Are polyps benign? Let's figure it out together. Polyps in the uterus - what are they and how are they treated? Can a polyp

Polyps are abnormal benign neoplasms of round, drop-shaped or irregular shape, which are localized on the walls of hollow organs and protrude into their lumen. They are mounted on a wide base or have a leg. Such growths can appear on the internal surface of any organs of the body that have a mucous membrane.

Polyps are most often found in the following places:

Intestines;

• Gallbladder;

  Bladder;

  Nasal cavity.

In themselves, these tumors are not terrible, but sometimes they turn into malignant tumors. If a person does not experience any alarming symptoms, this does not mean that in the future the polyp will not degenerate into. This is why, regardless of whether polyps cause discomfort, they must be treated conservatively or surgically removed.

Polyps in the uterus

Polyps in the uterus are commonly diagnosed benign growths of the lining of the uterus that are usually caused by serious hormonal imbalances. They also appear against a variety of backgrounds inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs, for example, cervicitis or. In addition, polyps often coexist with endometriosis. Postmenstrual is considered the main symptom of such growths. Signs of polyps include heavy uterine periods, or vice versa, scanty, irregular periods, as well as vaginal bleeding during the period. However, such pathology is sometimes observed during a normal menstrual cycle. Many patients complain of increasing pain during sexual intercourse. It also happens that polyps in the uterus are not indicated by any symptoms.

For a complete diagnosis of uterine polyposis Ultrasound examination, metrography and the most informative method - hysteroscopy are used. Thanks to such modern procedures, a gynecologist can easily assess general state polyp, determine its exact location and size. If growths appear against the background of inflammation, then it is enough to cure the source of infection so that the polyps disappear without intervention. Using a hysteroscope, you can perform major operations to remove large growths, with minimal complications.

Treatment of polyps in the uterus most often produced surgically, which implies scraping. Sometimes doctors use and not surgery by introducing modern drugs progesterone. Hormones promote rapid drying of growths. However, it should be mentioned that with the conservative method, the risk of re-formation of polyps is very high.

Nasal polyps

Benign tumors such as nasal polyps most often occur in children under 10 years of age. Nasal polyposis is the same as... However, such a pathology can also manifest itself in adults due to the strong proliferation of the mucous membrane of the pharyngeal tonsils. It is this tissue that is designed to protect the human body from all kinds of bacteria and viruses.

The main reasons for the formation of nasal polyps are as follows:

Repeatedly suffered infectious diseases of the ENT organs;

Prolonged lack of fresh air or systematic inhalation of harmful substances;

Common symptoms of nasal polyps There are also rashes on the skin around the nose, inflammation of the inner lining of the sinuses, difficulty breathing, problems sleeping, traces of mucus on the wall of the throat, lack of taste, poor sense of smell, snoring and chronic. Most people with adenoids suffer from terrible headaches and a constant runny nose with severe nasal congestion. With small growths, signs may not appear. And conservative treatment infectious diseases and allergic manifestations rarely lead to the resorption of nasal polyps.

Treatment of nasal polyps surgical: doctors usually tend to immediately surgically remove such tumors. When polyps grow in large groups, a standard endoscopic surgery. To speed up healing, doctors recommend regular rinsing of the sinuses. sea ​​salt. Carrying out preventive measures, the use of antiallergic drugs and specific immunotherapy can prevent re-growth.

Endometrial polyps

Uterine endometrial polyposis is a serious disease that can be characterized as the uncontrolled formation of multiple benign neoplasms. With such hyperplastic processes, the underlying endometrium grows, in other words, the entire inner layer of the uterus. This disease most often occurs in women aged 35 to 55 years. In older age, after menopause, the incidence rate is low. The uterine endometrial polyp has a body and a stalk. It consists of epithelial cells. Growths come in different shapes, depending on their structure and structure.

Experts divide uterine endometrial polyps into the following types:

Ferrous;

Glandular-fibrous;

Fibrous;

Adenomatous.

In women of early reproductive age, neoplasms of the glandular structure are usually observed. Whereas in mature patients, either fibrous or adenomatous polyps are diagnosed. It should be noted that glandular-fibrous growths are characteristic of any age category.

TO possible reasons uterine endometrial polyposis include hormonal disorders, trauma to the uterine cavity, prolonged contact of the mucous membrane with the intrauterine device, miscarriages and frequent terminations of pregnancy, childbirth with incomplete removal of the placenta, decreased immunity, endocrine disorders, extragenital diseases, psychological factors, as well as chronic pelvic inflammation.

Symptoms of endometrial polyposis can be very diverse:

Menstrual irregularities;

Cramping pain in the lower abdomen;

White, yellowish or brown discharge from the genital tract;

Intermenstrual bleeding;

Pain and bleeding during or after sexual intercourse;

Inability to conceive or miscarriage.

But quite often this pathology does not manifest itself at all. Small growths can only be detected by ultrasound, endometrial scraping or hysteroscopy.

The main treatment method for uterine endometrial polyposis surgical intervention is considered. Under the control of a hysteroscope, a specialist removes polyps and thoroughly scrapes the uterine mucosa. Depending on the shape of the growth and the age of the patient, further treatment and postoperative recovery are prescribed. It should be mentioned that after curettage of glandular and glandular-fibrous neoplasms, mandatory hormonal treatment is indicated to regulate the menstrual cycle.

