Poisoning from flower fertilizers. Poisoning

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What is poisoning?

Poisoning is a pathological condition in which bacteria, any toxins or other toxic substances enter the human body. These substances can enter the body in various ways ( with food, inhaled air or through the skin), but all of them certainly cause defeat various organs and disruption of their functions, which is accompanied by corresponding clinical manifestations and creates a danger to human health and life.

Classification of poisonings

In clinical practice, it is customary to classify poisonings according to several criteria. This helps doctors determine the cause of the disease, as well as make a diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment.

Depending on the route of entry into the body, the following are distinguished:

• Food poisoning– when toxins or poisons enter the human body along with food ( through the gastrointestinal tract).
• Poisoning through Airways – when the toxin enters the body along with inhaled air ( in the form of steam or gas).
• Percutaneous poisoning– when toxins enter the skin or mucous membranes of a person, and through them are absorbed into the systemic bloodstream.
• Poisoning in which the toxin is administered directly intravenously or intramuscularly.

Depending on the type of toxic substance, the following are distinguished:

• Food intoxication ( food poisoning) – in this case, the disease is caused by eating food that has been contaminated with any dangerous bacteria or their toxins.
• Gas poisoning– develops when inhaling any toxic gases.
• Chemical poisoning– chemicals include various toxins and poisons that under normal conditions should not enter the human body.
• Poisoning with cauterizing substances ( acids or alkalis) – highlighted in separate group, which is due to the peculiarities of their clinical manifestations.
• Drug poisoning– develops due to improper use of medications.
• Ethanol poisoning ( alcohol, which is part of all alcoholic drinks) – also included in a separate group, which is explained by the specific effect of alcohol on the human body.

Depending on the speed of development of symptoms, there are:

• Acute poisoning– develops with a single intake of a large dose of a toxic substance into the body and is accompanied by the rapid appearance and rapid development of clinical symptoms.
• Chronic poisoning– occurs when small doses of toxin enter the body over a long period of time and can be asymptomatic for some time, but ultimately also leads to disruption of the functions of vital organs and systems.

Causes, types and pathogenesis ( development mechanism) food poisoning, infections and toxic infections

As follows from the above, poisoning can develop when various pathogenic bacteria enter the body, as well as toxic substances produced by them ( in the latter case we are talking about toxic infection). Each of these substances can have its own effect on the tissues and organs of the body, causing corresponding changes in them, which is accompanied by characteristic clinical manifestations and requires specific treatment. That is why it is extremely important to promptly determine the type of toxic substance and begin treatment. This will prevent the development of complications and save the patient’s life.

Spicy food ( intestinal) poisoning in an adult ( expired food products, meat, fish, eggs, milk, cottage cheese)

Acute food poisoning ( food intoxication) is a group of diseases in which a person ingests any microorganisms along with food ( bacteria, pathogenic fungi) or toxins released by pathogenic microorganisms. If such bacteria or their toxins enter the gastrointestinal tract ( Gastrointestinal tract), they affect the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, leading to the appearance of classic signs of poisoning ( abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and so on). Moreover, these toxins can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal mucosa and enter the systemic circulation, affecting distant organs and leading to the development of complications.

Food poisoning can be caused by:

• Spoiled meat. Meat is an ideal breeding ground for the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria ( staphylococci, salmonella, E. coli and others). These bacteria may be present in meat products initially ( for example, if the killed animal was infected with any infection). In this case, the infectious agents or their toxins ( bacteria released into the environment during growth) can enter the human body by consuming insufficiently processed food ( that is, poorly fried or cooked meat). At the same time, bacteria can develop in meat that has already been cooked but not stored correctly. If it is stored outside the refrigerator for several hours or days, the number of pathogenic microorganisms in it may become sufficient to cause a foodborne infection.
• Fish. Fish poisoning can occur for the same reasons as meat poisoning ( that is, due to improper processing and improper storage of fish products). In addition, some exotic varieties of fish may contain toxic substances ( e.g. puffer fish, sea bass, barracuda). In this case clinical manifestations poisoning will depend on the type of poison entering the body. For example, the poison contained in puffer fish can cause paralysis of all muscles and respiratory arrest, which without medical help will inevitably lead to the death of a person. In other cases, symptoms of poisoning may be similar to common foodborne infections.
• Eggs. The risk of egg poisoning increases if you eat waterfowl eggs ( ducks, geese). The fact is that some polluted water bodies may contain the salmonella bacterium. It can get into the meat and eggs of waterfowl, and with them ( due to improper heat treatment, that is, when consumed raw eggs or soft-boiled eggs) can enter the human body. Having penetrated the intestines, salmonella secretes a special toxin that affects the mucous membrane of the intestinal wall, causing clinical manifestations of intestinal infection ( diarrhea, stomach pain and so on).
• Milk. Poisoning from fresh domestic milk can occur if the animals that produce it ( goats, cows) are kept in unsanitary conditions. At the same time, various pathogenic bacteria may be present in the udder area of ​​animals ( staphylococci, E. coli and so on), which will get into the milk during milking. If you drink this milk unprocessed, there is a high risk of developing food poisoning. Moreover, it is worth noting that some animals can be carriers of pathogens especially dangerous infections. For example, by consuming cow's milk, you can become infected with brucellosis, an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms ( Brucella) and accompanied by damage to many body systems.
• Cottage cheese. Cottage cheese, like any lactic acid product, is an ideal breeding ground for various pathogenic bacteria. If a product is left out of the refrigerator for a long time, the number of bacteria in it increases significantly ( contributes to this heat environment, at which the rate of bacterial reproduction increases). If you eat such cottage cheese, you may experience signs of an intestinal infection.

