Hepatitis A vaccination consequences. The body's reaction to hepatitis vaccination

Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations with fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to be given to infants? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What medications are the safest?

We are completing a discussion of issues related to vaccination against hepatitis B and some of the nuances of this procedure, features of the administration of the vaccine and possible side effects and complications from it. We talked about vaccination schedules for infants, it’s time to discuss other possible vaccination options, including for adults.

How are teenagers and adults vaccinated?

An adult can be vaccinated at any time, at his own request or according to indications, including those due to the nature of his work. In this case, a standard vaccination scheme of “zero-one-six months” is used. The first vaccination is given on the day of treatment, the second a month after the first vaccination, the second one month after the first, and the third six months after the first vaccination. If you have started immunization against hepatitis B, it is necessary to carry out all three vaccinations (three injections), otherwise effective immunity to hepatitis B will simply not be formed and the person will simply be under-vaccinated or the vaccination will not count at all. That's why, .

Available contraindications

Vaccination against hepatitis B will be prohibited only for those people who have an allergic reaction to baker's yeast. These are reactions that occur when taking all yeast-based bread and confectionery products, beer or kvass, and products with yeast. If there is no allergy to yeast, but there were strong allergic reactions during the previous administration of the vaccine, then the next doses of the vaccine are no longer administered through the medical outlet. The presence of allergic reactions to other substances and antigens, the presence of so-called “diathesis” and skin allergies are not in themselves contraindications for vaccination, but to carry out a course of vaccinations, a consultation with an allergist is necessary and the selection of an adequate time for vaccinations outside of an exacerbation or, if necessary, administration, under the guise of drugs.

You should definitely refuse vaccinations during periods of acute colds or any other acute infectious diseases, until they have fully recovered. Then you need to wait another two weeks and only then vaccinate. After meningitis or other severe damage to the nervous system, medical withdrawal from vaccinations is imposed for a period of six months. In the presence of severe somatic diseases the time of vaccination is selected individually at the stage of stable remission, since the pathology internal organs or systems does not apply to contraindications to vaccination if they are outside the stage of exacerbation of the process. Also, the detection of hepatitis B viruses in a patient’s blood is not a contraindication to vaccination; vaccination in this case will simply be meaningless and useless. It is important to remember that the drug is administered very carefully and only under close medical supervision to those children who have systemic autoimmune diseases as multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The issue in such cases is resolved individually with an immunologist.

Possible reactions to vaccinations

Vaccination against hepatitis B is a fairly easily tolerated vaccine. Basically, the introduction of a vaccine causes responses in the area where the drug was administered, as a reaction to the injection itself and tissue damage, as well as as a reaction to the injected substance. There may be slight redness or a small red nodule at the injection site, and discomfort in the area of the injected drug when the limb makes intense or rapid movements when the muscle contracts. Such reactions are usually caused by the presence of a substance such as aluminum hydroxide in the vaccine; this occurs in about 10-20% of people, including children. This is quite normal and goes away on its own without any external intervention and forms immune reactions.

When receiving the hepatitis B vaccine, up to 5% of children and adults may have reactions such as elevated temperature body (usually up to 37.5 degrees, not higher), the development of general malaise and mild weakness, the development of loose stools or sweating, headache, redness or slight itching skin. Almost everything possible reactions to vaccinations can form within approximately the first day or two after administration of the drug, and then the reactions go away on their own, without outside intervention, within two days. In rare, isolated cases, more severe reactions to vaccinations may occur, which will be considered complications of vaccination. This may include the development of urticaria or a severe rash, pain in the muscles or joints, or the development of erythema nodosum. Today, vaccines are achieving such effectiveness that they allow vaccination with a reduced dosage of the vaccine and the almost complete elimination of preservatives, which can significantly reduce the risks of adverse reactions and allergic manifestations. Modern hepatitis B vaccines are much safer than previously used ones, although side effects and contraindications must still be taken into account.

Complications of vaccination

Despite all the precautions and taking into account all possible contraindications, it is always worth talking about possible complications of vaccination. Although they have a low probability, they can still occur in children or adults. Complications of this particular vaccination include such conditions as the development of anaphylactic shock and the development of severe urticaria, the appearance of a skin rash, and exacerbation of allergy processes to yeast preparations and substances. Such complications are unforeseen - allergies can occur to any drug, and their frequency varies within one case per 300 thousand vaccinated people; these are very rare complications. That is why it is always said that for the next 30 minutes after vaccination it is necessary to strictly monitor the condition of the vaccinated person and monitor his well-being.

One of the opinions that one has heard about the hepatitis B vaccine is that its use provokes or increases the risk of developing a pathology such as multiple sclerosis, progressive damage to nervous tissue. However, global studies by WHO specialists conducted in more than fifty countries around the world have not shown such a relationship between hepatitis B vaccinations and multiple sclerosis. This vaccination cannot have any effect on any of the neurological diseases; it cannot intensify them, provoke them, or develop them.

Development of local induration from grafting

Typically, lumps from this vaccine occur when it is injected into the buttock, where there is a lot of fatty tissue, and the drug gets into other tissues rather than into the muscle. In this case, the drug with its carrier, aluminum hydroxide, will be stored in reserve for a long time, securely fixed in the base. Such vaccine injections are palpable as dense nodules and tubercles, which take a very long time and slowly to dissolve. This is explained by the low blood supply to the area of adipose tissue and the slow leaching of the drug from the cells, and the presence of aluminum hydroxide itself supports the presence of an inflammatory tissue reaction. And therefore, the compaction will remain until the drug is completely absorbed and goes into the blood. Don't worry about inflammatory process in the area of drug administration, this is a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a foreign substance, and the reaction is aseptic (not purulent), which enhances the absorption of the drug into the blood. Gradually, the vaccine and its base are absorbed into the blood and excreted, which reduces the local process. However, with this type of vaccine administration, immunity may be weakened and incomplete, since the vaccination technique is broken.

Temperature reactions to vaccination

If the hepatitis B vaccine is administered, a rise in temperature usually occurs within the first few hours of its administration, within eight hours of the injection. This is due to the formation of an immune response to the introduction of foreign viral particles. Typically, this temperature is low and does not require any measures to reduce it; it goes away on its own within two to three days. If the temperature rises above 38.5 degrees, you should consult a doctor to rule out the onset of the disease due to vaccination. In other cases, there is no need to lower the temperature or carry out any therapeutic measures. Typically, a fever occurs in one person in twenty, and it is insignificant. Often, the development of fever is also significantly influenced by the external environment and the stress factor from visiting the clinic and the injection itself, especially in children.

After vaccination, observation lasts three days, during which time, if there is no fever, you can walk and swim as usual, but do not introduce new foods into your diet, do not change the environment, and do not travel outside the city. The grafting site can be wetted; it does not require any care methods.

Hepatitis is an infectious disease caused by hepatotropic viruses that infect liver cells. Infection leads to structural changes that can cause cirrhosis, fibrosis, or malignancy. Depending on the type of virus, infection can occur through the fecal-oral route (through poor quality drinking water, contaminated products), blood or sexual contact.

There are five main types of pathogens: A, B, C, D and E. In order to prevent the disease, special vaccines containing an immunogenic protein are used. Currently, there are vaccinations against hepatitis A and B that are used in clinical practice.

In most cases, the consequences of hepatitis vaccination do not appear.

Hepatitis vaccines are a sterile suspension containing the hepatitis virus, grown in a special nutrient medium and then killed with formaldehyde (a poison that affects cells).

Such viruses are grown in special laboratories. They contribute to the emergence of stable immunity to the disease. However, vaccines do not cause disease in humans. The drug is re-administered to enhance the immune response.

In some countries, the procedure for vaccination against hepatitis A or B is not included in the vaccination calendar, and you can refuse it. But doctors still recommend getting vaccinated, since recently the number of infected people has increased sharply.