Rectal polyps

A rectal polyp is a benign glandular neoplasm, which is attached to the rectal wall with the help of a stalk. Growths often form in small groups. This intestinal pathology occurs not only in adults, but also in children. With hereditary rectal polyposis, growths in most cases tend to become malignant. According to modern medical research, middle-aged men suffer from this disease at least one and a half times more often than women. Early detection and treatment of these tumors allows us to count on a positive prognosis.

Numerous rectal polyps can be classified as follows:

By quantity - single, multiple and diffuse;

According to morphological structure– into glandular, villous, glandular-villous, juvenile, hyperplastic and fibrous.

Pseudopolyposis - can be distinguished in separate group, this is when the mucous membrane grows as a result of chronic inflammation.

Possible causes of rectal polyps are chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, stagnation of feces and microtrauma caused by frequent constipation. Along with this, the growth of polyps is facilitated by the unfavorable influence of the environmental situation, poor nutrition, physical inactivity and alcohol abuse. You can also note the dependence of polyposis on diverticular disease and vascular pathologies. Modern experts do not exclude a genetic predisposition to intestinal polyposis.

The severity of symptoms of rectal polyps directly depends on the number, size, morphological structure, location and malignant nature of the growths. As a rule, such neoplasms are discovered accidentally during a full endoscopic examination of the intestine. Very large growths can be manifested by a feeling of discomfort, bloody discharge from anus, a feeling of the presence of a foreign body in the rectum, as well as pain in the lower abdomen and iliac region. Serious disturbances of peristaltic activity gastrointestinal tract often contribute to the emergence of not only, but also.

Diagnosis of intestinal polyposis involves regular examinations by a proctologist. Early detection will help prevent malignant growth and will guarantee successful tumor removal.

Treatment of polyps in the intestines surgical - since they practically cannot be reduced by conservative methods, they are simply removed. Those polyps that are located low are operated on transanally. In addition, small growths can be removed by electroexcision during a special endoscopic procedure. Very large growths are removed only in parts. After resection, all polyps must undergo mandatory histological examination for malignancy.

Polyps in the gallbladder

Growing polyps in gallbladder- These are pathological neoplasms of a benign nature that appear on the mucous membrane. The growths themselves do not pose a danger to humans, but on average in 15% of cases they develop into malignant formations without any symptoms.

The most common types of this pathology are:

Cholesterol polyposis;

Inflammatory polyposis;

Gallbladder adenoma;

Gallbladder papilloma.

Symptoms of bile polyps usually erased, patients have virtually no complaints, except for discomfort in the right hypochondrium. In rare cases, intolerance to a certain type of food occurs. Often, polyps in the human gallbladder are discovered completely by accident when ultrasound examination. Endoscopic ultrasonography may be prescribed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment of polyps in the gallbladder, according to modern doctors, it cannot be conservative; only surgical intervention is relevant. With extensive clinical manifestations the entire gallbladder must be removed, regardless of the size of the existing gallbladder. If growths in the gallbladder are more than 1 cm in diameter, and there are several of them, then the organ should be immediately removed due to the risk of malignant degeneration.

After a control ultrasound examination, the doctor decides to remove small polyps. Growths that are pedunculated and with a diameter of less than 9 mm should be monitored once every six months for two years. After this time, if the tumor has not increased in size, an ultrasound scan is performed once a year. If the polyp grows, it must be operated on. A growth without a stalk is monitored by a doctor once a quarter.

Standard surgery for resection of bile polyps is a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Using unique endoscopic technology, only growths can be removed while preserving a functioning gallbladder.

Polyps of the cervical canal

Special benign neoplasms - polyps of the cervical canal - mainly come from the columnar epithelium of the endocervix. The reasons for the occurrence of these growths are not clear enough. As a rule, this pathology is diagnosed in patients over the age of 35-37 years. Many experts believe that the development of cervical polyposis is based on age-related changes in the body, hormonal disorders, as well as various stress factors and decreased immunity. It should also be noted that mechanical trauma to the external os of the uterus can serve as a favorable background for growths. Often this type of polyposis develops in combination with erosion of the cervix and genital organs.

Symptoms of cervical polyposis quite pronounced: polyps grow in the lumen of the cervix, manifesting themselves as contact bleeding and leucorrhoea. In this case, mild nagging pain cannot be ruled out. Diagnosis of this pathology includes not only a gynecological examination and colposcopy, but also cervicoscopy and histological analysis of scrapings taken from the cervix.

According to histological type, polyps of the cervical canal are divided into:

Ferrous;

Adenomatous;

Glandular-fibrous;

Angiomatous;

Fibrous.

The structure of such growths is:

Multilayer;

Cylindrical;

• High cylindrical;

  With metaplastic changes;

  With immature epithelium.

Removal of cervical polyps It is performed by unscrewing the stalk of the polyp and completely cauterizing its base, and then scraping out the entire mucous membrane of the cervix. Usually after surgery, hormone replacement therapy is prescribed.

Polyps in the stomach

Polyps in the stomach are small protruding growths on the surface of the mucous membrane. In their shape, such neoplasms on short, wide legs resemble small mushrooms, the size of which does not exceed three centimeters. All benign gastric polyps have a glandular structure. Most often they develop due to chronic and other inflammations. Gastric growths are divided into groups according to several criteria: clinical, pathological, radiological, etiological and pathogenic.