Poisoning by poisonous plants ( bleached, hemlock), mushrooms ( pale toadstool, fly agarics), berries ( belladonna, wolfberry)

Many plants contain substances that are toxic to the human body. Consumption of such plants or their fruits ( in particular wolfberries - belladonna, wolfberry) in food may be accompanied by symptoms of food poisoning, as well as other specific manifestations ( depending on what toxin was contained in the plant eaten).

Poisoning can be caused by eating:

• Henbane. The toxicity of this plant is due to the substances it contains, in particular atropine and scopolamine. When ingested, they cause general weakness, dry mouth, severe thirst, emotional and motor agitation, and dizziness. In severe cases, visual and breathing disturbances, loss of consciousness, seizures and death may occur.
• Hemlock. The toxicity of this plant is due to the substance it contains – coniine. This is a strong poison, which, when it enters the gastrointestinal tract, is quickly absorbed through the mucous membrane and enters the blood, affecting the central nervous system. This manifests itself as progressive paralysis, in which a person loses all types of sensitivity and cannot move his arms or legs. The cause of death is usually paralysis of the respiratory muscles, causing the patient to stop breathing.
• Pale toadstool ( fly agaric). A toxin found in some fly agarics ( particularly in the toadstool) has the ability to hit ( destroy) cells of the liver and other tissues of the body, which is accompanied by disruption of the functions of vital organs and systems. Without timely assistance, a person may die from cardiovascular or liver failure.
• Belladonna berries. Belladonna berries also contain atropine and scopolamine. Poisoning with them has the same symptoms as henbane poisoning.
• Wolfberry berries. Toxic substances of wolfberry ( meserine and daphnine) are found in all parts of the plant ( in fruits, roots, leaves). When eating the fruit, these toxins cause a burning sensation in the oral cavity. Then severe pain appears in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting, and in severe cases, convulsions occur.

Botulism toxin poisoning

The cause of the disease is a toxin produced by the microorganism Clostridium. Disputes ( inactive forms) of this pathogen can persist for a long time in soil, sludge, animal corpses, and so on. After entering the human body, clostridia themselves do not cause the development of infection, since they can reproduce only under anaerobic conditions ( that is, in the complete absence of oxygen). Infection with botulism toxin can occur through consumption of poorly processed canned food ( vegetable, meat), prepared at home. In this case, in a hermetically sealed jar, clostridia begin to actively multiply, releasing botulinum toxin into the environment, which is one of the most powerful poisons known to mankind.

After entering the human gastrointestinal tract, botulinum toxin is not destroyed by acidic gastric juice, as a result of which it is easily absorbed through the mucous membrane. Having entered the systemic bloodstream, this toxin reaches the tissues of the central nervous system and affects them, as a result of which characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease arise.

Botulinum toxin poisoning can manifest itself:

• single vomiting and abdominal pain ( in the first hours after consuming the contaminated product);
• breathing problems;
• visual impairment;
• increased blood pressure;
• muscle weakness;
• urinary disorders and so on.

Without timely assistance, a person may die due to breathing problems and the development of respiratory failure.

Mold poisoning

Molds are fungal microorganisms that can grow on the surface or inside of various foods. When eating foods contaminated with mold, fungi can enter the gastrointestinal tract and lead to symptoms of poisoning ( nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). This is due to the fact that many mushrooms produce so-called mycotoxins, which have a negative effect on various systems body.

In addition, some molds have antibacterial activity, that is, they destroy various bacteria. Under normal conditions in the intestines healthy person contains many bacteria that take part in the digestion process. In case of mold poisoning, these bacteria can be destroyed, as a result of which the digestion process of food is disrupted or slowed down. It can also lead to bloating, diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain and other symptoms.

It is also worth noting that mold poisoning can also occur through the respiratory tract ( inhaling particles of pathogenic fungi - for example, with pulmonary aspergillosis). In this case, pathogenic fungi infect the lung tissue, as a result of which a frequent cough with the release of red bloody sputum may be observed ( hemoptysis), shortness of breath ( feeling of lack of air), increased body temperature, chest pain, and so on.

Vitamin poisoning

Vitamin poisoning can occur with frequent use in large doses. However, the clinical manifestations of the disease may vary ( depending on what vitamin the person was poisoned with).

Poisoning can occur with an overdose:

• Vitamin A. Since this vitamin affects the organ of vision, one of the first signs of poisoning will be double vision. Nausea and vomiting may also occur due to the effect of the vitamin on the nervous system. Patients may complain of increased drowsiness, headache, and increased body temperature. Sometimes a skin rash may occur. After stopping the use of the vitamin, all the described symptoms disappear within 2 to 3 days. With chronic use of vitamin A in large doses, skin itching, hair loss, dryness and flaking of the skin may occur.
• Vitamin D. Vitamin D poisoning can also be acute ( when taking a very large dose) or chronic ( when using increased doses for a long time). In acute poisoning, patients complain of general weakness, nausea and vomiting, headaches and dizziness. In severe cases, increased heart rate, increased body temperature, and convulsions may occur. With chronic vitamin D intoxication, there is a decrease in appetite, increased irritability, and indigestion ( nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation). If left untreated, irreversible damage to the cardiovascular, skeletal and other body systems may occur.
• Vitamin C. Long-term use of this vitamin in large doses can cause damage to the central nervous system, which will be manifested by insomnia, increased body temperature and a feeling of heat, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Dry skin and mucous membranes throughout the body may also occur.
• Vitamin B1. Poisoning with this vitamin can cause a feeling of weakness or fatigue, insomnia, headaches, and loss of appetite. In severe cases, damage may occur internal organs (kidney, liver).
• Vitamin B6. Chronic poisoning with this vitamin can be accompanied by damage to the peripheral nervous system, impaired sensitivity in the extremities, a tendency to develop seizures and loss of body weight.
• Vitamin B12. The use of this vitamin in large doses can disrupt the functioning of the thyroid gland ( organ that produces hormones that regulate metabolism in the body). It was also noted that long-term chronic overdose may contribute to the development of malignant tumors.
• Folic acid. An overdose of this vitamin is manifested by nausea and vomiting, increased nervous excitability and insomnia, and headaches. In severe cases, damage to the cardiovascular system and kidneys may occur.
• Vitamin E. Chronic poisoning with this vitamin is manifested by headaches, general weakness and increased fatigue, nausea, and is also accompanied by a decrease in the body’s defenses ( the risk of developing microbial infections increases).

