Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations with fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to be given to infants? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What medications are the safest?
Amino acids- these are organic compounds that are building materials for proteins and muscle tissue. Disorders of amino acid metabolism are the cause of many diseases (liver and kidneys). Amino acid analysis (urine and blood) is the primary means of assessing dietary protein absorption as well as metabolic imbalances that underlie many chronic disorders.
Composition of the study:
- 1-methylhistidine (1MHIS).
- 3-methylhistidine (3MHIS).
- a-aminoadipic acid (AAA).
- a-aminobutyric acid (AABA).
- b-alanine (BALA).
- b-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA).
- y-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
- Alanine (Ala).
- Arginine (Arg).
- Asparagine (ASN).
- Aspartic acid (Asp).
- Valin (Val).
- Hydroxyproline (HPRO).
- Histidine (HIS).
- Glycine (Gly).
- Glutamine (GLN).
- Glutamic acid (Glu).
- Isoleucine (ILEU).
- Leucine (LEU).
- Lysine (LYS).
- Methionine (Met).
- Ornithine (Orn).
- Proline (PRO).
- Serine (SER).
- Taurine (TAU).
- Tyrosine (Tyr).
- Threonine (THRE).
- Phenylalanine (Phe).
- Cystathionine (CYST).
- Cysteinic acid (CYSA).
- Cystine (CYS).
- Citrulline (Cit).
Arginine- is a conditionally replaceable amino acid, that is, it must constantly be supplied to the body with food. Arginine is involved in the production of nitric oxide, helps accelerate the synthesis of growth hormone and other hormones, accelerates healing and strengthens blood vessels. It is present in the body in free form and as part of proteins. Arginine underlies the synthesis of ornithine.
Ornithine- stimulates the release of insulin and growth hormone. It helps protect the liver from the effects of toxic substances, and also stimulates the regeneration and restoration of liver cells. The extremely important role of ornithine is associated with its participation in the urinary cycle, which is necessary for the excretion of ammonia. Ammonia is formed during the breakdown of proteins and is a toxic substance for the body. Ornithine is involved in its processing to form urea. Urea also has a toxic effect and increases nervous excitability. Thanks to ornithine, these toxins are eliminated from the body.
Aspartic acid- participates in transamination reactions and the urea cycle.
Citrulline- stimulates ammonia detoxification, supports immunity. It plays an important role in the metabolic processes of the body.
Glutamic acid- affects the absorption of calcium, carbohydrate metabolism and is an important neurotransmitter.
Glycine- regulates metabolism, improves brain activity.
Meteonine- prevents the deposition of fats on the walls of blood vessels and in the liver, improves digestion, protects the body from the effects of toxic substances and radiation.
Phenylalanine- participates in the formation of neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine, improves mental activity, normalizes appetite.
Tyrosine- normalizes the activity of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, norepinephrine and dopamine are synthesized from it.
Valin- regulates muscle activity, regenerates damaged tissue. Necessary for maintaining normal nitrogen metabolism in the body, can be used by muscles as a source of energy.
Leucine and isoleucine- participate in the restoration processes of bones, muscles, skin, activate the production of growth hormone, reduce blood sugar levels and are sources of energy. Decreased concentration: acute starvation, hyperinsulinism, hepatic encephalopathy. Increased concentration: ketoaciduria, obesity, fasting, viral hepatitis.
Hydroxyproline- found in the tissues of almost the entire body, it is part of collagen, which accounts for most of the protein in the body of mammals. Hydroxyproline synthesis is impaired in vitamin C deficiency.
Increased concentration: hydroxyprolinemia, uremia, liver cirrhosis.
Serin- belongs to the group of non-essential amino acids, participates in the formation of active centers of a number of enzymes, ensuring their function. Important in the biosynthesis of other non-essential amino acids: glycine, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan. Serine is the initial product of the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, sphingolipids, ethanolamine, and other important metabolic products.
Decreased concentration: phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, gout. Increased serine concentration: protein intolerance. Urine - burns, Hartnup's disease.
Asparagine- necessary to maintain balance in the processes occurring in the central nervous system; prevents both excessive excitation and excessive inhibition, participates in the processes of amino acid synthesis in the liver. Increased concentration: burns, Hartnup disease, cystinosis.
Alpha-aminoadipic acid- metabolite of the main biochemical pathways of lysine. Increased concentration: hyperlysinemia, alpha-aminoadipic aciduria, alpha-ketoadipic aciduria, Reye's syndrome.
Glutamine- performs a number of vital functions in the body: participates in the synthesis of amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, cAMP and c-GMP, folic acid, enzymes that carry out redox reactions (NAD), serotonin, n-aminobenzoic acid; neutralizes ammonia; converted to aminobutyric acid (GABA); capable of increasing permeability muscle cells for potassium ions.
Decreased glutamine concentration: rheumatoid arthritis
Increased concentration: blood - hyperammonemia caused by the following reasons: hepatic coma, Reye's syndrome, meningitis, cerebral hemorrhage, urea cycle defects, deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, carbamoyl phosphate synthase, citrullinemia, arginine succinic aciduria, hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, homocitrullinemia (HHH syndrome), in some cases hyperlysemia type 1, lysinuric protein intolerance. Urine - Hartnup disease, generalized aminoaciduria, rheumatoid arthritis.