Polyps in the stomach can be:

By quantity - single, multiple and diffuse (more than 15 pieces);

By etiology - inflammatory, adenomatous, hyperplastic and neoplastic (prone to becoming malignant);

By structure - villous, tubular and mixed.

Gastric polyps are almost asymptomatic. They develop without discomfort and can be detected incidentally during X-ray examination. In rare cases, patients complain of painful sensations in the epigastric region. When the exit from the stomach is blocked, it appears. When a fairly large polyp begins to manifest itself, there may be a bitter taste in the mouth, and there will be traces of blood in the stool and vomit. In case of serious pathologies, pallor, weakness and cramping pain cannot be avoided when the growths become pinched and enter the duodenum.

Causes Such benign neoplasms can be due to hereditary factors, chronic gastritis and other inflammations of the stomach. In addition, in people over 50-55 years of age, the risk of developing gastric polyps increases significantly. It doesn’t matter why exactly such growths arose - in any case, they indicate malfunctions in the functioning of the entire digestive system.

Treatment of any stomach polyps is based on systematic monitoring, special diet and surgical resection. The necessary monitoring should be carried out using endoscopic and x-ray equipment. Exact adherence to the prescribed diet will significantly slow down the development of the unfavorable process. The question of the need for surgical intervention is decided in each individual case, depending on the severity of the disease. The basic method of treatment in modern medicine Endoscopic polypectomy is considered.

Polyps in the intestines

Polyps in the intestines are a serious danger. They grow on the walls of the intestine, blocking the lumen. Neoplasms such as hamartomatous polyps grow from the most common tissues of the mucous membrane. Juvenile growths are found in the colon, and adenomatous polyps are a typical facultative appendage. The subsequent degeneration of each type of intestinal pathology directly depends on the size and etiology of the growth. The cause of the appearance of polyps in the intestines is considered to be only chronic inflammation.

Symptoms of the disease in patients with small polyps in the intestines there are practically no polyps. Sometimes, in the presence of large villous adenomas, mucus impurities are noticeable in the patient’s stool. In severely advanced cases, bloody discharge appears. Large growths can imitate intestinal obstruction, which is accompanied by cramping painful sensations. In addition, anal or prolonged constipation may occur. Due to large protein losses with large polyps in the intestine, homeostasis disorders are often diagnosed.

Diagnosis of such a dangerous pathology includes sigmoidoscopy and, if necessary, digital examination of the rectum. Combination diagnostic methods allows us to identify other associated ailments.

Treatment of intestinal polyps located on a thin stalk, provides for standard loop electrocoagulation, which is performed during colonoscopy. Growths with a wide base are excised. Most benign tumors can be easily detected and removed using a modern colonoscope. All resected growths should be examined for the presence of malignant cells.

If the large size of the growths does not allow endoscopic removal, they are localized by surgical intervention. Abdominal surgery is also performed to remove malignant tumors. For resection of a polyp that has degenerated into an early cancerous tumor, modern endoscopic techniques are used, and it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of each specific growth.

After removal of polyps in the intestines It is necessary to regularly see a doctor to avoid relapse of the disease. And after 50 years, every person is recommended to undergo preventive intestinal examinations annually in order to identify them in the early stages.

Education: Moscow Medical Institute named after. I. M. Sechenov, specialty - "General Medicine" in 1991, in 1993 "Occupational diseases", in 1996 "Therapy".

Why are polyps in the uterus dangerous? The doctor will answer this question. Polyps are a serious pathology that affects a woman’s uterus at any age. The appearance of such a disease poses a health hazard, so they must be removed.

Why do women develop polyps in the uterus?

Polyps in the uterus appear in the endometrial tissue and come in several types:

1. By location - in the cervical canal and tissues.
2. By structure - adenomatous, fibrous, glandular, etc.

During reproductive age, women are characterized by the formation of glandular polyps, fibrous - for those who have entered menopause, they cause particular concern among gynecologists. But adenomatous ones require additional examination, since the resulting polyp can develop into oncological formations.

They can arise due to the fact that there is a serious imbalance of hormones in the body. Only a doctor can tell why polyps appear and what causes them. The most common among them are:

• disruption of neuroendocrine processes;
• increased blood pressure;
• abortion rate;
• trauma to the uterine mucosa;
• diabetes;
• pregnancy, which causes polyps to form. During this period, the most common formations are in the cervical canal, and extremely rarely in endometrial tissues.

Why are polyps in the uterus dangerous for a woman?

Women who are diagnosed with this disease ask their doctor why polyps in the uterus are dangerous and how they could have appeared. The answer to the first question will always be the same - they are dangerous, since they often become the cause of a precancerous condition. One of the unpleasant and alarming consequences is that polyps can become malignant.

Polyps can cause menstruation disorders, cause infertility, and difficulties with pregnancy. Cycle disruption occurs due to the fact that a serious disruption of hormones occurs in the body, as a result of which menstruation becomes irregular or heavy. Therefore, a woman may feel constant fatigue, weakness, or lose consciousness.