Protein poisoning

Eating large amounts of protein foods ( mainly meat) may be accompanied by an increase in the concentration of proteins in the blood. This can lead to disruption of the functioning of various organs and systems.

Protein poisoning can manifest itself:

• Nausea or vomiting– protein foods inhibit peristalsis ( motor activity) gastrointestinal tract, and therefore the digestion process is disrupted.
• Bloating– caused by impaired intestinal motility and the development of gas-forming microflora.
• Insomnia– protein foods stimulate the central nervous system, and therefore there may be a disruption in the process of falling asleep, as well as increased nervous excitability or irritability.
• Increased body temperature– this is also associated with stimulation of the central nervous system.
• Darkening of urine– this is explained by the release of by-products of protein metabolism through the kidneys.

Water poisoning ( water poisoning)

Water poisoning ( overhydration), in fact, is not poisoning. This is a pathological condition of the body in which there is a violation of water and electrolyte metabolism. The reason for this may be severe vomiting, accompanied by loss of electrolytes ( if at the same time a person replenishes fluid loss with water that does not contain electrolytes), renal dysfunction ( in this case, the fluid is not removed from the body), redundant intravenous administration liquids and so on. In addition, water poisoning can occur when drinking too much water over a short period of time. For example, drinking 2.5 - 3 liters of pure water within an hour can lead to overhydration, water-electrolyte imbalance and even death.

Table salt poisoning ( sodium)

From a chemical point of view, table salt is sodium chloride, that is, it contains the trace elements sodium and chlorine. When consuming large amounts of salt in a short period of time, a person may develop hypernatremia, a pathological condition accompanied by an increase in sodium concentration in the blood ( norm – 135 – 145 millimoles/liter). This can lead to disruption of the functioning of vital organs, as well as provoke the development of serious complications from the central nervous system.

One of the first symptoms of table salt poisoning is thirst ( desire to drink water). This is explained by the fact that the increased concentration of sodium in the blood is recorded by special sensitive cells at the level of the brain. To “dilute” the blood and reduce the concentration of sodium in it, the body needs to receive a large amount of fluid from the outside, as a result of which strong ( irresistible) thirst.

Other signs of table salt poisoning are:

• general weakness;
• disorientation in time and space;
• loss of consciousness;
• increased neuromuscular excitability;
• wrinkling and dryness of the skin ( due to the release of fluid from cells into the vascular bed).

Without treatment, a person may die due to the lesion blood vessels and brain tissue.

Poisoning from mineral fertilizers ( nitrates)

Nitrates are chemicals ( nitric acid salts), which are used as fertilizers. Nitrates can be found in large quantities in foods that have been processed with them during the growing process. When nitrates enter the human gastrointestinal tract, they turn into so-called nitrites - toxic substances that affect red blood cells, making it impossible for them to transport oxygen. At the same time, the person begins to suffer from oxygen starvation ( feeling tired, headaches, dizziness). In severe cases, death can occur.

Poisoning with rat poison

To combat rats and other small rodents, special toxic substances are used. After entering the body along with the bait ( food) these poisons disrupt the functioning of the vital organs of rodents, which leads to their death. It is worth noting that all of these poisons are, to one degree or another, toxic to humans if they enter the gastrointestinal tract.

A person can become poisoned:

• Naphthylthiourea. If a person eats this poison, within a few minutes or hours he will experience severe vomiting, as a result of which part of the toxin will be removed from the gastrointestinal tract. If the toxin enters the systemic bloodstream in high concentrations, it can cause damage to the circulatory system, as well as the liver and lungs, which can lead to human death.
• Ratindane. When taken orally, the active substance of this poison can be absorbed into the systemic bloodstream, where it disrupts the activity of the blood coagulation system ( which normally regulates bleeding control). Immediately after poisoning, the patient may experience nausea or vomiting once. After a few days, frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums, prolonged bleeding after injuries, and so on may occur. In more severe cases, hemoptysis may occur ( bleeding from the lungs when coughing), as well as the appearance of blood in the stool and urine. If specific treatment is not started, after a few days a feeling of general fatigue and lethargy may appear, which is associated with chronic blood loss. Death can occur from a pronounced decrease in the concentration of red cells in the blood and oxygen starvation of the brain, as well as from damage to other vital organs ( liver, kidneys, central nervous system, respiratory system and so on).
• Brodifacoum. This drug also interferes with the activity of the blood coagulation system. The signs of poisoning with it are similar to those of ratindane poisoning.

Alcohol poisoning ( ethyl alcohol, vodka, wine, beer, surrogates)

Poisoning alcoholic drinks can be observed when consuming them in large quantities, as well as when drinking low-quality alcoholic beverages. It is worth noting that active ( "intoxicating") the substance of all alcoholic drinks is ethyl alcohol ( ethanol). The rate of development of intoxication, as well as the severity of symptoms of poisoning, depends on its concentration. For example, the ethanol concentration in vodka is 40%, while in beer it is up to 8–10%. It follows that symptoms of ethanol intoxication will occur faster when drinking large amounts of vodka than beer or other ( less strong) alcoholic drinks.