Beta-alanine- is the only beta amino acid, formed from dihydrouracil and carnosine. Increased concentration: hyper-β-alaninemia.
Taurine- promote the emulsification of fats in the intestines, has anticonvulsant activity, has a cardiotropic effect, improves energy processes, stimulates reparative processes in dystrophic diseases and processes accompanied by metabolic disorders of eye tissue, helps to normalize the function of cell membranes and improve metabolic processes.
Decreased taurine concentration: blood - manic-depressive syndrome, depressive neuroses.
Increased taurine concentration: urine - sepsis, hyper-β-alaninemia, folic acid deficiency (B 9), first trimester of pregnancy, burns.
Histidine- is part of the active centers of many enzymes and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of histamine. Promotes tissue growth and repair. Contained in large quantities in hemoglobin; used in treatment rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, ulcers and anemia. A lack of histidine can cause hearing loss.
Decreased histidine concentration: rheumatoid arthritis. Increased histidine concentration: histidinemia, pregnancy, Hartnup disease, generalized aminoaciduria.
Threonine is an essential amino acid that helps maintain normal protein metabolism in the body, is important for the synthesis of collagen and elastin, helps the liver, participates in fat metabolism, and stimulates the immune system.
Decreased threonine concentration: chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis. Increased threonine concentration: Hartnup disease, pregnancy, burns, hepatolenticular degeneration.
1-methylhistidine is the main derivative of anserine. The enzyme carnosinase converts anserine into β-alanine and 1-methylhistidine. High levels of 1-methylhistidine tend to inhibit the enzyme carnosinase and increase anserine concentrations. Decreased carnosinase activity also occurs in patients with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and in patients after stroke. Vitamin E deficiency can lead to 1-methylhistidinuria due to increased oxidative effects in skeletal muscle.
Increased concentration: chronic renal failure, meat diet.
3-methylhistidine is an indicator of the level of protein breakdown in muscles.
Decreased concentration: fasting, diet. Increased concentration: chronic renal failure, burns, multiple injuries.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid- found in the central nervous system and takes part in neurotransmitter and metabolic processes in the brain. GABA receptor ligands are considered as potential agents for the treatment of various mental and central nervous system disorders, which include Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, sleep disorders (insomnia, narcolepsy), and epilepsy. Under the influence of GABA, the energy processes of the brain are also activated, the respiratory activity of tissues increases, the utilization of glucose by the brain improves, and blood supply improves.
Beta-aminoisobutyric (β)- aminoisobutyric acid is a non-protein amino acid, which is a product of the catabolism of thymine and valine. Increased concentration: various types of neoplasms, diseases accompanied by increased destruction of nucleic acids in tissues, Down syndrome, protein malnutrition, hyper-beta-alaninemia, beta-aminoisobutyric aciduria, lead poisoning.
Alpha-aminobutyric (α)- aminobutyric acid is the main intermediate product of the biosynthesis of ophthalmic acid. Increased concentration: nonspecific aminoaciduria, fasting.
Proline- one of twenty proteinogenic amino acids, is part of all proteins of all organisms.
Decreased concentration: Huntington's chorea, burns.
Increased concentration: blood - hyperprolinemia type 1 (proline oxidase deficiency), hyperprolinemia type 2 (pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase deficiency), protein deficiency in newborns. Urine - hyperproliemia types 1 and 2, Joseph's syndrome (severe prolinuria), carcinoid syndrome, iminoglycinuria, Wilson-Konovalov disease (hepatolenticular degeneration).
Cystathionine- sulfur-containing amino acid, participates in the biosynthesis of cysteine, methionine and serine.
Lysine- this is an essential amino acid, part of almost any protein, necessary for growth, tissue repair, production of antibodies, hormones, enzymes, albumins, has antiviral effect, maintains energy levels, participates in collagen formation and tissue repair, improves the absorption of calcium from the blood and its transport to bone tissue.
Decreased concentration: carcinoid syndrome, lysinuric protein intolerance.
Increased concentrations: blood - hyperlysinemia, glutaric acidemia type 2. Urine - cystinuria, hyperlysinemia, first trimester of pregnancy, burns.
Cystine in the body- is an important part of proteins such as immunoglobulins, insulin and somatostatin, strengthens connective tissue. Decreased cystine concentration: protein starvation, burns. Increased cystine concentrations: blood - sepsis, chronic renal failure. Urine - cystinosis, cystinuria, cystinlysinuria, first trimester of pregnancy.
Cysteinic acid- sulfur-containing amino acid. Intermediate product of cysteine and cystine metabolism. Takes part in transamination reactions and is one of the precursors of taurine.
Only half of the necessary amino acids are synthesized in the human body, and the remaining amino acids - essential (arginine, valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine) - must come from food. The exclusion of any essential amino acid from the diet leads to the development of a negative nitrogen balance, clinically manifested by dysfunction of the nervous system, muscle weakness and other signs of metabolic and energy pathology.
It is impossible to overestimate the role of amino acids in the functioning of the body.
Indications:
- diagnosis of hereditary and acquired diseases associated with disorders of amino acid metabolism;
- differential diagnosis of the causes of disorders of nitrogen metabolism, removal of ammonia from the body;
- monitoring compliance with diet therapy and treatment effectiveness;
- nutritional status assessment and dietary modification.