Due to hormonal imbalances, infertility also develops, and complications during pregnancy are due to the development of endometriosis. It interferes with the implantation of the egg, causes bleeding, placental abruption, and blood supply to the fetus. Therefore, the fetus may be delayed in development, or the woman may experience premature birth.

Symptoms and diagnosis of the disease. Considering that polyps can form according to various reasons and not cause concern at all for some time, you need to know the main symptoms in order to understand why a polyp in the uterus is dangerous, how to detect it and what needs to be done.

It is very difficult to suspect the presence of such a disease, so you first need to regularly visit a gynecologist. Also, the polyp often signals itself by intermenstrual bleeding. Sometimes blood appears during sexual intercourse or after it ends. The factor that polyps begin to form is pain during sex or difficulty conceiving.

In the cervical canal, polyps are visible using mirrors, which are necessary for the doctor to do the examination.
Typically, such symptoms appear if the growths are large. Small ones can only be seen during an examination by a gynecologist or during diagnosis.

The doctor, who suspects the formation of polyps, sends the woman for a special examination. Firstly, it must be an echoscopy. Secondly, hysteroscopy of the uterus is performed. This is the most effective method for detecting polyps, providing a lot of information about the condition of the uterus, tissues, and formations.

This diagnosis is carried out using a hysteroscope, which is inserted into the uterus through the vagina. From the instrument, all information is sent to the monitor, and in order to straighten the uterus, a solution is supplied through the hysteroscope tube. This facilitates visualization of organs, so this method is also used during surgery.

An echogram helps to see polyps that reach 2.5 cm in size, and hysteroscopy is suitable for detecting polyps of different sizes.
Thirdly, it is diagnosed using ultrasound. Fourthly, an x-ray is used, which is carried out using contrast.

The main goal of any diagnosis is to establish the nature of the formation - benign or malignant. This is especially dangerous for women who have reached menopause.

What to do if polyps appear

Should it be removed and how should it be treated? When polyps begin to appear, the doctor prescribes surgery. This is mandatory, although many women hope that the formation will go away on its own, resolve, or are simply afraid of intervention. Removal is not prescribed immediately, for example, if fibroids are diagnosed on the uterus. It becomes significantly smaller when women reach menopause. In middle-aged women, surgery is postponed, since fibroids often lead to the need to completely remove the uterus. This is a painful process also psychologically.

The remaining types of polyps are removed, and then a histological examination of the tissue is performed. This allows cancer to be detected early. Because of this, removal of polyps is the main method of treating the uterus for this type of disease.

To ensure that polyps can no longer form, they are cut out, curetted, or an alternative method of removal is used.

The operation does not last long, but is performed under local or general anesthesia. This allows the doctor to use special instruments to expand the uterus and then remove the formation. But only single ones are cut out, and multiple ones are removed by curettage. Often this operation is performed using a hysteroscope. Then the removal site is cauterized using liquid nitrogen. This substance is increasingly used in gynecology, especially for the treatment of endometriosis. At the same time, radio wave method or laser therapy are used.

The removal is carried out in a day hospital, where the woman comes in the morning and recovers for several hours after anesthesia.
After the operation, further treatment is prescribed, consisting of taking hormonal drugs. For 6 months, women are required to regularly take special gestagenic agents. Hormones are not prescribed if the structure of the polyps was fibrous, if there are no disruptions in the menstrual cycle, or if the woman suffers from diseases such as:

1. Diabetes.
2. Vegetative-vascular dystonia.
3. Excess body weight, which turns into obesity.

Women of reproductive age, or those who have entered menopause, as well as those who have had fibrous or glandular formations removed, undergo hormonal treatment without fail.

If cancer is suspected, the uterus or appendages are removed, an operation called hysterectomy. But before this, an additional examination, diagnosis and testing are prescribed.
Six months after taking hormonal medications, women undergo an examination by a gynecologist and an ultrasound scan to exclude the formation of new polyps.

The course of treatment is often extended for several more months, combined with preventive measures. Hormone therapy should not cause anxiety in patients, although many worry that it may cause even greater disruptions in the body and metabolic processes. Other women are afraid that they will gain a lot of weight, or that they will begin to develop other pathologies. Such fears are unfounded, since modern treatments are used medications, passed clinical trials.

Works well with hormonal therapy traditional methods treatment. Considering that herbs have very high efficiency and have a positive effect on the uterus, it is not recommended to take them on your own. Only a doctor who knows all the features of the disease and the condition of the patient’s body can prescribe such remedies.

Informative video

What is a polyp - a benign, round-shaped neoplasm that grows from the mucous membrane of a person’s internal organs.

There are many causes and risk factors for the development of pathology, which can manifest itself in all organs with the presence of a mucous membrane. The disease occurs without visible symptoms for a long time, and even small single polyps that have formed often do not cause absolutely any complaints in humans.

Based on the dysfunction of internal organs and other symptoms, you can suspect the presence of polyps and consult a doctor. If the diagnosis is positive, it is necessary to immediately begin treatment - the pathology has serious complications.

Polyps do not pose a great danger to human life and the normal functioning of the body (the exception is intestinal polyposis) - neoplasms are dangerous due to possible complications. These conditions include:

• infection;
• ulceration;
• bleeding;
• malignancy.