Ethyl alcohol poisoning can manifest itself:

• Nausea and vomiting. These are natural protective reflexes, the purpose of which is to remove excess toxic substances from the body, as well as prevent its further entry.
• Dizziness and confusion. This symptom is due to the effect of alcohol on brain cells.
• Nervous excitement or drowsiness. In the initial stages of intoxication, alcohol stimulates the central nervous system ( CNS), in connection with which the patient may behave excitedly or aggressively, see hallucinations ( something that doesn't really exist) and so on. When the concentration of ethanol in the blood increases, the activity of the central nervous system is inhibited, resulting in drowsiness and lethargy. In severe cases, a person may fall into a coma, a life-threatening condition in which the patient does not respond to external stimuli.
• Redness of the skin ( especially faces). Ethyl alcohol causes the superficial blood vessels to dilate, causing blood to rush to the skin, changing its color.
• The presence of a specific alcoholic odor. Alcohol is partially excreted through the lungs ( in the form of vapors). The higher its concentration in the blood, the more pronounced the alcoholic odor from the patient’s mouth will be. This symptom will help distinguish alcoholic coma ( extreme depression of consciousness) from other diseases in which a person may also lose consciousness.
• Breathing disorders. This may be due to damage to the central nervous system, as well as blockage of the airways by vomit ( if vomiting occurred while the person was unconscious).

It is worth noting that other chemicals can be used to achieve a state of intoxication ( Alcohol substitutes - ethylene glycol, butyl alcohol, colognes and cosmetic lotions, solvents, etc.). Surrogates are more toxic than regular alcoholic drinks, and therefore there are signs of poisoning and intoxication ( nausea, vomiting, damage to the liver, kidneys and other organs) develop much faster. For example, after drinking just 30 ml of butyl alcohol, a person can die.

Methyl alcohol poisoning

Methyl alcohol ( methanol) is used in the chemical industry as a solvent and for other purposes. It also has a moderate intoxicating effect, but much less pronounced than ethyl alcohol. Eating methanol is strictly prohibited, since its metabolic products ( in particular formaldehyde and formic acid) are extremely toxic to the body. Accumulating in tissues and organs, they can cause damage to the central nervous system, organ of vision, liver and cardiovascular system, and in severe cases lead to the death of the patient. The lethal dose of methanol is 25 – 100 ml ( depending on the age and weight of the person).

Methyl alcohol poisoning manifests itself:

• Nausea, vomiting, headaches and dizziness– the mechanism of occurrence of these symptoms is the same as in case of ethyl alcohol poisoning.
• Paroxysmal abdominal pain– they are caused by the accumulation of by-products of methanol metabolism in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and a violation of the contractile activity of the stomach and intestines.
• Visual impairment ( up to its complete loss) – the development of this symptom is also due to the toxic effect of formaldehyde and formic acid at the level optic nerve (innervates the retina of the eye, which perceives light).
• Loss of consciousness, convulsions and coma– develop as a result of severe intoxication of the body with formic acid, which can lead to the death of the patient within 24 hours.

Symptoms and signs of food poisoning and toxic infections

At the initial stages of the development of the disease, the symptoms and signs of all food poisoning are similar to each other. The entry of a toxic substance into the body triggers a series of protective reactions aimed at removing it from the body. At later stages of development, specific signs of poisoning may appear, depending on what toxin the patient consumed ( dysfunction of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, damage to the liver, kidneys, etc.).

Food poisoning can manifest itself:

• nausea and vomiting;
• diarrhea ( loose stools, diarrhea);
• abdominal pain;
• increased body temperature;
• headaches;
• dizziness;
• intoxication of the body.

Nausea and vomiting

As stated earlier, nausea and vomiting are protective mechanisms that should slow down the entry of toxic substances into the systemic circulation. Once a toxin or poison enters the gastrointestinal tract ( Gastrointestinal tract), it almost immediately begins to be absorbed through the gastric mucosa ( a little later through the intestinal mucosa). This leads to certain changes in the patient’s blood, triggering nervous and hormonal protective reactions.

Under normal conditions, peristalsis is activated after eating ( motor activity) gastrointestinal tract. This helps mix food with digestive juices and absorb nutrients. As soon as the body “realizes” that poisoning has occurred, gastrointestinal motility immediately stops. At the same time, food stops being absorbed, stagnates in the stomach and stretches it, which creates an unpleasant feeling of nausea. After this, so-called antiperistaltic waves appear, that is, contractions of the gastrointestinal tract muscles that push its contents in the opposite direction ( that is, from small intestine into the stomach, and from the stomach through the esophagus into the oral cavity). This is how vomiting occurs, the purpose of which is to remove potentially dangerous products from the gastrointestinal tract, which will prevent further absorption of toxins.

Diarrhea ( loose stools, diarrhea)

Diarrhea can occur due to the activity of pathogenic microorganisms that have entered the gastrointestinal tract ( Gastrointestinal tract) together with any products. For example, when consuming salmonella-contaminated ( pathogenic microorganisms) food, the toxins they produce stimulate the release of salts and water into the intestinal lumen, which is manifested by massive watery diarrhea, which can be repeated several dozen times a day. At the same time, the body loses a large amount of fluid and electrolytes, which can pose a threat to the patient’s life.

In other cases, the development of diarrhea may not be associated with the infectious agent itself, but is a consequence of the development pathological process in the gastrointestinal tract. The fact is that after the onset of poisoning, the motility of the stomach and intestines slows down, as a result of which the digestion process is disrupted. Food from the small intestine and stomach can be removed from the gastrointestinal tract through vomiting, while the contents of the large intestine remain in it. Under normal conditions, a certain part of the water is absorbed through the mucous membrane of the final sections of the gastrointestinal tract ( that is, through the mucous membrane of the large intestine). However, due to the slowdown in peristalsis, the absorption process is also disrupted, as a result of which water and intestinal contents are released through the anus in the form loose stool or diarrhea. Such diarrhea usually repeats 1-2 times and does not pose a threat to the patient’s life, since the loss of fluid and electrolytes is not as pronounced as in the first case.