The risk of getting an infection increases in the following cases:

One of the family members is infected with the disease.
We are planning a vacation in hot countries where the disease spreads quickly.
The mother has a virus in her blood, and the infection occurred during pregnancy.
The parents of the newborn use drugs.
IN locality where the family lives, there is an outbreak of the disease.

How is vaccination carried out?

There is no separate vaccination regimen against hepatitis A. Doctors recommend vaccinating a child against this disease every year, and revaccination after 6 to 18 months, according to the instructions for the drug.

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule:

The standard regimen involves administering the vaccine at 1, 3, 6 months.
If the mother is infected with hepatitis B, the primary vaccination is carried out immediately after the birth of the baby, then the vaccine is administered every month, six months and a year.
If surgical intervention is necessary, in order for immunity to develop quickly, the drug is administered immediately after birth, then on the 7th and 21st days of life. Revaccination is carried out when the baby is one year old.

The interval between the first and second vaccination can be increased by 4 months. When the vaccine is administered for the third time, this period ranges from 4 to 18 months. If you increase it, then immunity is not developed.

The vaccine is injected into the muscle on the outside of the thigh. At the same time, it completely enters the blood, allowing the body to provide complete immune protection. Children over three years of age and adults receive injections into the shoulder.

When administering the drug subcutaneously, the risk of side effects increases, such as redness and hardening at the injection site.

Characteristics of vaccine tolerance

The reaction to the hepatitis vaccine can vary. Often it is a variant of the norm, but sometimes requires special medical intervention. In most cases, the vaccine is well tolerated and does not cause any side effects.

Reaction to vaccination in adults

Adults tolerate vaccination more easily than children. In very rare cases they experience:

Seal at the injection site.
Weakness and malaise.
Abdominal pain.
Pain in the joint area.
Nausea and upset stool.
Hives.
Increase lymph nodes.
Presyncope.
Increased body temperature.

How to avoid a negative reaction to a vaccine

In order for vaccination activities to take place without consequences, you must adhere to the following rules:

In order to avoid allergic reactions, some doctors recommend giving the baby antihistamines three days before vaccination.
Before visiting the hospital, you need to explain to your child what vaccination is and its necessity. Talk about short-term pain.
Collect all the information about the vaccine that will be administered, clarify the contraindications and ask the doctor all your questions.
Before vaccination, a doctor must conduct an examination. If you have symptoms colds, administering the drug is not recommended, as the risk of negative reactions increases.
Parents should control themselves, not worry and under no circumstances yell at the child, as he is sensitive to their condition.
During vaccination, it is necessary to maintain eye contact with children. You need to speak to them in a soft, calm voice.
After vaccination, parents are advised to stay with their child for some time under the supervision of a doctor. Although anaphylactic reactions are rare, if they occur, your baby will need medical help.

What to do if there is a negative reaction

If the temperature has risen above 38.5 degrees, the baby does not feel well and is capricious, it is necessary to give him antipyretic drug based on paracetamol or ibuprofen.

They also use mechanical cooling methods, wiping the baby with a towel moistened with warm water (without adding alcohol or vinegar). If the temperature remains high on the fourth day after vaccination, you should consult a doctor.

If your child has seizures or begins to lose consciousness while having a fever, you should seek medical help immediately.

If swelling (up to 5 cm) or painful compaction (up to 2 cm) appears at the injection site, there is no need to use medicinal ointments or lotions. It is not recommended to get the affected area wet, as this may worsen the reaction. If the size of the lump exceeds the norm, or it does not disappear on its own within a week, you should consult a doctor. This may indicate that the drug was administered incorrectly or an infection has occurred. Surgery may be needed.

If itching, runny nose or hives appear, which indicate an allergic reaction, it is necessary to give the baby an antihistamine (Fenistil, Suprastin, Diazolin). It should be taken according to the instructions and recommendations of the pediatrician.

If side effects digestive system appear for a long time and cause discomfort in the baby, you can use sorbents (Smecta, Activated carbon, Enterosgel). If the symptoms do not disappear but intensify, you should consult a doctor.

If, as a result of vaccination against hepatitis A or B, side effects from the nervous system occur (impaired muscle tone, convulsions), you should consult a neurologist and epileptologist.

Consequences

The mechanism of action of the vaccine has been sufficiently studied, but in rare cases, complications after vaccination against hepatitis are as follows:

The development of a severe complication - Quincke's edema (an acute allergic reaction caused by repeated contact with an allergen).
Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle).
Arthritis (inflammation of the joints).
Glomerulonephritis (kidney disease, characterized by inflammation of the kidney glomeruli).
Myalgia (muscle pain resulting from increased tone).
Neuropathy (inflammatory damage to the nerves).
Exacerbation of chronic diseases.

In what cases can complications arise?

Various factors influence the occurrence of complications:

State immune system. If a person has congenital or chronic diseases that periodically worsen, the risk of complications increases.
Violation of vaccine storage and transportation conditions. The drugs should be stored at a temperature of +2 to +8 degrees in a special refrigerator. Vaccines are transported in special containers. When drugs are overheated or frozen, they lose their properties, which can trigger the development of all possible complications.
Failure to comply with the rules and techniques for administering the vaccine. In this case, the risk of developing a local reaction increases.

Contraindications

The presence of hypersensitivity to vaccine components.
Autoimmune diseases.
Bronchial asthma.
Hydrocephalus.
Epilepsy.
Cerebral palsy.
Oncological diseases.
Severe heart and vascular diseases.
If at the time of vaccination he has an acute infectious disease.
During exacerbation of chronic diseases.
If the child was born premature and weighs less than 2 kilograms.
In the event that the reaction to the first vaccination was too strong.

Do not be afraid of vaccination, as it helps protect against deadly diseases.

What is the probability of death from this disease?

With virus A, deaths are very rare and occur only with lightning-fast development of the process. In this case, the patient develops acute inflammation of the liver cells, followed by necrosis and the development of liver failure.

In children under one year of age, the infection is very severe. The disease is accompanied by complications and causes negative consequences.

Hepatitis B is more dangerous because it can cause liver cirrhosis or cancer. In almost 90% of children infected with this infection, the disease progresses to chronic form. In addition, it often causes complications in the form of myocarditis, glomerulonephritis or arthralgia. The hepatitis B vaccine and its side effects are not as dangerous as the disease itself.

There were times when viral hepatitis turned out to be as widespread a disaster as plague, cholera, and smallpox. Today, vaccination reliably protects against severe liver damage. Vaccination against hepatitis B is mandatory in our country for newborns. However, many parents are worried about complications and reactions to the vaccine. Is she really that dangerous?

A child's normal reaction to a hepatitis vaccine

There are no completely safe pharmaceuticals. The body responds to any vaccine with an individual reaction. This is fine. Local reactions may occur especially often: redness, itching, thickening of the muscles at the site of vaccination, slight pain when touched. Approximately 10 out of 100 children develop these symptoms after receiving both live and non-live vaccines. However, after a few days, not a trace remains of them.

The following are also considered normal post-vaccination reactions:

slight increase in temperature; increased sweating; mild headache pain; temporary loss of appetite; restless sleep; diarrhea; feeling of weakness; a transient state of malaise.

In general, the vast majority of newborns, children and adults tolerate hepatitis B vaccination easily. After about a month, immunity is formed, and the protective effect of the drug begins. Very often, vaccination occurs completely without any symptoms. However, if nausea leading to vomiting, fever, and convulsions appear, you should know: such acute symptoms have nothing to do with vaccination. Sometimes vaccination coincides with the onset of a disease, and you need to look for a true diagnosis.

Induration and redness at injection sites

This reaction to a hepatitis vaccine may occur due to the body’s high sensitivity to aluminum hydroxide, which is included in many vaccines. It should be taken as normal if the swelling and hardening of the injected muscles is no more than 7-8 cm. There is no need to make any compresses or treat this area with ointments. The vaccine will gradually pass into the blood, and the lump will soon resolve on its own.