A polyp, regardless of location, is susceptible to trauma. After this, pathogenic flora penetrates into it, causing the polyp to suppurate and form a source of infection in the body. From such a hearth, according to the system blood vessels, infectious agents can enter any organ.

Ulceration is periodically observed in conjunction with infection. In this case, the festering polyp opens, forming an ulcerative surface. Secondary infection is possible at the site of ulceration.

Since the polyp is a formation of the mucous membrane, it also has blood supply vessels. Permanent injury leads to vessel damage and blood loss. These bleedings are dangerous due to repetitions and chronic bleeding, which can lead to the development of anemia and disruption of the acid-base balance.

Separately, it is worth highlighting polyps of the female genital organs. Many girls wonder: why is a polyp in the uterus dangerous? Such a neoplasm is constantly injured during the menstrual cycle and becomes a source of bleeding.

The festering growth during ulceration becomes the cause of endometritis.

A glandular endometrial polyp is an obstacle to normal pregnancy.

Malignization is the most dangerous complication. In their structure, polyps are benign formations. However, uncontrolled cell growth, constant trauma and infection lead to malignant degeneration.

This can occur with disease of any location, but people with colon and bladder polyps are more susceptible.

A separate group consists of colon polyps. The occurrence of such neoplasms may indicate the presence of a genetically determined disease - familial intestinal polyposis.

Being in the large intestine, they significantly slow down the movement of feces, and also run the risk of injury and infection. Colon polyps also slow down the normal peristalsis of this organ; one of the symptoms is the development of constipation and intestinal obstruction.

In rare cases, familial polyposis affects not only the colon, but all organs of the gastrointestinal tube. The pathology slows down the progress of the food bolus and disrupts the natural functions of organs.

When formed in the stomach, problems are observed with the synthesis of mucus and hydrochloric acid, resulting in the formation of gastritis and ulcerative pathologies.

There are a large number of risk factors, the occurrence of which “helps” the formation of polyps.

However, today it cannot be said that the pathology appears from a specific factor and its elimination will completely eliminate the risk of the disease (the exception is familial polyposis).

7 main reasons for the formation of polyps:

1. genetic predisposition;
2. pathology of endocrine organs;
3. metabolic disorders;
4. chronic inflammatory diseases mucous membranes;
5. traumatic damage to the mucosa;
6. exposure to chemical factors;
7. exposure to radiation.

As a rule, the occurrence of pathology is associated with several reasons. A combination of genetic predisposition and chronic inflammatory process or endocrine disorders together with trauma to the mucous membranes is possible.

Symptoms and first signs of polyps

Signs of polyps depend on the location and possible complications. Some polyps of the nasal mucosa are detected visually. The symptom of endometrial polyp is bleeding between menstruation, and intestinal polyposis is a tendency to constipation.

You can suspect a polyp when the first signs and symptoms appear:

• difficulty in nasal breathing without inflammatory pathology;
• dysphagia;
• gastritis with ineffective drug therapy;
• constant low-grade fever;
• emergence bloody discharge from the vagina, urethra and colon;
• predisposition to constipation;
• intestinal obstruction;
• predisposition to diarrhea.

Forms of formations are divided into single and multiple. This classification depends on the location of the pathology. Thus, in humans, single polyps occur simultaneously in the nose and colon. They speak of multiple when two or more are detected within the mucous membrane of one organ.

Also classified depending on the method of their connection with the mucous membrane:

• a pedunculated polyp is a rounded formation that is clearly demarcated from the mucous membrane by a narrow, elongated part;
• a polyp with a wide base does not have a stalk and looks like a rounded formation rising above the mucosa.

Another classification option includes the histological structure of neoplasms:

• fibrous polyp contains a large number of connective tissue fibers;
• adenomatous or glandular - grows from the internal glands, which are located in the mucous membrane of the organ;
• mixed - contain almost the same amount of glandular and connective tissue;
• a simple polyp is solely a growth of the mucous membrane.

Classification depending on location:

• paranasal sinuses;
• oropharynx;
• gastrointestinal tube;
• gallbladder;
• urinary tract;
• uterus and cervix.

Understanding what nasal polyps are is quite simple. It is worth imagining a rounded protrusion on the mucous membrane.

Most often it is localized in the area of ​​the nasal septum and therefore remains invisible to humans. Symptoms appear when the pathology increases in size, which leads to compression of the nasal septum and difficulty breathing.

Nasal polyps often appear in children and rarely become malignant. But it is these neoplasms that can cause chronic sinusitis and rhinitis. Polyps that are not on the outside of the nose are difficult to diagnose because there are no obvious signs.

However, they are the ones who prevent the normal flow of air into the body and can cause the development of respiratory failure.

Polyps of internal organs

The occurrence of pathology is possible in all organs where the mucous membrane is located.

Single polyps may not have obvious symptoms or interfere with organ function, but they are always susceptible to traumatic effects.

For this reason, if you experience any signs that indicate the presence of polyps, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Treatment of polyps

There are the following surgical treatment options for polyps:

• open surgery;
• laser excision;
• electrocoagulation;
• endoscopic operations.

Drug treatment is used to reduce the formation in size and normalize the hormonal function of the body.

Nasal polyps are removed using electrocoagulation or open surgery.

Open surgical interventions for polyps of internal organs are indicated for:

• suspected malignancy;
• impossibility of performing endoscopic surgery;
• multiple intestinal polyposis.