Stomach ache ( stomach, intestines)

Pain syndrome during poisoning may be associated with damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestines. The fact is that under normal conditions it is covered with a thin layer of mucus, which protects it from the traumatic effects of foods, as well as from acidic gastric juice. In case of poisoning, the process of secretion of this mucus is disrupted, which leads to damage to the gastric mucosa and its inflammation ( gastritis). As a result of this, the patient may feel sharp, paroxysmal pain in the upper abdomen, which occurs with a frequency of 1 to 2 times per minute and lasts from 5 to 20 seconds. The mechanism of pain in this case is due to peristaltic ( contractile) waves of muscles of the gastrointestinal tract ( Gastrointestinal tract). When these muscles contract, the nerve endings of the stomach wall are irritated, which is felt by the patient as a cutting, poorly localized pain ( the patient cannot indicate exactly where it hurts).

Nagging pain in the lower abdomen may be due to the transition of the infectious process to the large intestine, which will be accompanied by the appearance of diarrhea. Under normal conditions, the peristaltic wave is accompanied by a short-term ( for 3 – 5 seconds) muscle contraction, which helps push intestinal contents. As poisoning develops, this function is disrupted, resulting in intestinal muscle contractions becoming too long ( that is, the muscles remain in a contracted state for 10 – 20 or more seconds). The metabolism in them is disrupted, which is accompanied by the appearance of characteristic pain.

Increased body temperature

An increase in body temperature during poisoning is also a protective reaction of the body. The fact is that many pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins can exist only at a certain temperature, and when the ambient temperature rises, they die or are destroyed. That is why, in the process of evolution, the body developed this protective reaction - as soon as any foreign substance enters the systemic bloodstream, a whole series of biochemical processes are launched, the end result of which is an increase in body temperature.

With any food poisoning, body temperature will rise to at least 37 - 38 degrees during the first 6 - 12 hours after eating bad or contaminated food. If the body's defenses cope with the infection, the body temperature returns to normal within 24 hours. At the same time, it is worth noting that infection with some pathogenic microorganisms or toxins can be accompanied by an extremely pronounced increase in temperature ( up to 39 – 40 degrees or more).

Headache

Headache can accompany poisoning if toxic substances from the gastrointestinal tract enter the blood in large quantities. In this case, the body’s immune system is activated, the purpose of which is to find and destroy all foreign agents that have entered the systemic bloodstream. During the operation of this system, so-called biologically active substances are produced that fight foreign microorganisms and their toxins. However, these substances also have negative effects, in particular a vasodilating effect. When toxic substances enter the systemic circulation, as well as when exposed to biologically active substances, dilation of the blood vessels of the brain is observed, as a result of which some of the fluid from the bloodstream passes into the surrounding tissues. At the same time, the meningeal membrane of the brain, rich in sensitive nerve endings. All this leads to severe headaches, which can appear within the first day after the onset of poisoning and subside only after the patient’s condition normalizes ( that is, after the removal of foreign toxins and the subsidence of immune reactions).

It is worth noting that in case of alcohol poisoning headache also occurs due to dilation of blood vessels and swelling of brain tissue. However, in this case, ethyl alcohol itself has a vasodilating effect ( found in alcoholic beverages), and the body's immune system is not involved in the pathological process.

Dehydration

Dehydration is a pathological condition characterized by the loss of large amounts of fluid by the body. The cause of dehydration in case of poisoning can be frequent vomiting or diarrhea, during which a large amount of fluid is removed from the body. Moreover, the development of dehydration can be facilitated by an increase in body temperature, since at the same time a person begins to sweat, and along with sweat, he also loses fluid.

Since it is not always possible to recover losses ( for example, if the patient starts vomiting again when taking liquid), already 4–6 hours after the onset of the disease, the patient may experience the first signs of dehydration. If treatment is not started in time, the body will continue to lose fluid and vital electrolytes ( chlorine, sodium and others), which over time can lead to dysfunction of vital organs or even death.

Dehydration of the body manifests itself:

• Decreased elasticity and dry skin. Due to the fact that fluid leaves the skin, it becomes dry and less elastic, and loses its usual shine.
• Dry mucous membranes. This symptom is clearly visible in the area of ​​the mouth, tongue and lips ( the mucous membranes become dry and then become covered with characteristic crusts).
• Pale skin. Due to a decrease in circulating blood volume, peripheral blood vessels “close” ( particularly in the skin), which allows you to maintain blood circulation in vital organs ( brain, heart, liver) on normal level. Pale skin occurs due to the fact that the amount of blood in its vessels decreases.
• Recession of the eyeballs. Under normal conditions, there is a layer of fatty tissue between the eyeball and the posterior wall of the orbit. It supports and stabilizes the eye, preventing damage due to injury. When dehydration occurs, fluid is also removed from adipose tissue, causing it to ( fatty tissue) becomes thinner, and eyeballs move deeper into the eye sockets.
• Increased heart rate. With moderate or severe dehydration, circulating blood volume decreases. To compensate for losses and maintain blood supply to organs at a normal level, the heart has to pump blood at a higher speed.
• Decreased amount of urine. As the amount of fluid in the body decreases, protective mechanisms are launched, the purpose of which is to prevent further water loss. One of these mechanisms is a decrease in the rate of urine production in the kidneys.

Dizziness

Dizziness may be one of the first symptoms of poisoning with certain plants and mushrooms, as well as with poisoning with alcoholic beverages or surrogates. The reason for the development of this symptom is the direct toxic effect exerted by toxic substances on the brain. At the same time, it is worth noting that dizziness can also occur with other poisonings, indicating their severe course. For example, with severe intoxication of the body, accompanied by dehydration ( loss of fluid) and decrease blood pressure, there may be a disruption in the blood supply to brain cells, which will be manifested by dizziness, darkening of the eyes, or even loss of consciousness.