Temperature after hepatitis vaccination

This side effect occurs in only one in 15 vaccinated people. A similar reaction to hepatitis vaccination occurs more often in newborns and infants, since in young children the mechanism of thermoregulation is still very imperfect. Acceptable post-vaccination reactions can be:

weak - when the temperature rises to 37.5 degrees; moderate degree - if the thermometer readings do not exceed 38.5 degrees, and signs of intoxication are moderate; strong – with body heat above 38.5 degrees, significant symptoms of intoxication.

As a rule, the temperature rises 6-7 hours after the injection - this is a sign of an active response of the immune system to foreign viral components of the vaccine. Often the rise in temperature is further enhanced by the influence external factors: stuffy or, conversely, cold air, a stressful state. It returns to normal on its own within 2-3 days. Antipyretics should be used only at temperatures above 38.5 degrees.

Consequences of hepatitis vaccination in adults

muscle pain; severe allergies, anaphylactic shock; acute liver failure.

Since these manifestations are extremely rare, their potential should not be a reason to refuse vaccination. In the absence of vaccination, the risk of infection is infectious disease, like hepatitis, is much more dangerous. The disease quickly takes on a chronic form, which is then extremely difficult to cure completely. Viral hepatitis is threatening with complications incompatible with life: cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Weakness and dizziness

Occasionally, such symptoms can also be a reaction to the hepatitis vaccine. In this case, you should relieve the body of everyday stress and give it a rest. It is important to have adequate sleep. Useful to strengthen nervous system vitamin and mineral preparations. If you cannot eliminate irritating factors, you need to try to change your attitude towards them. Helps get rid of dizziness effective drug Betaserk.

General malaise

First of all, such a reaction to the vaccine should not be taken in panic. Often, impressionable people immediately begin to think that something terrible is happening to them. You need to calm down and control your emotions, avoid conflict situations. Moreover, very serious illnesses do not make themselves felt by mere malaise. Strengthening the immune system helps to get out of this condition faster. It is not necessary to do this with medications:

It is worth remembering what is feasible morning exercises, water procedures. Lemons and honey are beneficial fish fat, rosehip infusion, linden tea.

Dangerous complications after hepatitis B vaccination

Such reactions of the body do not threaten a healthy person. However, some conditions and diseases can sometimes provoke the development of severe complications. This:

an acute allergic reaction to any vaccination that has occurred previously; predisposition to seizures, more common in newborns and children under 3 years of age; chemotherapy and radiation oncology therapy; immunodeficiency diseases, AIDS.

Dangerous reactions to vaccination include:

Allergic pathologies: urticaria, erythema, dermatitis; Quincke's edema; myocarditis; serum sickness; arthritis; glomerulonephritis; anaphylactic shock. Myalgia ( severe pain in muscles, joints). Peripheral neuropathy (increased tactile sensitivity or its loss, numbness of the extremities, paralysis of the eye or facial nerves and etc.).

Such body reactions occur in approximately one out of 200 thousand vaccinated people. There are sometimes claims that receiving the hepatitis B vaccine increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. According to a WHO study conducted in 50 countries, it has been proven that such a relationship does not exist. The hepatitis vaccine has no effect on the neurological abnormalities present in vaccinated people.

How to assess the intensity of the reaction to the hepatitis vaccine

It is important to distinguish completely acceptable post-vaccination reactions from side effects. Parents often mistakenly confuse them. What is the main difference between them? If you get vaccinated taking into account contraindications, the person’s health status, and compliance with the rules of injection, this or that reaction to it will go away in a matter of days on its own, without the help of a doctor.

The duration and intensity of post-vaccination phenomena depend on two main components:

composition and quality of the drug; individual characteristics of the human body.

Why do doctors warn that you should not get the injection site wet for 3 days after vaccination? Water may make the condition worse. When assessing how intense the reaction to a vaccine is, all symptoms should be taken into account as a whole. The right indicator to guide you is body temperature. A slight reaction - the thermometer will not show above 37.5 degrees. If the temperature is more than 38.5 degrees, this is a severe degree, and medical assistance is necessary.

Video: Complications and reactions to vaccinations

How are teenagers and adults vaccinated?

Available contraindications

You should definitely refuse vaccinations during periods of acute colds or any other acute infectious diseases, until they have fully recovered. Then you need to wait another two weeks and only then vaccinate. After meningitis or other severe damage to the nervous system, medical withdrawal from vaccinations is imposed for a period of six months. In the presence of severe somatic diseases, the time of vaccination is selected individually at the stage of stable remission, since the pathology of internal organs or systems is not a contraindication to vaccination if they are not at the stage of exacerbation of the process. Also, the detection of hepatitis B viruses in a patient’s blood is not a contraindication to vaccination; vaccination in this case will simply be meaningless and useless. It is important to remember that the drug is administered very carefully and only under close medical supervision to those children who have systemic autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The issue in such cases is resolved individually with an immunologist.

Possible reactions to vaccinations

When administered the hepatitis B vaccine, up to 5% of children and adults may have similar reactions to its administration, such as increased body temperature (usually up to 37.5 degrees, not higher), the development of general malaise and mild weakness, the development of loose stools or sweating, headache pain, redness or mild itching of the skin. Almost all possible reactions to vaccinations can form within approximately the first day or two after administration of the drug, and then the reactions go away on their own, without outside intervention, within two days. In rare, isolated cases, more severe reactions to vaccinations may occur, which will be considered complications of vaccination. This may include the development of urticaria or a severe rash, pain in the muscles or joints, or the development of erythema nodosum. Today, vaccines are achieving such effectiveness that they allow vaccination with a reduced dosage of the vaccine and the almost complete elimination of preservatives, which can significantly reduce the risks of adverse reactions and allergic manifestations. Modern hepatitis B vaccines are much safer than previously used ones, although side effects and contraindications must still be taken into account.

Complications of vaccination

Development of local induration from grafting

Typically, lumps from this vaccine occur when it is injected into the buttock, where there is a lot of fatty tissue, and the drug gets into other tissues rather than into the muscle. In this case, the drug with its carrier, aluminum hydroxide, will be stored in reserve for a long time, securely fixed in the base. Such vaccine injections are palpable as dense nodules and tubercles, which take a very long time and slowly to dissolve. This is explained by the low blood supply to the area of adipose tissue and the slow leaching of the drug from the cells, and the presence of aluminum hydroxide itself supports the presence of an inflammatory tissue reaction. And therefore, the compaction will remain until the drug is completely absorbed and goes into the blood. You should not worry about the inflammatory process in the area where the drug was administered; this is a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a foreign substance, and the reaction is aseptic (not purulent), which enhances the absorption of the drug into the blood. Gradually, the vaccine and its base are absorbed into the blood and excreted, which reduces the local process. However, with this type of vaccine administration, immunity may be weakened and incomplete, since the vaccination technique is broken.

Temperature reactions to vaccination

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The World Health Organization's Division of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention estimated that before the launch of the universal immunization program in infancy against hepatitis B, about 100,000 children under ten years of age born to uninfected mothers acquired the virus. Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by a specific virus. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the liver. The disease can occur without symptoms or with acute short-term manifestations, which may include:

jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes); joint pain; abdominal pain; itchy red rashes on the skin of the body.

The virus can be completely eliminated from the body of most infected adolescents and adults during their lifetime. Only about 2-6% of infected older children and adults have it in their blood throughout their lives. They are carriers of the virus and can transmit it to other people. About 30 percent of children infected with hepatitis B develop chronic illness: how younger child, the more likely it is that the infection will become a chronic process. The consequences of this may include:

chronic liver diseases; cirrhosis of the liver; liver cancer; liver failure.

There is no specific cure for this infectious disease. About one quarter of people with chronic hepatitis B die from cirrhosis or liver cancer before age 40. Among them are many children who do not live to see adult life. Of the approximately 1.25 million Russians with chronic hepatitis B, 20-30 percent were infected during childhood and infancy.