On the eve of the test, it is not recommended to eat vegetables and fruits that can change the color of urine (beets, carrots, cranberries, etc.), or take diuretics.
Collect a strictly morning portion of urine, excreted immediately after sleep. Before collecting urine, it is necessary to perform a thorough hygienic toilet of the external genitalia. When urinating for the first time in the morning, release a small amount of urine (the first 1-2 seconds) into the toilet, then collect the entire portion of urine in a clean container without interrupting urination. Pour approximately 50 ml of urine into a sterile plastic container with a screw cap. When collecting urine, it is advisable not to touch the container to your body. It is necessary to deliver the container with urine to the medical office as soon as possible from the moment the biomaterial is taken.
Interpretation of results
Interpretation of the results is carried out taking into account age, nutritional characteristics, clinical condition and other laboratory data.
Units of measurement - µmol/l.
1. 1-Methylhistidine
- <= 1 года: 17–419
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 18–1629
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 10–1476
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 19–1435
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 12–1549
- >= 18 years: 23–1339
- <= 1 года: 88–350
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 86–330
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 56–316
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 77–260
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 47–262
- >= 18 years: 70–246
- <= 30 дней: 0–299,7
- > 30 days before< 2 лет: 0–403,1
- >= 2 years before<= 11 лет: 0–211,1
- > 11 years up<= 17 лет: 0–167
- > 17 years: 0–146.7
- <= 1 года: 0–63
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–56
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–38
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–30
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–31
- >= 18 years: 0–19
- <= 1 года: 0–219
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–92
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–25
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–25
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–49
- >= 18 years: 0–52
- <= 1 года: 18–3137
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–980
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 15–1039
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 24–511
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 11–286
- >= 18 years: 0–301
- <= 1 года: 0–25
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–13
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–11
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–6
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–5
- >= 18 years: 0–5
- <= 1 года: 93–3007
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 101–1500
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 64–1299
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 44–814
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 51–696
- >= 18 years: 56–518
- <= 1 года: 10–560
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 20–395
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 14–240
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–134
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–153
- >= 18 years: 0–114
- <= 30 дней: 0–2100,3
- > 30 days before< 2 лет: 0–1328,9
- >= 2 years before<= 11 лет: 0–687,8
- > 11 years up<= 17 лет: 0–913,9
- > 17 years: 0–454.2
- <= 1 года: 0–64
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–56
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–30
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–9
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–11
- >= 18 years: 0–10
- <= 1 года: 11–211
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 11–211
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–139
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 16–91
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–75
- >= 18 years: 11–61
- <= 1 года: 0–2536
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–89
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–46
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–19
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–22
- >= 18 years: 0–15
- <= 1 года: 145–3833
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 427–3398
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 230–2635
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 268–2147
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 134–1983
- >= 18 years: 81–1128
- <= 1 года: 362–18614
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 627–6914
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 412–5705
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 449–4492
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 316–4249
- >= 18 years: 229–2989
- <= 30 дней: 0–2279,4
- > 30 days before< 2 лет: 0–4544,3
- >= 2 years before<= 11 лет: 0–1920,6
- > 11 years up<= 17 лет: 0–822
- > 17 years: 0–1756.2
- <= 1 года: 0–243
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 12–128
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–76
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–39
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–62
- >= 18 years: 0–34
- <= 1 года: 0–86
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–78
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–62
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–34
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–28
- >= 18 years: 0–22
- <= 1 года: 0–200
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 15–167
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 12–100
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 13–73
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–62
- >= 18 years: 0–51
- <= 1 года: 19–1988
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 25–743
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 14–307
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 17–276
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 10–240
- >= 18 years: 15–271
- <= 1 года: 0–41
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–41
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–25
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–23
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–20
- >= 18 years: 0–16
- <= 1 года: 0–265
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–70
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–44
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–17
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–18
- >= 18 years: 0–25
- <= 1 года: 28–2029
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–119
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–78
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–20
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–28
- >= 18 years: 0–26
- <= 1 года: 18–4483
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 284–1959
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 179–1285
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 153–765
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 105–846
- >= 18 years: 97–540
- <= 1 года: 37–8300
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 64–3255
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 76–3519
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 50–2051
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 57–2235
- >= 18 years: 24–1531
- <= 1 года: 39–685
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 38–479
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 23–254
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 22–245
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 12–208
- >= 18 years: 15–115
- <= 1 года: 25–1217
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 55–763
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 30–554
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 25–456
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 37–418
- >= 18 years: 31–278
- <= 1 года: 14–315
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 14–315
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 10–303
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 10–303
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 15–229
- >= 18 years old: 18–114
- <= 1 года: 14–280
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 34–254
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 20–150
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 21–106
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 11–111
- >= 18 years: 13–70
- <= 1 года: 0–302
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–56
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–26
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–18
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–44
- >= 18 years: 0–30
- <= 1 года: 12–504
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 11–133
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–130
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–56
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–104
- >= 18 years: 10–98
- <= 1 года: 0–72
- > 1 year before< 3 лет: 0–57
- >= 3 years up<= 6 лет: 0–14
- > 6 years up to<= 8 лет: 0–9
- > 8 years up< 18 лет: 0–14
- >= 18 years: 0–12
- eclampsia;
- impaired fructose tolerance;
- diabetic ketoacidosis;
- renal failure;
- Reye's syndrome.
- hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex;
- fever;
- Hartnup's disease;
- Huntington's chorea;
- inadequate nutrition, fasting (kwashiorkore);
- malabsorption syndrome in severe diseases gastrointestinal tract;
- hypovitaminosis;
- nephrotic syndrome;
- pappataci fever (mosquito, phlebotomy);
- rheumatoid arthritis.
- increased arginine, glutamine - arginase deficiency;
- increased arginine succinate, glutamine - arginosuccinase deficiency;
- increased citrulline, glutamine - citrullinemia;
- increased cystine, ornithine, lysine - cystinuria;
- increased valine, leucine, isoleucine - maple syrup disease (leucinosis);
- increased phenylalanine - phenylketonuria;
- increased tyrosine - tyrosinemia.
- increased glutamine - hyperammonemia;
- increased alanine - lactic acidosis (lactic acidosis);
- increased glycine - organic aciduria;
- increased tyrosine - transient tyrosinemia in newborns.
At the Doctor Nearby clinic, it makes it possible to determine the content of these beneficial compounds in the body. Today, more than a hundred amino acids are known, but only 32 of them provide protein production. Depending on the possibility of creation in the body, amino acids are divided into essential and non-essential.
Key essential amino compounds:
- Valin;
- Arginine;
- Methionine;
- Phenylalanine;
- Tryptophan;
- Lysine and others.
Key replaceable substances:
- Alanine;
- Acylcarnitine;
- Citrulline;
- Glycine;
- Glutamate;
- Asparagine and others.
These acids are needed for many metabolic processes in the human body. If the enzymes involved in the transformation are disrupted, the concentration of certain amino acids may increase. This has a negative impact on work various organs and systems. The pathology of amino acid metabolism can be hereditary or acquired.
Birth defects are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and usually occur in early childhood. This group of diseases is caused by a lack of transport protein molecules and enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids. They may appear various symptoms, ranging from minor ailments to severe disorders general condition, vomiting, coma, delayed physical and intellectual development, osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
For many diseases internal organs acquired or secondary metabolic disorders are observed.
Pathological conditions accompanied by disorders of amino acid metabolism include diseases digestive system(,), urinary system (Fanconi syndrome), malignant neoplasms and so on.
Prevention and effective treatment of these diseases allows you to slow down their progression and achieve normalization of metabolism.
To diagnose these pathological processes Doctors at the Doctor Nearby clinic prescribe a blood test for 32 indicators. This diagnostic procedure makes it possible to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the content of these substances and their derivatives in the blood, as well as determine the state of amino acid metabolism in the body. You can find out the price of a blood test for amino acids on the company’s official website.
Preparing for analysis
To obtain reliable research results, you must adhere to certain preparation rules. During the day before donating blood for analysis, you should stop drinking alcoholic beverages.
For 8 hours before taking biological material, the patient must refuse to eat. During this period, you are only allowed to drink purified water without gas.
In consultation with your doctor, you should stop taking medications the day before donating blood, if possible. For half an hour before the test, the patient is advised to refrain from smoking and try to avoid psycho-emotional and physical overload.
Indications for the study
Doctors at the Doctor Nearby clinic advise taking an amino acid test in the following situations:
- Suspicion of congenital and acquired disorders of amino acid metabolism;
- Differential diagnosis of the pathology of the metabolism of nitrogenous bases and their elimination (with an increase in the level of ammonia in the body);
- Monitoring the effectiveness of diet therapy and therapeutic measures;
- Comprehensive assessment of nutritional status and diet correction;
- Diagnosis of severe congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism in childhood in the presence of vomiting, metabolic acidosis, slow mental development and others characteristic features;
- Screening in persons with a complicated medical history (congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism in relatives).
- Examination of people involved in professional sports (weightlifters, bodybuilders), especially those taking protein supplements.
- Assessment of amino acid metabolism in vegetarians.
How the research works
To analyze the content of amino acids in the body, blood is taken from a vein on an empty stomach. Blood sampling takes place within a few minutes, after which the patient can go home and lead a normal life.Interpretation of amino acid test results
Deciphering the analysis takes one business day. After this, the patient receives a conclusion about the results of the analysis, with which he goes to his doctor. When interpreting the results, the age of the patients, dietary habits, the presence of symptoms of any diseases and other laboratory data are taken into account.
Amino acids- organic compounds that are the main component of proteins (proteins). Disorders of amino acid metabolism are the cause of many diseases (liver and kidneys). Amino acid analysis (urine and blood) is the primary means of assessing dietary protein absorption as well as metabolic imbalances that underlie many chronic disorders.
Biomaterial for comprehensive analysis Blood or urine can be used for amino acids in the Hemotest Laboratory.
The following essential amino acids are studied: alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, citrulline, glutamic acid, glycine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, hydroxyproline, serine, asparagine, α-aminoadipic acid, glutamine, β-alanine, taurine, histidine, threonine, 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine, γ-aminobutyric acid, β-aminoisobutyric acid, α-aminobutyric acid, proline, cystathionine, lysine, cystine, cysteic acid.
Alanin – an important source of energy for the brain and central nervous system; strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies; actively participates in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids. It can be a raw material for the synthesis of glucose in the body, making it an important source of energy and a regulator of blood sugar levels.
Decrease in concentration: chronic diseases kidneys, ketotic hypoglycemia.