Intoxication of the body

General intoxication syndrome is a complex of symptoms that develop in the body with any food poisoning ( regardless of its reason). The occurrence of this syndrome is due to the activation immune system and her fight against alien agents. After all toxic substances are removed from the body, signs of general intoxication disappear ( simultaneously with the normalization of body temperature).

Intoxication of the body can manifest itself:

• general weakness;
• decreased ability to work;
• slow thinking;
• drowsiness;
• chills ( feeling of coldness in the extremities);
• increased heartbeat;
• rapid breathing.

Symptoms of food poisoning in children

The mechanisms of development of food poisoning in children do not differ from those in adults. At the same time, it is worth remembering that in the early childhood poisoning can develop faster and be more severe than in an adult. This is due to the imperfection of the child’s body’s defenses and immune system, as well as its low compensatory capabilities. So, for example, after 2–4 attacks of vomiting or diarrhea, a child may develop dehydration, while this will not cause any serious problems in an adult. That is why it is extremely important to promptly identify the first signs and symptoms of poisoning and begin treatment measures without waiting for the baby’s condition to worsen and complications to develop.

Poisoning in a child can manifest itself:

• Tearfulness– this is especially pronounced in children younger age who do not yet know how to express their feelings in words ( if a child is in pain or ill, he cries).
• Increased physical activity– the child may be restless and excited.
• Protective position in bed– in case of poisoning, children also experience abdominal pain, and therefore take the characteristic “embryo” pose ( knees and elbows are pressed to the stomach, and when trying to straighten or lift them, they begin to cry).
• Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea– the reasons for the development of these symptoms are the same as for poisoning in adults.
• Increased body temperature– the temperature reaction in children can be more pronounced, as a result of which from the first day the temperature can rise to 38 - 39 degrees.
• Drowsiness and impaired consciousness– these signs occur with severe intoxication of the body and require immediate hospitalization.
• Cramps ( seizures) – they can occur when the child’s body temperature rises above 40 degrees and are associated with impaired functioning of the nervous system.

Does blood pressure increase during poisoning?

Under normal conditions, blood pressure ( HELL) person is 120/80 millimeters of mercury. Food poisoning itself does not cause an increase in blood pressure. At the initial stage of the disease, when the patient experiences severe vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain, his blood pressure may be slightly higher than normal. This is due to an increase in pressure in abdominal cavity (while vomiting), as well as activation of the body’s defense systems, one of the manifestations of which is the narrowing of blood vessels and increased blood pressure. After the vomiting subsides, the pressure usually returns to normal within an hour.

At the same time, it is worth noting that in case of severe poisoning ( that is, with the development of dehydration and other complications) there may be a drop in blood pressure below normal. This is an extremely dangerous symptom, indicating the depletion of the body’s compensatory capabilities. This may interfere with the blood supply to vital organs ( primarily the brain), as a result of which the person may experience dizziness, lose consciousness, or even fall into a coma.

Can poisoning occur without fever?

Most poisonings are characterized by an increase in body temperature, but this symptom does not always occur. As mentioned earlier, an increase in temperature is a protective reaction of the body that develops when foreign microorganisms or their toxins enter the systemic bloodstream. However, in some poisonings, the toxic agent does not enter the systemic bloodstream, but exerts its pathogenic effect only at the level of the intestinal mucosa. In this case, the patient may experience some characteristic features poisoning ( nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), but body temperature may remain normal or slightly rise ( up to 37 – 37.5 degrees).

Severity of poisoning ( mild, moderate, severe, fatal)

The severity of poisoning depends on the severity of damage to vital organs and systems that develops after the toxic substance enters the body.

Depending on the severity there are:

• Mild poisoning. The disease does not cause dysfunction of vital organs. Treatments can be carried out at home.
• Moderate poisoning. The general condition of the patient is disturbed, which is manifested by moderate disorders of the functions of vital organs ( increased breathing and heart rate, fluctuations in blood pressure, increased body temperature, and so on). Although the patient’s life is not in danger, treatment of such poisonings is recommended in a hospital setting, since otherwise it may worsen general condition patient and the development of complications.
• Severe poisoning. In this case, intoxication of the body leads to severe dysfunction of vital organs, which can be manifested by a drop in blood pressure, impaired consciousness, and lack of urine ( due to dehydration and impaired urinary function of the kidneys) and so on. Treatment of such patients should be carried out exclusively in a hospital, since otherwise there is a high risk of complications and death.
• Extremely severe poisoning. In this case, the dysfunction of vital organs is so pronounced that in order to save a person’s life, he must be immediately hospitalized in the intensive care unit and specific treatment must begin. Otherwise, death is inevitable.
• Poisoning with fatal outcome. In this case, poisoning with any substances leads to the death of the patient, despite all the efforts of doctors ( if any occurred, that is, if the patient managed to be hospitalized

Pesticides are chemicals used in agriculture to destroy microorganisms, insects, and weeds harmful to crops. At the same time, pesticides are not harmless to humans. They can enter the body through mucous membranes, skin and respiratory organs. If there is a suspicion of pesticide poisoning, then it is necessary health care, since many substances pose a serious threat to human health.

Causes of poisoning

Poisoning with toxic substances can occur in chronic and acute form. In the latter case, contamination with pesticides is classified as severe, moderate and mild form. They occur when a large amount of toxic substances enters the body at the same time. Acute poisoning with pesticides is characterized by disorders of the body's vital functions; disturbances in basic physiological functions are possible, which can lead, among other things, to death.

Chronic pesticide poisoning occurs when ingested harmful substances for several months through the respiratory tract or through food. This usually happens when there is a systematic violation of safety rules when working with pesticides. As a result, toxic substances accumulate in the body, causing general malaise and reducing immunity.