Indications for hepatitis vaccination

Hepatitis B vaccination is a nationwide program. All newborns and people at risk are susceptible to it. The main indications for hepatitis B vaccination are to reduce the risk of infection and transmission of the virus from person to person.

IN childhood Children often become infected through:

breast milk from an infected mother; contact with the blood, saliva, tears, or urine of an infected family member; medical manipulations with violation of the integrity of the skin; blood transfusions.

However, the following groups of children are at particular risk of infection:

living in areas with high level spread of infection; living in families with chronic hepatitis; living in child care institutions; receiving hemodialysis; children receiving certain blood products.

Contraindications for hepatitis vaccination

Because most children are not at high risk for developing hepatitis B infection, and the duration of vaccine-induced immunity is unknown, some parents ask health care providers about the need and effectiveness of vaccinating children against hepatitis B. Some also continue to question the safety of the vaccine.

You should be aware that there are certain contraindications for hepatitis B vaccination. Children should not be vaccinated if they are allergic to baker's yeast or thimerosal. Also important is intolerance to individual components included in the vaccine. A 2003 study found the vaccine was safe and effective for children with bronchial asthma, even among those who use inhalers for hormone therapy.

Temporary contraindications against hepatitis B vaccination are: bad feeling baby, elevated body temperature, loose stools or vomiting, any manifestations of colds. After all symptoms have stopped, vaccination can be done 14 days later. Preliminarily done general analysis blood and urine.

Side effects and complications after hepatitis B vaccination

Although most children do not experience any side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine, the most common symptoms of this condition are:

fatigue or irritability in 20 percent of children; soreness at the injection site, lasting one to two days, in about one in eleven children and adolescents; mild to moderate fever in one of 14 vaccination cases.

Other, less common complications after hepatitis B vaccine include:

hyperemia, inflammation, swelling, pain or itching at the injection site; severe fatigue or weakness; dizziness and headache; temperature 37.7 °C or higher.

Other rare reactions to the vaccine include:

a general feeling of discomfort or muscle soreness; joint pain; skin rash or welts that may occur days or weeks after receiving the vaccine; blurred vision or other changes in visual sensations; muscle weakness or numbness and tingling in the arms and legs; back pain and stiffness or pain in the neck and shoulder area; diarrhea or abdominal cramps; nausea or vomiting; increased sweating; sore throat or runny nose; strong itchy skin; appetite decreases or disappears; sudden redness of the skin; swelling of the glands and lymph nodes in the armpit or neck; insomnia or drowsiness.

Although allergic reactions are rare, if they occur, immediate attention is needed. health care. A first aid kit for anaphylactic shock should be present in the vaccination room. Symptoms allergic reaction include:

redness of the skin, especially around the ears; swelling of the eyes, face, or nasal mucosa; itching, especially of the hands and feet; sudden and severe tiredness or weakness; difficulty breathing or swallowing.

Preparing a child for hepatitis vaccination

Most children are afraid of injections, however, there are simple methods to ease a child's fear. Required psychological preparation child to be vaccinated against hepatitis. Before visiting the vaccination office, parents should take the following steps:

Tell your children what an injection is and how it feels. Explain to your child that the unpleasant sensations are short-term. Explain to children that the injection will help them avoid becoming sick. Bring your child's favorite toy or blanket. Never threaten children by telling them they will get a shot. Read the information about the vaccine and ask your doctor questions. During vaccination, parents should do the following: Hold the child. Maintain eye contact with your child and smile. Speak softly and soothingly to your child. Try to distract your child by showing him drawings or objects that are interesting to him. Sing songs or tell your child an entertaining story. Teach your child to focus on something other than the injection. Help your child take a deep breath. Let your child cry. Keep calm.

How to hold your child during an injection

You should know that for safety, a clear fixation of the baby’s body during the injection is necessary. A sudden movement by the child may cause the needle to break. Parents can choose an appropriate method to hold the child during the injection. These techniques allow parents to control and immobilize the child's arm while the nurse administers the injection. For infants and toddlers, the following may be effective:

The child sits on the parents' lap. The child's hands are behind the parents' back, held under the parent's arms. The child's legs are located between the parent's thighs and are fixed with the other hand of the parents.

With older children, the following positions may be effective:

The child sits on the parent's lap or stands in front of the seated parent. The parent hugs the child. The child's legs are between the parents' legs.

What to do after hepatitis vaccination

After the injection, parents should do the following:

Hold and cuddle your baby or breastfeed your baby. Speak in a calming and encouraging manner. Praise the baby. Ask your doctor for information about possible side effects. Use a cool compress or wet washcloth to reduce pain or swelling at the injection site. Check your child for rash over the next few days.

In addition, parents should remember the following:

The child will lose appetite within the first 24 hours after vaccination. The child should drink plenty of fluids. The doctor may prescribe non-aspirin pain relievers for your child.

Viral hepatitis is one of the most unpredictable infectious diseases. The disease first affects the liver, and then the skin, blood vessels, other digestive organs and the nervous system are involved in the painful process. Because of the high likelihood of encountering the virus, babies are vaccinated in the first days of their lives. Several years after revaccination, immunity against the hepatitis B virus weakens, so everyone can encounter it again.

What kind of disease is hepatitis B and under what conditions does it affect a person? Are hepatitis B vaccinations given to adults and in what cases? Is it possible to feel safe if this disease affects loved ones?

What kind of disease is hepatitis B?

About 5% of the world's population suffers from viral hepatitis B. But in some countries this figure needs to be multiplied by 4. The main source of hepatitis B infection are sick people and virus carriers. For infection, it is enough for only 5 to 10 ml of infected blood to come into contact with the wound. The main routes of infection with hepatitis B:

sexual - with unprotected sexual intercourse;
infection occurs through vascular damage: cuts, abrasions, cracks on the lips, if there is bleeding gums;
parenteral route, that is, through medical manipulations or injections: with blood transfusions, injections with one non-sterile syringe, like drug addicts;
The vertical route of transmission of hepatitis B is from mother to child at birth.

How does hepatitis B manifest?

A person is worried about severe intoxication: lack of sleep, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting.
There is a feeling of pain in the liver and heaviness in the epigastric region.
Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera.
Severe itching of the skin.
Damage to the nervous system: irritability or euphoria, headaches, drowsiness.
Later begins to decline arterial pressure, the pulse becomes rare.

This condition may last for several months. If you're lucky, everything ends in recovery. Otherwise, dangerous complications arise:

bleeding;
acute liver failure;
damage to the bile ducts, addition of additional infections.

Should adults be vaccinated against hepatitis B? - yes, since hepatitis B is a chronic disease, once infected, a person will never get rid of it. At the same time, the susceptibility of people around to the virus is high, and the symptoms of hepatitis go away slowly. Vaccination against hepatitis B for adults is necessary to avoid contracting this dangerous disease. This is the only way to prevent the disease.

Indications for vaccination

First of all, children are vaccinated immediately after birth, except for those who have contraindications. After revaccination (at 6 or 12 months), immunity is unstable and persists for five, maximum six years.

Adults are vaccinated depending on the indications. Where can adults get vaccinated against hepatitis B? Vaccination is carried out in a clinic at the place of residence or registration or at work (if employed in a specialized clinic, hospital, outpatient clinic). If desired, the vaccine can be administered for a fee private clinic. In exceptional cases, critically ill patients undergoing hemodialysis or those receiving blood transfusions may be vaccinated in hospital if the vaccine is available.

Who is being vaccinated? - all adults at risk.

People whose family has a virus carrier or a sick person.
Medical students and all healthcare workers.
People with severe chronic diseases who receive regular blood transfusions.
Previously unvaccinated people who have not had viral hepatitis B.
Adults who have had contact with virus-contaminated material.
People whose work involves the production of blood products.
Preoperative patients if they have not been vaccinated before.
Vaccination of oncohematological patients.