Increased concentrations: hyperalaninemia, citrullinemia (moderate increase), Cushing's disease, gout, hyperorotininemia, histidemia, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, lysinuric protein intolerance.
Arginine is a conditionally nonessential amino acid. Participates in the cycle of transamination and removal of final nitrogen from the body, that is, the breakdown product of waste proteins. The body’s ability to create urea and cleanse itself of protein waste depends on the power of the cycle (ornithine - citrulline - arginine).
Decreased concentration: 3 days after surgery abdominal cavity, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis.
Increased concentration: hyperargininemia, in some cases type II hyperinsulinemia.
Aspartic acid is part of proteins, plays an important role in the reactions of the urea cycle and transamination, and participates in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines.
Decreased concentration: 1 day after surgery.
Increased concentration: urine – dicarboxyl aminoaciduria.
Citrulline increases energy supply, stimulates the immune system, and is converted into L-arginine in metabolic processes. Neutralizes ammonia, which damages liver cells.
Increased citrulline concentration: citrullinemia, liver disease, ammonium intoxication, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, lysinuric protein intolerance.
Urine - citrullinemia, Hartnup disease, argininosuccinate aciduria.
Glutamic acid is a neurotransmitter that transmits impulses in the central nervous system. Plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and promotes the penetration of calcium through the blood-brain barrier. Decreased concentration: histidinemia, chronic renal failure.
Increased concentration: pancreatic cancer, gout, glutamic acid, aciduria, rheumatoid arthritis. Urine – dicarboxyl aminoaciduria.
Glycine is a regulator of metabolism, normalizes the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system, has an anti-stress effect, and increases mental performance.
Decreased concentration: gout, diabetes.
Increased concentration: septicemia, hypoglycemia, type 1 hyperammonemia, severe burns, fasting, propionic acidemia, methylmalonic acidemia, chronic renal failure. Urine – hypoglycemia, cystinuria, Hartnup disease, pregnancy, hyperprolinemia, glycinuria, rheumatoid arthritis.
Methionine an essential amino acid that helps process fats, preventing their deposition in the liver and artery walls. The synthesis of taurine and cysteine depends on the amount of methionine in the body. Promotes digestion, provides detoxification processes, reduces muscle weakness, protects against radiation exposure, is useful for osteoporosis and chemical allergies.
Decreased concentration: homocystinuria, protein nutrition disorder.
Increased concentration: carcinoid syndrome, homocystinuria, hypermethioninemia, tyrosinemia, severe liver disease.
Ornithine Helps release growth hormone, which helps burn fat in the body. Required for immune system, participates in detoxification processes and restoration of liver cells.
Decreased concentration: carcinoid syndrome, chronic renal failure.
Increased concentration: spiral atrophy of the choroid and retina, severe burns, hemolysis.
Phenylalanine - an essential amino acid, in the body it can be converted into tyrosine, which, in turn, is used in the synthesis of two main neurotransmitters: dopamine and norepinephrine. Affects mood, reduces pain, improves memory and learning ability, suppresses appetite.
Increased concentration: transient tyrosinemia of newborns, hyperphenylalaninemia, sepsis, hepatic encephalopathy, viral hepatitis, phenylketonuria.
Tyrosine is a precursor to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. Participates in the regulation of mood; a lack of tyrosine leads to a deficiency of norepinephrine, which leads to depression. Suppresses appetite, reduces fat deposits, promotes the production of melatonin and improves the functions of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland and pituitary gland, and is also involved in phenylalanine metabolism. Thyroid hormones are formed by the addition of iodine atoms to tyrosine.
Decreased concentration: polycystic kidney disease, hypothermia, phenylketonuria, chronic renal failure, carcinoid syndrome, myxedema, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis.
Increased concentration: hypertyrosinemia, hyperthyroidism, sepsis.
Valin an essential amino acid that has a stimulating effect. Necessary for muscle metabolism, repair of damaged tissues and for maintaining normal nitrogen metabolism in the body, can be used by muscles as a source of energy.
Decreased concentration: hyperinsulinism, hepatic encephalopathy.
Increased concentration: ketoaciduria, hypervalinemia, insufficient protein nutrition, carcinoid syndrome, acute starvation.
Leucine and isoleucine - protect muscle tissue and are sources of energy, and also contribute to the restoration of bones, skin, and muscles. Able to lower blood sugar levels and stimulate the release of growth hormone.
Decreased concentration: acute starvation, hyperinsulinism, hepatic encephalopathy.
Increased concentration: ketoaciduria, obesity, fasting, viral hepatitis.
Hydroxyproline found in the tissues of almost the entire body, it is part of collagen, which accounts for most of the protein in the body of mammals. The synthesis of hydroxyproline is impaired by vitamin C deficiency.
Increased concentration: hydroxyprolinemia, uremia, liver cirrhosis.
Serin belongs to the group of non-essential amino acids, participates in the formation of active centers of a number of enzymes, ensuring their function. It is important in the biosynthesis of other non-essential amino acids: glycine, cysteine, methionine, tryptophan. Serine is the starting product of the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, sphingolipids, ethanolamine, and other important metabolic products.
Decreased concentration: phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, gout.
Increased serine concentration: protein intolerance. Urine – burns, Hartnup disease.