The causes of poisoning by agrochemicals are varied. Usually this is not following safety rules when working with chemicals. As a result, poisons penetrate the body through the skin or inhalation when solutions are sprayed. Smoking while handling pesticides can carry toxic substances from your hands into your mouth.

During cultivation, pesticide contamination can spread to crop products. These are mainly vegetables and fruits, grains and cereals. This is due to the fact that products of plant origin are treated with pesticides, which under certain circumstances can remain in them even after agricultural goods reach the counter.

Poisoning and symptoms

The initial symptoms appear in those organs where pesticides have entered. If this happens through the respiratory tract, then the mucous membranes will be affected first. This can manifest itself as a cough, severe shortness of breath, runny nose or nosebleeds. In the case when toxic substances get into the eyes, for example, when they are sprayed, pain, lacrimation, an unpleasant reaction to light, etc. appear.

Further, the infected person may experience other symptoms of exposure to pesticides on the body, depending on which group the pesticides belong to. Organophosphorus compounds (phosphomide, chlorophos, dichlorvos, karbofos, etc.) are mainly used as insecticides to control harmful insects. On mild stage poisoning, psychomotor agitation, shortness of breath, sweating, and increased blood pressure are noted. With moderate severity of infection with toxic substances, convulsions, frequent urination, and involuntary stool may be observed. In case of severe poisoning, respiratory failure can increase until breathing stops completely, heart rhythm disturbances occur, and blood pressure decreases.

Organochlorines are also most often insecticides. If toxic chemicals come into contact with the skin, dermatitis may develop. If a toxic substance has penetrated the respiratory tract, coughing, wheezing in the lungs (due to irritation of the membrane), redness of the eyes, and nosebleeds are observed. When poisons are ingested, phenomena such as headache, general weakness, vomiting, in some cases, convulsions and high body temperature are observed.

When infected with organomercury compounds (mercurhexane, granosan), mainly the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. In this case, such negative manifestations as headache, vomiting, dizziness, metallic taste in the mouth, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may be observed. In addition, poisoning with pesticides of this group is sometimes accompanied by gait and speech disorders and paresis.

When hydrocyanic acid salts enter the body, dryness and burning in the mouth, an unpleasant metallic taste, and pain in the mouth are observed. chest, general weakness. A distinctive feature of poisoning with copper compounds is an increased secretion and astringent taste in the mouth; the skin and mucous membranes acquire a greenish tint due to the absorption of drugs into the circulatory system.

Treatment methods for poisoning

Treatment approaches are divided into general and special. In the first case, the main goal of the measures is to prevent the entry of drugs into the body, reduce their concentration, and normalize the functioning of important organs. It is known that the more effective first aid is provided to the victim, the greater the likelihood of experiencing a minimum number of consequences from poisoning.

Special methods of treating pesticide poisoning depend on the types of toxic substances included in the composition, the degree of exposure to the victim and are determined exclusively by health care workers.

If you suspect poisoning with agrochemicals, and even more so if the symptoms described above occur, you should not self-medicate, lie down, etc. Agrochemicals are quite active in their properties and in high doses they are dangerous chemicals for the body. In such cases, it is worthwhile to definitely contact medical professionals to clarify exactly the extent of what happened and possible further treatment.

Mineral fertilizers, depending on the content of the main nutrient element, are divided into nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. More often, fertilizers include 2 or 3 nutrients. The starting materials for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are ammonia, sulfuric and nitric acids, soda, calcium carbide; for phosphorus - natural phosphates (apatite and phosphorite).

In the production and use of mineral fertilizers, the main unfavorable factor is air pollution of the working area with dust and vapors of a complex of various substances, often in concentrations significantly exceeding the maximum permissible. In addition, high ambient temperatures and intense noise may have an adverse effect.

The most potentially dangerous is exposure to hydrogen fluoride and its compounds.

Long-term exposure to unfavorable factors in the production of nitrogen mineral fertilizers (ammonia vapor, urea dust and ammonium nitrate), in addition to irritation, causes a violation of autonomic-vascular regulation (lability of pulse and blood pressure) as well as a decrease in the overall resistance of the body.

Phosphorus fertilizers have an irritating and also sensitizing effect on the skin (bleeding cracks, erosions, possible allergic dermatitis) and mucous membranes (conjunctivitis, keratitis). Workers producing superphosphate (exposure to fluoride compounds) may experience functional changes in the featherbed system, vegetative-vascular dystonia; in women - menstrual dysfunction. Changes in the bones of the forearm are described.

Prevention

Automation of production processes. Monitoring the content of harmful substances in the air at all stages of working with fertilizers. Widespread use of funds personal protection(dust respirators, special glasses, cotton mittens, robes or overalls made of dust- or waterproof fabric). Protective ointments and pastes such as silicone creams, etc.

is a popular balcony and indoor flower in many apartments: it is unpretentious in care, grows quickly and pleases with abundant lush flowering for a long time. To support the plant during its flowering period, you should pay attention to its care and give it the necessary fertilizers.

General rules for caring for geraniums and applying fertilizer

To ensure a comfortable existence for geraniums, it is important to choose suitable home conditions:

• small pot (very overgrown root system will lead to a large mass of green leaves and a decrease in flowering);
• fertile soil;
• good drainage, since geranium is very sensitive to stagnation of water;
• well-lit sunny place;
• regular feeding.

When applying fertilizers, the season is taken into account: in spring and summer, fertilizing is carried out once every 2 weeks; in winter, fertilizing is removed. It is acceptable to add half the usual dose of stimulants in the middle of the winter months. You should be careful when choosing fertilizers, since geranium does not need organic feeding. For its flowering at home, mineral fertilizers are required, the main ones being potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. Usually they are applied in equal proportions, but by the beginning of flowering the dose of nitrogen is reduced and the amount of potassium added is increased.