Unfortunately, neither drug nor surgical treatment can prevent the development of relapse.

Polyps are abnormal growths of the mucous membrane of tissues. By their nature, polyps can be either benign or malignant, that is, they are predisposed to metastasis and damage to neighboring organs and tissues.

Why do polyps occur?

The causes of polyps are varied and are not fully understood to date. Among the provoking factors are:

• chronic infections like general diseases viral and bacterial nature, as well as sexually transmitted diseases
• injuries of various etiologies, including exposure to chemicals
• genetic predisposition, which mostly determines the presence of atypical cells in the polyp.

In terms of their structure, polyps can simply be represented by cells of the same tissue on which they are formed - in this case they speak of hyperplasia. In other cases, polyps are cells that have changed during the process of reproduction, that is, neoplastic. It is neoplastic polyps that are characterized by a high risk of cancerous degeneration and must be removed.

How to distinguish dangerous polyps?

Polyps formed by atypical cells usually differ in appearance. It has been noted that neoplastic polyps have a villous structure, grow over an area of ​​up to several square centimeters, and can be grouped. However, these characteristics are very general - there are cases of malignant degeneration and small “pedunculated” polyps, which are considered low-risk.

Accurate diagnosis of polyps is carried out by histological analysis after biopsy.

Symptoms of polyps

The danger of polyps is that their formation is almost asymptomatic - most often the growths are discovered by chance during fluoroscopy, ultrasound or a routine examination.

In some cases, the development of polyps can be assumed - if they ulcerate or interfere with the functioning of internal organs. For example, bladder polyps can put pressure on the sphincter, which provokes a frequent urge to urinate; and cervical polyps, which form in the hormone-sensitive endometrial layer, provoke heavy menstrual bleeding.

Where do polyps form?

Polyps can be found on almost any part of the body's mucosa. The most dangerous and common formations are localized in the large intestine, uterus, nasal cavity and gall bladder.

Colon polyps

One of the most common places for polyps to form is the large intestine. At risk are older people, men of non-standard sexual orientation, and patients with a family history.

In 10% of cases, colon polyps are predisposed to cancerous degeneration - such formations are called adenomatous.

Gallbladder polyps

Gallbladder polyps are quite common among women over 30 years of age - their prevalence reaches 4-6%. Diagnosis of polyps, as in most cases, occurs accidentally, during an endoscopic or ultrasound examination. Their peculiarity is a high risk of malignant degeneration - up to 30% of gallbladder polyps are prone to the formation of metastases.

Cervical polyps

The mucous membrane of the cervix and its body is quite often the site of localization of polyps. This affects the endometrial layer, which causes disturbances in the menstrual cycle and painful sensations. However, the symptoms of polyps are not always obvious, and they are usually discovered during a routine gynecological examination.

Cervical polyps occur in women who have given birth, as well as during menopause. Polyps can cause cervical cancer, and therefore require careful attention and immediate consultation with a doctor.

Nasal polyps and adenomas

The peculiarity of nasal polyps is that they are quite often accompanied by an allergic reaction; moreover, allergies are considered one of the main factors provoking polyps.

Nasal polyps are rarely dangerous, but often recur after removal and can cause unpleasant symptoms- For example, chronic congestion nose, headache, loss of smell.

Treatment of polyps

Most effective method Treatment for polyps today is their removal. However, not every case of polyposis requires a radical approach - if the histological analysis of the tissue is good and the growths do not cause inconvenience, then they try not to disturb them.

The absolute indication for surgical treatment of polyps is the detection of atypical cells in the bioctate. In addition, it is recommended to remove pedunculated polyps with an area of ​​more than 1 square centimeter - such formations have a high risk of degeneration.

Today, polyps are removed either endoscopically, if internal organs are affected, or using a laser and chemicals (“cauterization”). In addition, conservative treatment of polyps with good histology is possible - steroids and other medications are used to remove them.

Prevention of polyps

Due to the risk of degeneration, polyposis must be taken very seriously. Unfortunately not today effective means prevention of polyps, but each patient has the power to control the condition of his body - not to miss scheduled examinations with a gynecologist and proctologist in order to identify polyps at an early stage.

A polyp is a benign round growth located on the walls of organs with a hollow structure and protruding into their lumen.

Polypous formations can be located on a stalk or attached to the surface of the organ through a wide base. Polyps are found in any organs that have a mucous lining layer.

Polypous growths are not dangerous for the patient, however, in some cases, under favorable conditions, they can degenerate into.

Moreover, the absence of alarming symptoms does not guarantee that the polyp will not become malignant in the future. Therefore, experts recommend removing such formations or treating them with conservative methods.

Localization

Polyps, as noted above, can be localized in any hollow organ that has a mucous inner lining.

Most often such formations occur:

• In, ovaries and;
• In and, on the cardia (the junction of the stomach with the esophagus);
• In and ;
• On the skin, especially in the neck area;
• In the ears;
• In the kidneys, liver and pancreas;
• On the vocal cords;
• B, etc.

Polypous formations can be single or located on the mucous membrane in groups. Most often, they do not exceed a centimeter in diameter, which significantly complicates their identification. But if polyps grow, then they talk about polyposis, which is accompanied by corresponding symptoms.