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule

Hepatitis B vaccination schedules for adults may vary depending on the situation and the type of drug.

One of the schemes is to give the first vaccination, then a month later another one, and then after another 5 months.
Emergency vaccination occurs when a person travels abroad. It is carried out on the first day, on the seventh and twenty-first days. Revaccination of hepatitis B in adults is prescribed after 12 months.
The following scheme is used in patients undergoing hemodialysis (blood purification). According to this schedule, an adult is vaccinated four times between procedures in a 0-1-2-12 month schedule.

Where do adults get the hepatitis B vaccine? - intramuscularly, into the deltoid muscle. In rare cases, when a person has a disease with a blood clotting disorder, the drug can be administered subcutaneously.

To avoid false reactions to the vaccine, check whether it was stored correctly.

There should be no foreign impurities in the bottle with the drug after shaking.
The vaccine cannot be frozen; optimal storage conditions are 2–8 ºC, otherwise it will lose its properties. That is, the nurse must get it not from the freezer, but from the refrigerator.
Check expiration dates.

Types of hepatitis B vaccines

There are both individual vaccines against viral hepatitis B and complex ones that additionally contain antibodies against other diseases. The latter are more often used in childhood.

What drugs can be administered to adults?

"Engerix-B" (Belgium).
"HB-Vaxll" (USA).
The vaccine against hepatitis B is recombinant.
Hepatitis B recombinant yeast vaccine.
"Sci-B-Vac", which is produced in Israel.
"Eberbiovak HB" is a joint Russian-Cuban vaccine.
"Euvax-B".
"Shanvak-B" (India).
"Biovac-B".

How often do adults get the hepatitis B vaccine? You can get vaccinated for the first time if there are indications for it, and then monitor the amount of antibodies to the virus in the blood. If there is a sharp decrease in them, the vaccination can be repeated. Health care workers should be immunized regularly, at least once every five years.

Contraindications for adults

Contraindications to hepatitis B vaccination for adults are:

Pregnancy and lactation period.
Reaction to previous vaccine administration.
Intolerance to one of the components of the drug.
Acute infectious diseases.
Exacerbation of chronic diseases. Vaccination is recommended during the period of normalization of the condition.

Reactions to vaccination and complications

Adults tolerate hepatitis B vaccination well, but due to the individual characteristics of the body, the following reactions may occur:

soreness and inflammation at the site of vaccine administration;
tissue compaction, scar formation;
the general reaction may manifest itself as fever, weakness, and malaise.

What complications can occur in adults after receiving the hepatitis B vaccine?

Pain in the joints, stomach or muscle area.
Nausea, vomiting, loose stool, tests may show an increase in liver parameters.
General and local allergic reactions: itching of the skin, the appearance of a rash in the form of urticaria. In severe situations, it is possible to develop angioedema or anaphylactic shock.
Isolated cases of nervous system reactions have been recorded: convulsions, neuritis (inflammation peripheral nerves), meningitis, motor muscle paralysis.
Sometimes there is an increase in lymph nodes, and in a general blood test the number of platelets decreases.
Fainting and a temporary feeling of shortness of breath are possible.

If the symptoms are not pronounced, bother you for several hours and go away on their own, don’t worry. In case of long-term persistent complaints, it is necessary to consult a doctor and notify the health workers who administered the hepatitis B vaccination about the occurrence of a reaction to the vaccine. How to avoid such situations? It is important to learn how to behave correctly before and after vaccination.

Rules of behavior before and after vaccination

Vaccinations must be planned in advance. The need for vaccination is announced several days in advance. To ensure minimal side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine in an adult, it is better to get it before the upcoming weekend. It is advisable to stay at home during this difficult period for the body, when the immune system is under severe strain.
After vaccination, do not plan an active holiday with friends or family, try not to visit places with a lot of people, and stock up on food for the weekend in advance.
Be sure to undergo the required examination by a doctor before immunization, and 30 minutes after vaccination, remain under the supervision of the health care worker who administered the vaccine.
Do not wet the injection site for at least 24 hours.
Together with your doctor, you need to select the optimal hepatitis B vaccination schedule for adults and discuss the possibility of using symptomatic medicines in case complications arise.

Do adults need a hepatitis B vaccine? Yes, if he is at risk and may encounter patients with hepatitis B. A mild course of the disease will not save a person from possible complications. It is much easier to deal with a reaction to a vaccine than to spend months treating viral hepatitis in case of infection.

In contact with

In most cases, the consequences of hepatitis vaccination do not appear.

What is the vaccine

Hepatitis vaccines are a sterile suspension containing the hepatitis virus, grown in a special nutrient medium and then killed with formaldehyde (a poison that affects cells).

The risk of getting an infection increases in the following cases:

One of the family members is infected with the disease.
We are planning a vacation in hot countries where the disease spreads quickly.
The mother has a virus in her blood, and the infection occurred during pregnancy.
The parents of the newborn use drugs.
There is an outbreak of the disease in the locality where the family lives.

How is vaccination carried out?

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule:

The standard regimen involves administering the vaccine at 1, 3, 6 months.
If the mother is infected with hepatitis B, the primary vaccination is carried out immediately after the birth of the baby, then the vaccine is administered every month, six months and a year.
If surgical intervention is necessary, in order for immunity to develop quickly, the drug is administered immediately after birth, then on the 7th and 21st days of life. Revaccination is carried out when the baby is one year old.

When administering the drug subcutaneously, the risk of side effects increases, such as redness and hardening at the injection site.

Characteristics of vaccine tolerance

Reaction to vaccination in adults

Adults tolerate vaccination more easily than children. In very rare cases they experience:

Seal at the injection site.
Weakness and malaise.
Abdominal pain.
Pain in the joint area.
Nausea and upset stool.
Hives.
Enlarged lymph nodes.
Presyncope.
Increased body temperature.

How to avoid a negative reaction to a vaccine

In order for vaccination activities to take place without consequences, you must adhere to the following rules:

In order to avoid allergic reactions, some doctors recommend giving the baby antihistamines three days before vaccination.
Before visiting the hospital, you need to explain to your child what vaccination is and its necessity. Talk about short-term pain.
Collect all the information about the vaccine that will be administered, clarify the contraindications and ask the doctor all your questions.
Before vaccination, a doctor must conduct an examination. If there are symptoms of colds, it is not recommended to administer the drug, as the risk of negative reactions increases.
Parents should control themselves, not worry and under no circumstances yell at the child, as he is sensitive to their condition.
During vaccination, it is necessary to maintain eye contact with children. You need to speak to them in a soft, calm voice.
After vaccination, parents are advised to stay with their child for some time under the supervision of a doctor. Although anaphylactic reactions are rare, if they occur, your baby will need medical help.

What to do if there is a negative reaction

If the temperature has risen above 38.5 degrees, the baby does not feel well and is capricious, it is necessary to give him an antipyretic drug based on paracetamol or ibuprofen.

If your child has seizures or begins to lose consciousness while having a fever, you should seek medical help immediately.

If itching, runny nose or hives appear, which indicate an allergic reaction, it is necessary to give the baby an antihistamine (Fenistil, Suprastin, Diazolin). It should be taken according to the instructions and recommendations of the pediatrician.

If side effects from the digestive system appear for a long time and cause discomfort in the baby, you can use sorbents (Smecta, Activated carbon, Enterosgel). If the symptoms do not disappear but intensify, you should consult a doctor.

A child's normal reaction to a hepatitis vaccine

The following are also considered normal post-vaccination reactions:

slight increase in temperature;
increased sweating;
mild headache;
temporary loss of appetite;
restless sleep;
diarrhea;
feeling of weakness;
a transient state of malaise.

In general, the vast majority of newborns, children and adults tolerate hepatitis B vaccination easily. After about a month, immunity is formed, and the protective effect of the drug begins. Very often, vaccination occurs completely without any symptoms. However, if nausea leading to vomiting, fever, and convulsions appear, you should know: such acute symptoms have nothing to do with the vaccine. Sometimes vaccination coincides with the onset of a disease, and you need to look for a true diagnosis.