Asparagine necessary to maintain balance in the processes occurring in the central nervous
system; prevents both excessive excitation and excessive inhibition, participates in the processes of amino acid synthesis in the liver.
Increased concentration: burns, Hartnup disease, cystinosis.
Alpha-aminoadipic acid - metabolite of the main biochemical pathways of lysine.
Increased concentration: hyperlysinemia, alpha-aminoadipic aciduria, alpha-ketoadipic aciduria, Reye's syndrome.
Glutamine performs a number of vital functions in the body: participates in the synthesis of amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, cAMP and c-GMP, folic acid, enzymes that carry out redox reactions (NAD), serotonin, n-aminobenzoic acid; neutralizes ammonia; converted to aminobutyric acid (GABA); is able to increase the permeability of muscle cells to potassium ions.
Decreased glutamine concentration: rheumatoid arthritis
Increased concentrations: Blood - Hyperammonemia caused by the following reasons: hepatic coma, Reye's syndrome, meningitis, cerebral hemorrhage, urea cycle defects, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, carbamoyl phosphate synthase deficiency, citrullinemia, arginine succinic aciduria, hyperornithinemia, hyperammonemia, homocitrullinemia (HHH syndrome), in some cases hyperlysemia type 1, lysinuric protein intolerance. Urine – Hartnup disease, generalized aminoaciduria, rheumatoid arthritis.
β-alanine – is the only beta amino acid, formed from dihydrouracil and carnosine.
Increased concentration: hyper-β-alaninemia.
Taurine - promote the emulsification of fats in the intestines, has anticonvulsant activity, has a cardiotropic effect, improves energy processes, stimulates reparative processes in dystrophic diseases and processes accompanied by metabolic disorders of eye tissue, helps to normalize the function of cell membranes and improve metabolic processes.
Decreased taurine concentration: Blood - Manic-depressive syndrome, depressive neuroses
Increased taurine concentration: Urine - Sepsis, hyper-β-alaninemia, folic acid deficiency (B9), first trimester of pregnancy, burns.
Histidine is part of the active centers of many enzymes and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of histamine. Promotes tissue growth and repair. Contained in large quantities in hemoglobin; used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, ulcers and anemia. A lack of histidine can cause hearing loss.
Decreased histidine concentration: Rheumatoid arthritis
Increased histidine concentration: Histidinemia, pregnancy, Hartnup disease, generalized
no aminoaciduria.
Threonine is an essential amino acid that helps maintain normal protein metabolism in the body, is important for the synthesis of collagen and elastin, helps the liver, participates in fat metabolism, and stimulates the immune system.
Decreased threonine concentration: Chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis.
Increased threonine concentration: Hartnup disease, pregnancy, burns, hepatolenticular degeneration.
1-methylhistidine main derivative of anserine. The enzyme carnosinase converts anserine into β-alanine and 1-methylhistidine. High levels of 1-methylhistidine tend to inhibit the enzyme carnosinase and increase anserine concentrations. Decreased carnosinase activity also occurs in patients with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and post-stroke patients. Vitamin E deficiency can lead to 1-methylhistidinuria due to increased oxidative effects in skeletal muscle.
Increased concentration: chronic renal failure, meat diet.
3-methylhistidine is an indicator of the level of protein breakdown in muscles.
Decreased concentration: fasting, diet.
Increased concentration: chronic renal failure, burns, multiple injuries.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid - found in the central nervous system and takes part in neurotransmitter and metabolic processes in the brain. GABA receptor ligands are considered as potential agents for the treatment of various mental and central nervous system disorders, which include Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, sleep disorders (insomnia, narcolepsy), and epilepsy. Under the influence of GABA, the energy processes of the brain are also activated, the respiratory activity of tissues increases, the utilization of glucose by the brain improves, and blood supply improves.
Beta (β) - aminoisobutyric acid - a non-protein amino acid is a product of the catabolism of thymine and valine. Increased concentration: various types of neoplasms, diseases accompanied by increased destruction of nucleic acids in tissues, Down syndrome, protein malnutrition, hyper-beta-alaninemia, beta-aminoisobutyric aciduria, lead poisoning.
Alpha (α) -aminobutyric acid is the main intermediate product of the biosynthesis of ophthalmic acid. Increased concentration: nonspecific aminoaciduria, fasting.
Proline - one of twenty proteinogenic amino acids, is part of all proteins of all organisms.
Decreased concentration: Huntington's chorea, burns
Increased concentration: Blood - hyperprolinemia type 1 (proline oxidase deficiency), hyperprolinemia type 2 (pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase deficiency), protein malnutrition in newborns. Urine – hyperproliemia types 1 and 2, Joseph syndrome (severe prolinuria), carcinoid syndrome, iminoglycinuria, Wilson-Konovalov disease (hepatolenticular degeneration).
Cystathionine - sulfur-containing amino acid, participates in the biosynthesis of cysteine, methionine and serine.
Lysine is an essential amino acid that is part of almost any protein, is necessary for growth, tissue repair, the production of antibodies, hormones, enzymes, albumins, has an antiviral effect, maintains energy levels, is involved in the formation of collagen and tissue repair, improves the absorption of calcium from the blood and its transport into bone tissue.
Decreased concentration: carcinoid syndrome, lysinuric protein intolerance.
Increased concentrations: Blood – hyperlysinemia, glutaric acidemia type 2. Urine – cystinuria, hyperlysinemia, first trimester of pregnancy, burns.
Cystine in the body is an important part of proteins such as immunoglobulins, insulin and somatostatin, and strengthens connective tissue. Decreased cystine concentration: protein starvation, burns. Increased cystine concentration: Blood - sepsis, chronic renal failure. Urine – Cystinosis, cystinuria, cystinlysinuria, first trimester of pregnancy.
Cysteinic acid - sulfur-containing amino acid. Intermediate product of cysteine and cystine metabolism. Takes part in transamination reactions and is one of the precursors of taurine.
Only half of the necessary amino acids are synthesized in the human body, and the remaining amino acids - essential (arginine, valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine) - must come from food. Exclusion of any essential amino acid from the diet leads to the development of a negative nitrogen balance, clinically manifested by dysfunction of the nervous system, muscle weakness and other signs of metabolic and energy pathology.
Indications for the purpose of analysis:
- Diagnosis of diseases associated with amino acid metabolism disorders.
- Assessment of the condition of the human body.
Must be observed general rules preparation. Blood must be donated for testing on an empty stomach. At least 8 hours must pass between the last meal and blood collection.
Collect an average morning portion of urine for testing.
The basis of protein is amino acids - organic compounds in the human body. To identify problems with the functioning of the liver and kidneys, it is necessary to conduct a blood test for amino acids, since impaired amino acid metabolism leads to diseases of these organs. The degree of absorption and metabolic imbalance is determined by analyzing 20 amino acids.
Signs of violation
The following combination of symptoms in children and adults are signs of a disorder of amino acid metabolism:
- mental retardation;
- blurred vision;
- skin lesions of various types;
- specific smell and color of urine.
- periodically.
Some amino acids are synthesized in the body, and some are supplied through food consumption.
Types
Alanin. Using the amino acid alanine, the central nervous system and the brain receive energy. Alanine is involved in the metabolism of organic acids and sugars, and also produces, which helps strengthen the immune system. In addition, glucose can be produced from this type of amino acid, that is, regulation occurs with the participation of alanine.
Arginine. This is a non-essential amino acid, with the help of which final nitrogen is removed from the human body.
Aspartic acid. Contains protein. With an increase in its concentration in the urine, dicarboxyl aminoaciduria occurs.
Glutamic acid. The glutamine amino acid performs many functions in the body, including participation in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, stimulation of oxidative processes, increasing the body's resistance to hypoxia (), and normalizing metabolism. It helps remove toxins and ammonia from the body.
Glycine. The processes of excitation and inhibition occur in the central nervous system. Glycine is responsible for the normal functioning of these processes. It helps improve mental performance and also helps a person cope with stress.
Threonine. Threonine helps stimulate the immune system and improves energy supply. Its functions include the neutralization of ammonia.
Methionine. Detoxification of xenobiotics occurs with the help of methionine. Hormones, vitamins, proteins are activated by methionine.
Tyrosine. Tyrosine synthesis can occur in the body. It is an essential amino acid. An increased level of tyrosine in the blood indicates possible sepsis.
Valin. The synthesis of body tissue growth is impossible without valine. It helps stimulate coordination, improves mental performance and alertness. Damaged tissues are restored thanks to valine, and metabolism in muscles also occurs with its participation.
Phenylalanine. The amino acid phenylalanine also promotes learning ability. Phenylalanine can reduce pain and suppress appetite. It also affects mood.
Leucine and isoleucine. Leucine and isoleucine are amino acids that act together to serve as sources of energy. Another function is to protect muscle tissue. Isolycein affects mental stability and physical endurance. Without it, production is impossible. It also regulates blood sugar levels and plays an important role in mental problems and physical activity. Leucine is responsible for the restoration of skin, muscles, bones, as it produces growth hormone.
Diagnostics
- Cushing's disease – increased alanine content;
- Gout – increased alanine content, increased level glutamic acid, low glycine content;
- – reduced glycine content;
- Protein intolerance – increased alanine content;
- Keotic hypoglycemia – alanine deficiency;
- Chronic renal failure - lack of alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, increased glycine content;
- Hyperinsulinemia type 2 – high level arginine;
- Rheumatoid arthritis – lack of arginine, tyrosine, increased levels of glutamic acid;
- Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria - increased concentration of aspartic acid in the urine;
- Pancreatic cancer – increased levels of glutamic acid;
- Hyperammonemia type 1 – increased glycine content;
- – increased glycine content;
- Severe burns – increased glycine content;
- Fasting – increased content of glycine, valine.
- Impaired protein tolerance – increased levels of threonine;
- Liver diseases – increased levels of threonine, methionine;
- Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency – increased threonine levels;
- Ammonium intoxication – increased levels of threonine;
- Homocystinuria – increased levels of threonine;
- Carcinoid syndrome – increased levels of threonine;
- Homocystinuria – reduced level threonine;
- Protein nutritional disorder – decreased threonine level, increased valine level;
- – increased levels of tyrosine, phenylalanine;
- Myxedema – decreased level of tyrosine;
- Hypothyroidism - low levels of tyrosine;
- Polycystic kidney disease - low levels of tyrosine;
- Hypothermia – decreased level of tyrosine;
- Phenylketonuria – decreased level of tyrosine, increased content of phenylalanine;
- Carcinoid syndrome – decreased tyrosine levels, increased valine levels;
- Hepatic encephalopathy - lack of valine (also indicates a lack of coordination, increased sensitivity of the skin to irritants), increased content of phenylalanine;
- Transient tyrosinemia of newborns - increased phenylalanine content;
- Viral hepatitis - increased levels of phenylalanine;
- Hyperphenylalaninemia - increased levels of phenylalanine.