Kinds

There is a fairly extensive classification of polypous formations. Depending on the etiology, they are inflammatory, neoplastic or hyperplastic.

According to their prevalence, they are divided into single and multiple, and according to morphological characteristics they are classified into fibrous and cystic granular, hyperplastic, villous, glandular-villous and glandular. Each type has its own characteristics and characteristics.

Placental

A placental polyp is an abnormal growth on the inner uterine wall, which is formed from residual tissue of the placenta parenchyma. Typically, such polyposis formations occur after childbirth, spontaneous miscarriages or abortions.

If a placental growth forms during pregnancy, then it does not pose a danger to the fetus and mother. This formation is also called decidual, and it is formed from the fetal membrane and placental tissue.

Glandular fibrous

Polyps of the glandular-fibrous type are formed from connective tissue and glandular cellular structures. Such growths are more often found in the uterine cavity or on the cervical mucosa.

This photo shows what an endometrial polyp looks like during hysteroscopy

It is found mainly in elderly and mature women. The structure of the formation is predominantly connective tissue, but it contains inclusions of glandular tissue, hence the name of the species - glandular-fibrous.

Adenomatous

Adenomatous polypous formations are found in the intestines, uterus and other structures. They usually have a stalk consisting of smooth muscle and connective tissue fiber structures.

Such growths are classified as precancerous formations, since they are prone to malignancy and degeneration into cancer.

According to statistics, among all polypous growths, adenomatous ones occur in 10% of cases.

Hyperplastic

Such polyps usually form against the background of abnormal growth of healthy tissue. Hyperplastic formations are found in medical practice more often than other types; they can be localized in the stomach, intestines, uterus, etc. Such polypous growths very rarely develop into cancer (0.5% of cases).

They arise against the background of infections and bacterial activity of microorganisms. The development of such a polyp occurs due to hyperplastic changes in the epithelial cellular structures of the organ, i.e., in the etiology of polyposis formation there is no mutagenic trace or cell degeneration.

Decidual

Decidual polyps are small protruding formations localized on the mucous membrane of the cervix. Occurs during pregnancy against the background of hormonal changes, leading to decidualization of cervical tissue, i.e. proliferation.

According to statistics, about 23% of women during pregnancy experience polyposis in the cervix.

A characteristic feature of decidual formation is the abundance of vessels, so at the slightest impact they begin to bleed, for example, during a gynecological examination or sexual intercourse. Such injuries can lead to inflammation and therefore require careful attention.

Typically, growths of this kind go away on their own after childbirth and restoration of hormonal status.

Endometrial

Endometrial polyps are formations that are localized on the walls of the uterus and form from its inner layer.

It occurs in women of any age, but is more typical for patients who are in the premenopausal period, which experts explain by hormonal changes, which in this case are considered normal.

Typically, endometrial polypous formations do not spread beyond the uterine mucosa, but sometimes they grow into the vagina.

Such growths rarely become malignant (1-2%), so sometimes they can be considered as a precancerous disease, especially adenomatous ones.

Fibroepithelial

Fibroepithelial polyp, also called papilloma, is a benign wart-like formation and is located mainly on the lateral surfaces of the neck and in large skin folds.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol polyps are localized on the walls of the gallbladder and, in fact, are not true polyps. These are pseudopolyposis formations that are formed from cholesterol deposits on the mucous walls of the gallbladder. Such pseudopolyps can easily be treated conservatively without surgical intervention.

Choanal

Choanal polyps are localized in the nasal cavity, growing from the sphenoid or maxillary sinus in the direction of the choana (this is the opening that connects the nasopharynx with the nasal cavity). Typically, choanal growths form on only one side in one sinus.

Granulation

Granulation polyps arise due to the proliferation of glandular (granulation) tissues, which usually occurs against the background of inflammatory processes such as sinusitis. Such formations usually have a characteristic stalk and necessarily require surgical treatment.

Hyperplasiogenic

Similar polypous formations occur in the nose due to regenerative disorders in the glandular structures. They almost never become malignant and are amenable to conservative therapeutic interventions.

Villous

Polypous formations of the villous type are formed from epithelial tissues and can have a nodular or creeping form. Such polyps often have an extensive vascular network and are therefore bright red. They often bleed, become covered with ulcers and undergo necrosis. Prone to malignancy.

Why do they appear?

Polypous formations can occur for various reasons, which are still the subject of study. Experts identify general and specific factors causing the appearance of polyps.

Common etiological factors include:

• Hereditary predisposition;
• Hormonal disturbances and changes usually cause polypous formations in women in the uterus and cervical canal;
• Unhealthy habits and addictions such as alcohol and smoking;
• Age characteristics. In the adult population, polypous growths are much more common than in children;
• The presence of inflammatory processes in the body. If a person has any chronic infectious focus or inflammation, then this creates favorable conditions for the occurrence of polyps, especially chronic and untreated pathologies.

There are a number of specific reasons that are determined by the location of the polypous formation:

1. In the uterus and its cervix, polypous growths form against the background of hormonal imbalance, erosion, frequent abortions, during pregnancy, etc.;
2. Growths in the nasal cavity occur as a result of untreated infectious diseases or allergic reactions, which contribute to inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which leads to the development of polyps;
3. IN bladder similar formations appear predominantly in men against the background functional disorders in the genitourinary system;
4. In the gastrointestinal tract, polypous growths are formed due to bacterial activity, for example, Helicobacter pylori bacteria, etc.