Induration and redness at injection sites

Temperature

weak - when the temperature rises to 37.5 degrees;
moderate degree - if the thermometer readings do not exceed 38.5 degrees, and signs of intoxication are moderate;
strong – with body heat above 38.5 degrees, significant symptoms of intoxication.

As a rule, the temperature rises 6-7 hours after the injection - this is a sign of an active response of the immune system to foreign viral components of the vaccine. Often, the rise in temperature is further intensified under the influence of external factors: stuffy or, conversely, cold air, a stressful state. It returns to normal on its own within 2-3 days. Antipyretics should be used only at temperatures above 38.5 degrees.

Consequences of hepatitis vaccination in adults

muscle pain;
severe allergies, anaphylactic shock;
acute liver failure.

Since these manifestations are extremely rare, their potential should not be a reason to refuse vaccination. Without vaccination, the risk of contracting an infectious disease such as hepatitis is much more dangerous. The disease quickly takes on a chronic form, which is then extremely difficult to cure completely. Viral hepatitis is threatening with complications incompatible with life: cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Weakness and dizziness

Occasionally, such symptoms can also be a reaction to the hepatitis vaccine. In this case, you should relieve the body of everyday stress and give it a rest. It is important to have adequate sleep. It is useful to strengthen the nervous system with vitamin and mineral preparations. If you cannot eliminate irritating factors, you need to try to change your attitude towards them. The effective drug Betaserc helps get rid of dizziness.

General malaise

It is worth remembering feasible morning exercises and water procedures.
Lemons with honey, fish oil, rosehip infusion, linden tea are useful.

Dangerous complications after hepatitis B vaccination

Such reactions of the body do not threaten a healthy person. However, some conditions and diseases can sometimes provoke the development of severe complications. This:

an acute allergic reaction to any vaccination that has occurred previously;
predisposition to seizures, more common in newborns and children under 3 years of age;
chemotherapy and radiation oncology therapy;
immunodeficiency diseases, AIDS.

Dangerous reactions to vaccination include:

Allergic pathologies:
urticaria, erythema, dermatitis;
Quincke's edema;
myocarditis;
serum sickness;
arthritis;
glomerulonephritis;
anaphylactic shock.
Myalgia (severe pain in muscles, joints).
Peripheral neuropathy (increased tactile sensitivity or its loss, numbness of the extremities, paralysis of the optic or facial nerves, etc.).

How to assess the intensity of the reaction to the hepatitis vaccine

The duration and intensity of post-vaccination phenomena depend on two main components:

composition and quality of the drug;
individual characteristics of the human body.

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Hepatitis B is a severe pathology that provokes the development of cancer and cirrhosis of the liver. The disease is especially severe in children (it often ends in death). In most children, hepatitis becomes chronic and causes inconvenience throughout their lives. To prevent infection, immunization is carried out. Many people have a reaction to the hepatitis B vaccine, which can be normal or a complication.

Normal reaction to hepatitis vaccination in newborns at 1 month

Caring parents are always concerned about the health of their child and when unpleasant symptoms After vaccination, they rush to see a pediatrician.

But any vaccine can provoke a certain reaction, which is considered normal.

So, in sensitive children the following changes in condition are acceptable:

temperature increase;
redness in the injection area;
pain at the injection site;
whims, crying.

The temperature has risen

This reaction to vaccination is observed in 5% of children. The temperature usually rises 6-7 hours after immunization. As a rule, the thermometer shows no higher than 37.5 degrees.

In more sensitive individuals, the temperature may rise to 38.5.

Hyperthermia can be easily controlled with antipyretic drugs.

Medicines are used only when the thermometer is high. Normally, hyperthermia goes away on its own after 2-3 days.

There is redness at the injection site

The injection site may turn red due to an allergy to aluminum hydroxide, which is present in the vaccine. This reaction occurs in 10-20% of cases. Often, a similar symptom appears after moisture comes into contact with the injection area. Redness and slight swelling are absolutely safe and go away on their own.

The arm hurts at the injection site

After placing an injection in the arm, you may feel slight pain, which intensifies with pressure.

This phenomenon is considered an acceptable consequence of a specific reaction of soft tissues to the administered drug.

It is prohibited to warm or cool the injection site or treat it with ointments. Parents should protect the injection area from injury, choose safe games and positions for the child, and do not wear synthetic or tight clothing.

When amplified pain syndrome We must try to distract the baby. As a rule, the discomfort goes away after a few days without treatment.

Recently, children under two years of age are given an injection in the thigh, and older persons and adults - in the arm (shoulder area). These places are considered the most suitable.

The child is capricious and crying

After vaccination against hepatitis B, babies sometimes become capricious, cry constantly, and have trouble sleeping. This occurs within the first 24 hours after vaccination and can persist for several days. The child's restless behavior is explained by a headache accompanied by a rise in temperature. The condition normalizes on its own after a short time.

Severe complications after vaccination in children

In addition to the normal reaction in the form of a short-term increase in temperature and pain at the injection site, the child may experience severe post-vaccination complications. The risk of side effects is higher when immunization is carried out in the presence of contraindications, violation of the preparation rules and manipulation technology.

Children may develop the following complications after vaccination:

colic;
anaphylactic shock;
temperature rise up to 40 degrees;
neurological disorders;
myocarditis;
severe joint and muscle pain;
arthritis;
erythema nodosum;
hives.

Vaccine manufacturers are constantly working to improve the composition of drugs against hepatitis B, trying to reduce the dose and eliminate preservatives in order to minimize the risk of adverse reactions. If, after recently undergoing immunoprophylaxis, a child develops convulsions and severe vomiting, this may mean the presence of some kind of infectious process that is not related to the vaccine.

Side effects occur with a frequency of 1 time per 100 thousand cases.

Side effects of hepatitis vaccine in adults

The body of adults is stronger than that of children, so side effects after vaccination develop less frequently. Most often, local reactions are observed in the form of redness, irritation, and swelling in the injection area. A person may experience a feeling of malaise, dizziness, and weakness. In this case, it is recommended to take an antihistamine. It is also useful to strengthen the immune system.

Severe adverse reactions include:

severe allergic manifestations (anaphylaxis, swelling);
muscle pain;
peripheral neuropathy;
glomerulonephritis;
paralysis of the optic or facial nerve;
myocarditis.

Such complications are extremely rare: in one person out of 200 thousand vaccinated people. Therefore, you should not refuse vaccination. Infectious hepatitis B is much more dangerous than post-vaccination phenomena: it can be fatal.

The following conditions increase the risk of side effects:

AIDS;
tendency to seizures;
radiation or chemotherapy;
diarrhea;
drinking alcohol the day before or on the day of immunization;
acute allergic reaction to a previously administered vaccine.

How to avoid unwanted consequences after receiving a vaccine

Vaccination is a great stress for children and adults. And no one can predict whether or not adverse reactions will occur after administration of the drug for hepatitis B. There are a number of tips that will help minimize post-vaccination complications. To avoid undesirable consequences from the introduction of the vaccine, you must follow all the doctor’s recommendations regarding preparation, undergo the necessary examinations (donate blood and urine for analysis), and properly handle the injection site.

Children and adults should not be vaccinated if they have the following conditions:

heat;
neuritis;
schizophrenia;
meningitis;
underweight;
hydrocephalus;
general malaise;
the presence of an infectious or viral disease;
multiple sclerosis;
vasculitis;
epilepsy;
hypertension;
intolerance to vaccine components;
chronic pathologies in the acute phase.

Those people who are prone to allergies should take an antihistamine on the day of vaccination, and also exclude chocolate, citrus fruits, tomatoes, and foods containing dyes and preservatives from the menu.