Abnormalities in amino acid blood tests are a cause for concern.
According to doctors, the following groups of people need to have a blood test for amino acids (32 indicators):
- babies;
- vegetarians and people on diets;
- athletes and people experiencing increased physical activity.
Analysis procedure
A blood test for amino acids can be taken in many clinics. Before taking an amino acid test, you should not eat for 4 hours. carried out from the heel. Possible hematoma formation. The analysis period takes about 16 days.
A blood test for amino acids is of great importance for children, as it helps to promptly identify health problems and begin treatment.
A blood test for amino acids and acylcarnitines is carried out to identify hereditary diseases. The earlier pathology is detected, the greater the likelihood of preventing serious illnesses.
Index: N10.11
Biomaterial: Blood with EDTA
Components of the complex: Amino acids (32 indicators): Alanine (ALA), Arginine (ARG), Aspartic acid (ASP), Citrulline (CIT), Glutamic acid (GLU), Glycine (GLY), Methionine (MET), Ornithine (ORN), Phenylalanine ( PHE), Tyrosine (TYR), Valine (VAL), Leucine (LEU), Isoleucine (ILEU), Hydroxyproline (HPRO), Serine (SER), Asparagine (ASN), a-aminoadipic acid (AAA), Glutamine ( GLN), b-alanine (BALA), Taurine (TAU), Histidine (HIS), Threonine (THRE), 1-methylhistidine (1MHIS), 3-methylhistidine (3MHIS), y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), b -aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a-aminobutyric acid (AABA), Proline (PRO), Cystathionine (CYST), Lysine (LYS), Cystine (CYS), Cysteinic acid (CYSA) - in the blood.
Amino acids are organic substances containing carboxyl and amine groups. In the human body they are divided into replaceable and irreplaceable. Essential amino acids - tryptophan, valine, threonine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine. Replaceable - proline, glycine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, serine, cysteine. Proteinogenic and non-standard amino acids are amino acids whose metabolites take part in various metabolic processes in the body. Pathology of enzymes at any stage of transformation of substances can lead to the accumulation of amino acids and their transformation products, thereby having a negative impact on homeostasis.
When amino acid metabolism is disrupted, it can be either a primary manifestation (congenital) or a secondary manifestation (acquired). Clinical manifestations These pathological conditions are varied, but early diagnosis and timely treatment can prevent the development and progression of symptoms of the disease.
This study helps in a comprehensive assessment of the concentration of standard and non-proteinogenic amino acids and their derivatives in the blood, and also helps determine the state of amino acid metabolism in the human body.
Use results this study can be used for various purposes, most often in the diagnosis of hereditary and acquired diseases that are associated with the process of impaired amino acid metabolism, differential diagnosis of the causes of nitrogen metabolism disorders, monitoring diet therapy and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment, assessing nutritional status and changes in diet.
An increase in the total amount of amino acids in the body can lead to: eclampsia, impaired fructose tolerance, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, Reye's syndrome.
A decrease in the total concentration of amino acids includes such reasons as: hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex, prolonged fever, Hartnup's disease, Huntington's chorea, inadequate nutrition, namely fasting, malabsorption syndrome in severe diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, hypovitaminosis, nephrotic syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis
Clinical manifestations in primary aminoacidopathies vary depending on the amino acid affected.
An increase in arginine and glutamine is manifested by arginase deficiency. An increase in arginine succinate and glutamine – arginosuccinase deficiency.
As well as an increase in citrulline, glutamine (citrullinemia), cystine, isoleucine (maple syrup disease), valine, lysine (cystinuria), ornithine, leucine, in other words - leucinosis).
An increase in the concentration of phenylalanine leads to phenylketonuria, and an increase in tyrosine leads to tyrosinemia.
Secondary aminoacidopathies are characterized by the following manifestations:
Increased glutamine – hyperammonemia. Increased concentration of the amino acid alanine– lactic acidosis or, as it is also called, lactic acidosis.
Violation of glycine concentration leads to organic aciduria, also pathologically high levels of tyrosine are a consequence transient tyrosinemia in newborns.
- The optimal time for the blood collection procedure is from 8:00 to 11:00.
- The day before the test, adhere to your established daily diet. Excessive consumption of foods of one type is not recommended: only meat, only vegetables, etc.
- 24 hours before blood collection, exclude:
- - physical and emotional overload; air travel; temperature effects (visiting baths and saunas, hypothermia, etc.); violation of the sleep-wake pattern;
- - alcohol consumption;
- - taking dietary supplements;
- - instrumental medical examinations(ultrasound, x-ray, etc.) or procedures (physiotherapy, massage, etc.).
- At least 12 hours (but no more than 14 hours) before taking blood, refrain from eating and drinking, with the exception of drinking water. The last meal before taking blood is light.
- Do not smoke 1 hour before taking blood.
- Before drawing blood, you must remain at rest for at least 20 minutes.
- When preparing to draw blood against the background of drug therapy, taking or stopping medicines should be agreed with your doctor.