Quite often, specialists are unable to determine the true cause of polyps, since it often consists of a whole group of factors.

Symptoms

Most often, polypous formations grow and develop asymptomatically, and are detected during random examinations.

If the formation reaches a large size and impedes the functionality of neighboring tissues, then specific symptoms may appear.

• For example, intestinal growths may be characterized by the presence of blood and mucus in the stool, frequent constipation or diarrhea. If the size is very large, intestinal obstruction may develop.
• With uterine localization A woman may experience uncharacteristic premenstrual discharge, her cycle may be disrupted, her menstruation will take longer, she may experience intermenstrual spotting of various types and cramp-like pain.
• For nasal growths often bothered by headaches, nasal sounds and difficulty in nasal breathing, runny nose and purulent mucous discharge, sneezing and olfactory disturbances.
• Gastric polyposis formations when large in size, they can cause bleeding and interfere with the patency of the stomach. If the polyp is on a long stalk, then it can prolapse into the duodenum, where it becomes pinched, causing severe pain that radiates throughout the entire abdomen.
• On the vocal cords growths cause hoarseness of the voice, the desire to cough, the sensation of a foreign object, chronic cough, etc. Against the background of these manifestations, the absence of painful sensations and soreness is characteristic.
• Gallbladder polyps characterized by pain, dyspepsia, colic in the liver and icteric signs. The polyp leads to disruption of bile outflow, which causes the development of obstructive jaundice.

There may be no symptoms at all if the polyp is small, which leads to difficulties in diagnosing such formations.

Why are polypous growths dangerous?

The polyps themselves cannot cause harm to health, but some of them are prone to malignancy, which leads to cancer of the organ where the polyp formed. This is the main danger of polypous formations.

In addition, a large polyp can interfere with neighboring tissues and cause various types of disturbances in them.

For example, endometrial polyps can cause infertility, menstrual irregularities, heavy bleeding followed by anemia, etc.

Nasal polyps in the absence timely treatment can lead to difficulty in nasal breathing, the patient will have to breathe through the mouth, which increases the risk of organ pathologies respiratory system and contributes to the development of bronchial asthma.

Diagnostics

Polyps can be detected using various procedures. For polyps in internal organs used ultrasound diagnostics, in the throat and cervix, polypous formations are detected using an endoscope, colonoscope or hysteroscope.

After removal, the polyp must undergo histological examination in order to detect atypical malignant cells if the process of malignancy has begun.

How to treat polyps?

The approach to treating polyps is usually surgical or conservative.

Some types of polypous formations are prone to malignancy, so it is recommended to remove them urgently.

Other polyps respond well to conservative treatment, so surgical intervention dont need.

Removal

There are many ways to remove polypous formations:

1. Hysteroscopy. A technique for targeted removal, usually used to eliminate polypous formations in the uterine cavity and cervical canal;
2. Laser removal. The formation is eliminated by exposure to a laser beam. A similar technique is usually used to remove growths in the uterus, nasal cavity, etc.;
3. Scraping. Such removal involves removing growths from the uterus using a special curette;
4. . A minimally invasive method for removing polypous formations, eliminating postoperative exacerbations and complications;
5. Radio wave removal is carried out using a special Surgitron device;
6. Endoscopic removal. The procedure is performed using an endoscope. Polypous formations are completely removed in this way, which reduces the likelihood of relapse to a minimum;
7. Electroexcision is carried out through a proctoscope and involves removing growths from the intestine using an electric loop;
8. – traditional removal of a polypous growth using a scalpel.

Price

The cost of surgical removal of polypous formations depends on the technique used.

• Laser removal of a nasal polyp will cost approximately 3,000-12,000 rubles.
• Hysteroscopic removal of an endometrial polyp – 4800-15700 rubles.

Treatment without surgery

Some types of polypous formations are amenable to conservative treatment. With the help of special medications, it is possible to achieve a reduction in the size of the polyp or its complete resorption. Such treatment is relevant for formations in women.

By using hormone therapy There is a decrease in estrogen and an increase in progesterone. As a result, the actual causes of polypous formations are eliminated, the growths dry out and come out along with menstrual flow. Homeopathic drops are sometimes used to treat nasal formations.

How to get rid of polyps using folk remedies?

In the arsenal traditional medicine There are many treatments for endometrial, nasal, gall bladder and gastric polyps.

There are such medicinal plants, which have antitumor activity, they are able to slow down and stop the growth of polyps, prevent their malignancy and the appearance of new formations. Such herbs include boron uterus and celandine, medicinal mushrooms and decoctions.

Celandine is especially effective against polypous growths. The nasal passages are washed with an infusion of the herb for nasal formations, and for gastric localization it is recommended to eat 30-50 g of crushed herb. But any treatment must be agreed with a doctor, otherwise the condition may worsen rather than be cured.

Prevention

To prevent polypous formations, it is recommended to exclude etiological factors, causing the occurrence of pathological growths. This healthy image life, elimination of infectious and inflammatory foci, control over hormonal levels etc.

Otherwise, preventive measures depend on the localization of polypous formations.

Video about polyps of the uterine cavity: