulism- spicy infection, which occurs as a result of consuming foods containing a toxin produced by botulism bacteria and is characterized by muscle paralysis.

Botulism bacteria multiply and secrete the strongest natural toxin (poison), the lethal dose of which for humans is within 0.3 micrograms; it is formed in the absence of oxygen, the toxin is 375 thousand times stronger than the venom of a rattlesnake.

What are the signs of botulism poisoning?

Botulism is considered extremely dangerous disease, ending in death, if you suspect a disease, you must immediately seek medical help.

The duration of the incubation period is from two hours to ten days. Most often - 12 to 24 hours.

First signs: weakness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth.

The onset of the disease is sometimes accompanied by vomiting, flatulence, loose stools, which is often mistaken for food poisoning.

After a few hours, and sometimes after 1-2 days, visual disturbances inherent in botulism appear: objects appear blurry (“mesh”, “fog”), it is impossible to read, and sometimes there is double vision.

Swallowing is often impaired. There is a feeling of the presence of a foreign body in the throat, soreness, and difficulty swallowing food. The face is mask-like, the pupils are dilated, breathing is shallow.

Patients with botulism should be treated only in a hospital, since the treatment is specific and requires inpatient conditions and the presence of an anti-botulinum vaccine.

Can you tell by the appearance of canned food that it contains a toxin?

No. There are no signs that canned food contains botulism toxin. The canned food looks normal in appearance, without any signs of spoilage. The taste and color of the products also does not change. Bacteria multiply and when they die, they release a toxin, the presence of which cannot be determined.

What about the bulging lid and bubbles?

A bulging lid is a sign of the presence of other microorganisms. They release oxygen, which causes the lid of the jar to swell. Botulism develops in the absence of oxygen.

What canned foods may contain botulism toxin?

In any place where canned foods are poorly processed and small particles of soil remain on them in which the microbe lives. It reproduces by spores, which end up in canned food. The spores are very resistant to exposure high temperatures. They can only be “killed” by prolonged boiling at a temperature of more than 100 degrees.

Most people get poisoned after eating salads, mushrooms, and home-canned vegetables.

What measures exist to prevent botulism?

Follow the technology for preparing food at home: thoroughly wash your hands before starting food preparation and after contact with raw products, use separate cutting boards and knives for cutting raw products and finished products.

You cannot preserve stale or spoiled vegetables, fruits, and berries.

During factory canning, an autoclaving procedure is carried out, where under high pressure more than 120 atmospheres the bacterium dies.

Buy ready-made food from trade organizations and Catering who have properly organized the production and sale of food products, do not purchase ready-made food in random places.

Never buy homemade canned food products secondhand.

Instructions

Look at the way you dress. Does a person dress with taste or pretension, does he shock with a suit or hide behind it? Demonstration, originality (or the desire to appear as such), courage, independence or vanity can be determined when a person chooses non-standard solutions in appearance.

Be careful when interpreting. For example, a modest suit can hide suspicion, secrecy, caution, a tendency to manipulate, and even... Or it may conceal an extraordinary personality who is not at all interested in the world of things.

Carefully analyze the accessories too. The important indicators here are moderation and appropriateness. More often than not, excesses in jewelry are an indicator of vanity, expressiveness, and maybe even some inadequacy of the owner. The lack of accessories or modesty in their use can indicate both the inability to use them and the person’s simplicity, straightforwardness or attention to detail.

Pay more attention to the person’s facial expressions and gestures, especially in situations in which he is not “showing off” or trying to please. Typically, broad and exuberant gestures demonstrate extroversion and expressiveness. Meager and angular gestures speak more about a person’s tightness and uncertainty than about character traits.

Use some physiognomy to determine a person's character by his face. Different parts are associated with different parts of it. But be careful, because many signs are interpreted differently in the literature.

Look at the top of your face. For example, by the expression of the eyebrow line one judges both the strength of character, the underlying energy, and a person’s attitude to work - how inclined he is to complete what he starts. A forehead line sloping back indicates better interaction with technology, and a straight line, on the contrary, indicates good contact with people and the ability to build relationships.

Analyze the landing of the eyes. A close one speaks of a person’s determination and concentration in time, and the ability to be precise. Widely spaced eyes indicate the opposite: “swimming” in time and goals.

Pronounced, clearly defined upper cheekbones are evidence of riskiness as a character trait. In addition, it is argued that it is also the duty to exercise one’s right to take risks and receive winnings. Wide lower cheekbones will alert you to a person who is difficult to argue with, who feels confident and unshakable.

Look at the most expressive object on the face - the nose. It is believed that the round, fleshy tip demonstrates a broad and good-natured nature, while the narrow tip shows a suspicious nature. The hooked nose gives away wise man, and indicates commercialism, or a materialistic orientation of the individual, but snub noses often speak of childish naivety and some romanticism of a person.