After vaccination, the body is weakened. Therefore, you should avoid crowded places so as not to become infected with any infectious viral disease. It is also recommended to avoid for a while physical activity and emotional turmoil. If a person has previously had adverse reactions to other types of vaccinations, then after immunization against hepatitis B, it is worth spending some time in a medical institution. As a rule, severe post-vaccination complications develop a couple of hours after administration of the drug.

Thus, hepatitis B is a serious disease that often leads to disability and death. The pathology is especially difficult to treat in childhood. For prevention, immunization is performed. The hepatitis B vaccine is well tolerated in most cases. But some people experience negative symptoms. A slight increase in temperature, weakness, and redness of the injection site are a normal reaction of the body to the administered drug. Very rarely, severe complications develop in the form of glomerulonephritis, anaphylactic shock, myocarditis, etc. Often the cause of side effects is non-compliance with the rules of preparation, manipulation and care of the injection area.

Hepatitis A (other names - jaundice, Botkin's disease) is an acute infectious disease of the liver, the occurrence of which is provoked by a certain virus. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water, and through direct contact with a sick person. About 10 million people become infected every year.

The disease is not dangerous, but in the absence of timely medical assistance, severe liver failure can develop, which can lead to coma and death. In some cases, serious damage to the biliary tract is observed. Doctors are unanimous in their opinion that disease prevention lies in timely vaccination. Therefore, vaccination against hepatitis A today is a guaranteed and practically the only method of protection against this disease, although it is not mandatory. Doctors recommend giving it to children in certain cases when there is an immediate threat of infection.

Despite the fact that vaccination against hepatitis A for children in many countries is not included in the compulsory vaccination calendar, all doctors recommend it. It is especially desirable in certain cases when the child has a high risk of infection, namely:

before a holiday at sea, traveling to hot countries (here the spread of infection is very widespread, so the chance of getting infected is high): vaccination is carried out 2 weeks before the trip so that the small body has time to develop immunity;
if there is a person in the baby’s social circle who suffers from hepatitis A: the vaccination is done within 10 days from the moment of contact with the carrier of the dangerous virus;
when diagnosing diseases such as hemophilia or serious liver pathology.

Before vaccination, the blood is examined for the presence of antibodies. If they are present, this means that the child has either already been vaccinated before or has had this disease. In this case, he will not be able to become infected: it is impossible to get hepatitis A twice, since immunity against this infection is developed in the body for life. So the absence of antibodies in the blood is a direct indication for vaccination.

As for age, a child is vaccinated against hepatitis A starting from the age of 1 year. It is administered intramuscularly - most often into the baby's shoulder. Vaccine alone is usually not enough to provide strong, long-lasting immunity against infection. Therefore, after 6–18 months, doctors recommend another injection. Having decided to vaccinate, parents should know which reaction of the little body to this vaccination will be the norm, according to medical data, and which will indicate disorders and failures in the baby’s health.

Reaction

The interest of parents who, before vaccination, want to know how the hepatitis A vaccine is tolerated by their children is understandable, in order to be prepared for surprises and to be aware of how to react to this or that change in the baby’s condition. Most often, no reaction is observed to imported drugs (for example, the Havrix vaccine), while domestic drugs (GEP-A-in-VAKV, etc.) can cause side effects such as:

nausea, vomiting;
headache;
slight malaise;
loss of appetite;
if there is an allergic reaction (itching or hives), you can give your baby an antihistamine (but only with the doctor’s permission);
irritability, moodiness, restlessness;
weakness and muscle pain;
local reaction at the injection site: redness, swelling, itching, thickening, mild pain, numbness (these symptoms should not frighten or mislead parents: the injection site cannot be lubricated with anything or covered with a band-aid, but there is no need to be afraid of getting it wet);
increase in temperature: in this case, it is allowed to give the child an antipyretic if the thermometer shows above 38°C for several hours.

All these side effects Vaccinations against hepatitis A are considered normal by doctors and do not require medical intervention. They do not affect the child’s health in any way and pass very quickly: within a week maximum. Having noticed these changes in their baby after vaccination, parents should not panic: they need to be patient and wait it out. Within a week after the injection, these symptoms will disappear, and the baby will be happy and healthy as before.

If, however, some of the side effects last too long or are very pronounced, which frightens parents, it is better to talk about this at the first appointment with the pediatrician. After the examination, the doctor will dispel doubts and give useful recommendations. But most children still do not respond at all to the hepatitis A vaccine. Stories about the terrible consequences that happen when an anti-hepatitis drug is introduced into a child’s body are often too exaggerated. Complications are possible extremely rarely and only if contraindications are not observed.

Contraindications

Before vaccinating a child against hepatitis A, the doctor conducts an examination to determine the presence of antibodies against this infection in the baby’s blood and to identify contraindications for vaccination. It cannot be carried out in the following cases:

increased sensitivity (individual intolerance) to the components of the administered drug;
acute period of all diseases: at the time of vaccination the baby must be absolutely healthy, and this also applies to chronic pathologies;
bronchial asthma.

All these contraindications must be observed when vaccinating against hepatitis A, since otherwise you may encounter the development of pathologies that will become a serious violation of children's health in the future. Since an examination is carried out before vaccination, the risk of complications is minimal, and yet this very fact becomes the reason why parents refuse to vaccinate their baby against this disease.

Complications

Among the complications after vaccinations against hepatitis A are:

Quincke's edema in case of individual intolerance to the components of the anti-hepatitis A drug administered to the child: this can lead to death in the absence of timely assistance;
exacerbation of chronic diseases, slowdown in the healing process, deterioration of general condition;
liver failure;
lesions of the nervous system: neuritis, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis;
irregularities in work of cardio-vascular system: vasculitis, low blood pressure;
failure in the functioning of other organs: lymphadenopathy, erythema;
coma;
death.

Despite the seriousness of all the above complications after vaccination against hepatitis A, parents should not be afraid of them and refuse necessary and useful vaccination because of this. If your child is at risk, he must be vaccinated so that an unwanted infection will bypass the small, not yet formed organism. The consequences of the disease for the baby’s health develop much more often than complications after vaccination.

However, hepatitis A in a child’s body is dangerous not only for this. Often the child transmits the infection to mild form, is asymptomatic, but in the meantime is a carrier of a dangerous virus. Any adult who comes into contact with him can become infected from him at this moment. In an already formed body, the disease occurs in a much more severe form, which poses a potential danger, including death. Therefore, it is much more practical to vaccinate your baby from infancy and forget about hepatitis A forever.

Side effects of the hepatitis B vaccine
- Who should be vaccinated against hepatitis B?
- Types of vaccines
- Contraindications to hepatitis B vaccination
- Normal reactions after receiving a vaccine
- Induration, redness
- Fever
- Side effects of the hepatitis B vaccine
- What to do if side effects occur after hepatitis B vaccination?
Hepatitis vaccine for adults side effects
- Vaccination scheme
- Possible negative reactions
- How to minimize complications after vaccination?
Hepatitis B vaccination
- What is the hepatitis B vaccine?
- Required vaccine for adults
- Injection in the maternity hospital for newborns - reaction
- Side effects and consequences
- Where is the vaccine given?
- Vaccination schedule for children and adults
- How long does the vaccine last and how often do you vaccinate?
- Pregnancy after vaccination against infection
Hepatitis B vaccine for adults: side effects, regimen and contraindications
- Is it possible to prevent the disease?
- Features of the development of pathology
- Recommendations for disease prevention
- What is the danger of HBV?
- The importance of vaccination
- For civilians
- For health workers
Vaccination against hepatitis B
- Importance of vaccination
- Contraindications
- Why are there side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine?
- Possible consequences
- Dangerous reactions
- Temporary reactions
- How to minimize the risks of complications?
- What to do if any reactions occur?

What is the vaccine

Hepatitis vaccines are a sterile suspension containing the hepatitis virus, grown in a special nutrient medium and then killed with formaldehyde (a poison that affects cells).