If separate application of fertilizers is not possible, you should use ready-made mineral complexes which contain additional minerals. Special attention attention should be paid to the iodine content, to which geranium responds by increasing flowering. You cannot apply liquid fertilizers without first watering the soil - this will lead to burns and death of the roots. Geranium is fed an hour after the main watering.

Additional minerals for geraniums

In order for geranium to bloom profusely, in addition to the three main mineral components, magnesium sulfate is additionally added. The combination of sulfur and magnesium actively stimulates the formation of inflorescences, making flowering permanent.

To prepare an aqueous solution for feeding, dilute 15 grams of the drug in 5 liters of water and pour it over the soil in the pot. The water used to prepare the solution at home should be no colder than 20°C - this will allow the crystals to dissolve completely and be absorbed by the plant in a larger volume.

The combination of magnesium with other minerals is also ambiguous; it should be borne in mind that it helps in the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus, but at the same time reduces the rate of absorption of calcium.

In order for the plant to maintain healthy growth, additional calcium supplements should be carried out, or the application should be divided.

An equally important mineral element for abundant flowering is iodine. It accelerates the formation of inflorescences and increases the number of buds. To prepare the solution at home, just dissolve 1 drop of iodine in a liter of warm water. For one geranium bush, it is enough to add 50 ml of prepared iodine solution. When watering, the liquid should not get on the trunk of the plant; fertilizing is applied along the walls of the pot.

Features of geranium care and fertilization

You should start adding the necessary nutrients from the moment of transplantation. Geranium has a negative attitude towards this procedure, so this is usually done in the form of transferring it into a slightly larger pot. If ready-made soil is used for planting, then magnesium sulfate and nitrogen can be added to the soil with caution. If the composition is prepared independently, then a full complex of mineral fertilizers is added to provide the plant with a proper start for healthy growth and abundant flowering. Long-acting granular fertilizers are suitable for basic fertilizer. They are mixed with the soil during transplantation and then slowly dissolve, releasing nutrients over several months.

To safely grow a flower from cuttings, it is recommended to use a solution of glucose or heteroauxin for stimulation. Use with caution for rooting some varieties of royal geranium. In this case, it is possible to replace it with another stimulant, yeast or nettle solution. Yeast solution can be easily prepared at home from 100 grams of raw materials and 1 liter of warm water.

When applying fertilizer, it is important to observe the dose: if the leaves turn yellow and become stunted, this indicates that an excessive amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied, and it makes sense to reduce the dosage.

Nitrogen is good in the first stages, when the plant has undergone spring pruning and needs intensive nutrition to increase the green mass of leaves.

At home, geranium can be fed with milk formula by dissolving 100 ml of milk in a liter of water. Use alternating with regular watering. Ash mixed dry with soil will help replenish potassium reserves; or ash solution added as an auxiliary feeding.

For abundant flowering of the plant, complex means and feeding systems are not required. It is enough to provide the flower with nutritious soil, and in the spring-summer period give a full range of mineral fertilizers, paying close attention to watering with iodine. Reasonably dosed fertilizing, including, in addition to the three main components, also magnesium, calcium, sulfur, zinc, iron, iodine, will provide the owner of geraniums with abundant flowering at home, throughout the year.

Every year more and more mineral fertilizers are used in agriculture. But little is said to the population about the prevention of possible poisoning by them.

Among mineral fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium substances are most often used. The best known nitrogen compounds are ammonium, sodium, potassium and calcium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonia water.

Phosphorus fertilizers include superphosphate, phosphate rock, ammonium phosphates and others. From the potassium group, potassium chloride, sylvinite, and carnallite are used.

When using these fertilizers, the main harm to the human body is the dust they generate. Its danger depends on chemical composition fertilizers Liquid mineral fertilizers (ammonia water, etc.) emit harmful gas - ammonia.

The toxic effect of dust is determined by the content of salts of hydrofluoric, phosphoric, nitric and nitrous acids.

Dust from phosphorus fertilizers can cause diseases of the upper respiratory tract in the form of catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, larynx and lungs (bronchitis).

With frequent and prolonged exposure to a dusty atmosphere, chronic poisoning of the body is possible, mainly from exposure to fluoride. This can manifest itself in damage to joints and teeth (osteosclerosis), respiratory organs, nervous and cardiovascular systems, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys.

Therefore, persons working with mineral fertilizers must take certain precautions. Fertilizers must be kept in bags and containers such that there is no dust formation.

In addition, the respiratory tract should be protected from dust and dust respirators should be used.

Since dust has an effect on the skin and mucous membranes, it is necessary to use protective clothing, gloves and safety glasses. It is also useful to use protective ointments or simply indifferent cream, Vaseline, lanolin.

If you do not have a special respirator to protect your respiratory organs and eyes from dust, you can make your own mask from 12 layers of gauze. This mask is sewn in such a size that it covers the entire face. A celluloid plate or glass is inserted into the hole for the eyes.

A tight fit of the mask to the forehead is achieved using an elastic band 2 centimeters wide, which is sewn to the corners of the mask above the temples. Two strips of gauze are attached to the lower corners of the mask and tied around the neck.

If you have protective dust goggles, the mask is made in such a size that it covers only the chin, mouth and nose. They put it on like a surgeon would during an operation. A gauze bandage can be made from two layers, but then a layer of cotton wool 2-3 centimeters thick is laid between them.

Do not smoke while working in dusty areas. You should drink and eat after thoroughly rinsing your mouth, so as not to swallow dust into your stomach. After work, take off your overalls and wash well in the shower. Food should be rich in vitamins (milk, fruits, vegetables).

Everyone who has contact with dust must undergo a medical examination at least once every six months with a mandatory blood test, X-rays of the lungs and skeletal system.

Compliance with these rules and precautions will save a person from possible poisoning and help maintain health.