The risk of getting an infection increases in the following cases:

One of the family members is infected with the disease.
We are planning a vacation in hot countries where the disease spreads quickly.
The mother has a virus in her blood, and the infection occurred during pregnancy.
The parents of the newborn use drugs.
There is an outbreak of the disease in the locality where the family lives.

How is vaccination carried out?

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule:

The standard regimen involves administering the vaccine at 1, 3, 6 months.
If the mother is infected with hepatitis B, the primary vaccination is carried out immediately after the birth of the baby, then the vaccine is administered every month, six months and a year.
If surgical intervention is necessary, in order for immunity to develop quickly, the drug is administered immediately after birth, then on the 7th and 21st days of life. Revaccination is carried out when the baby is one year old.

When administering the drug subcutaneously, the risk of side effects increases, such as redness and hardening at the injection site.

Characteristics of vaccine tolerance

Reaction to vaccination in adults

Adults tolerate vaccination more easily than children. In very rare cases they experience:

Seal at the injection site.
Weakness and malaise.
Abdominal pain.
Pain in the joint area.
Nausea and upset stool.
Hives.
Enlarged lymph nodes.
Presyncope.
Increased body temperature.

How to avoid a negative reaction to a vaccine

In order for vaccination activities to take place without consequences, you must adhere to the following rules:

In order to avoid allergic reactions, some doctors recommend giving the baby antihistamines three days before vaccination.
Before visiting the hospital, you need to explain to your child what vaccination is and its necessity. Talk about short-term pain.
Collect all the information about the vaccine that will be administered, clarify the contraindications and ask the doctor all your questions.
Before vaccination, a doctor must conduct an examination. If there are symptoms of colds, it is not recommended to administer the drug, as the risk of negative reactions increases.
Parents should control themselves, not worry and under no circumstances yell at the child, as he is sensitive to their condition.
During vaccination, it is necessary to maintain eye contact with children. You need to speak to them in a soft, calm voice.
After vaccination, parents are advised to stay with their child for some time under the supervision of a doctor. Although anaphylactic reactions are rare, if they occur, your baby will need medical help.

What to do if there is a negative reaction

If the temperature has risen above 38.5 degrees, the baby does not feel well and is capricious, it is necessary to give him an antipyretic drug based on paracetamol or ibuprofen.

If your child has seizures or begins to lose consciousness while having a fever, you should seek medical help immediately.

If, as a result of vaccination against hepatitis A or B, side effects from the nervous system occur (impaired muscle tone, convulsions), you should consult a neurologist and epileptologist.

Consequences

The mechanism of action of the vaccine has been sufficiently studied, but in rare cases, complications after vaccination against hepatitis are as follows:

The development of a severe complication - Quincke's edema (an acute allergic reaction caused by repeated contact with an allergen).
Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle).
Arthritis (inflammation of the joints).
Glomerulonephritis (kidney disease, characterized by inflammation of the kidney glomeruli).
Myalgia (muscle pain resulting from increased tone).
Neuropathy (inflammatory damage to the nerves).
Exacerbation of chronic diseases.

In what cases can complications arise?

Various factors influence the occurrence of complications:

State of the immune system. If a person has congenital or chronic diseases that periodically worsen, the risk of complications increases.
Violation of vaccine storage and transportation conditions. The drugs should be stored at a temperature of +2 to +8 degrees in a special refrigerator. Vaccines are transported in special containers. When drugs are overheated or frozen, they lose their properties, which can provoke the development of all sorts of complications.
Failure to comply with the rules and techniques for administering the vaccine. In this case, the risk of developing a local reaction increases.

The presence of hypersensitivity to vaccine components.

Autoimmune diseases.

Bronchial asthma.

Hydrocephalus.

Epilepsy.

Cerebral palsy.

Oncological diseases.

Severe heart and vascular diseases.

If at the time of vaccination he has an acute infectious disease.

During exacerbation of chronic diseases.

If the child was born premature and weighs less than 2 kilograms.

In the event that the reaction to the first vaccination was too strong.

Do not be afraid of vaccination, as it helps protect against deadly diseases.

What is the probability of death from this disease?

With virus A, deaths are very rare and occur only with lightning-fast development of the process. In this case, the patient develops acute inflammation of the liver cells, followed by necrosis and the development of liver failure.

In children under one year of age, the infection is very severe. The disease is accompanied by complications and causes negative consequences.

Hepatitis B is more dangerous because it can cause liver cirrhosis or cancer. In almost 90% of children infected with this infection, the disease becomes chronic. In addition, it often causes complications in the form of myocarditis, glomerulonephritis or arthralgia. The hepatitis B vaccine and its side effects are not as dangerous as the disease itself.

Weakness and dizziness

General malaise

Viral hepatitis is one of the most unpredictable infectious diseases. The disease first affects the liver, and then the skin, blood vessels, other digestive organs and the nervous system are involved in the painful process. Because of the high likelihood of encountering the virus, babies are vaccinated in the first days of their lives. Several years after revaccination, immunity against the hepatitis B virus weakens, so everyone can encounter it again.

What kind of disease is hepatitis B and under what conditions does it affect a person? Are hepatitis B vaccinations given to adults and in what cases? Is it possible to feel safe if this disease affects loved ones?

What kind of disease is hepatitis B?

About 5% of the world's population suffers from viral hepatitis B. But in some countries this figure needs to be multiplied by 4. The main source of hepatitis B infection are sick people and virus carriers. For infection, it is enough for only 5 to 10 ml of infected blood to come into contact with the wound. The main routes of infection with hepatitis B:

sexual - with unprotected sexual intercourse;

infection occurs through vascular damage: cuts, abrasions, cracks on the lips, if there is bleeding gums;

parenteral route, that is, through medical manipulations or injections: with blood transfusions, injections with one non-sterile syringe, like drug addicts;

The vertical route of transmission of hepatitis B is from mother to child at birth.

How does hepatitis B manifest?

A person is worried about severe intoxication: lack of sleep, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting.

There is a feeling of pain in the liver and heaviness in the epigastric region.

Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera.

Severe itching of the skin.

Damage to the nervous system: irritability or euphoria, headaches, drowsiness.

Later, blood pressure begins to decrease, and the pulse becomes rare.

This condition may last for several months. If you're lucky, everything ends in recovery. Otherwise, dangerous complications arise:

bleeding;

acute liver failure;

damage to the bile ducts, addition of additional infections.

Should adults be vaccinated against hepatitis B? - yes, since hepatitis B is a chronic disease, once infected, a person will never get rid of it. At the same time, the susceptibility of people around to the virus is high, and the symptoms of hepatitis go away slowly. Vaccination against hepatitis B for adults is necessary to avoid contracting this dangerous disease. This is the only way to prevent the disease.

Indications for vaccination

First of all, children are vaccinated immediately after birth, except for those who have contraindications. After revaccination (at 6 or 12 months), immunity is unstable and persists for five, maximum six years.

Adults are vaccinated depending on the indications. Where can adults get vaccinated against hepatitis B? Vaccination is carried out in a clinic at the place of residence or registration or at work (if employed in a specialized clinic, hospital, outpatient clinic). If desired, the vaccine can be administered in a private clinic for a fee. In exceptional cases, critically ill patients undergoing hemodialysis or those receiving blood transfusions may be vaccinated in hospital if the vaccine is available.

Who is being vaccinated? - all adults at risk.

People whose family has a virus carrier or a sick person.

Medical students and all healthcare workers.

People with severe chronic diseases who regularly receive blood transfusions.

Previously unvaccinated people who have not had viral hepatitis B.

Adults who have had contact with virus-contaminated material.

People whose work involves the production of blood products.

Preoperative patients if they have not been vaccinated before.

Vaccination of oncohematological patients.

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule

Hepatitis B vaccination schedules for adults may vary depending on the situation and the type of drug.

One of the schemes is to give the first vaccination, then a month later another one, and then after another 5 months.

Emergency vaccination occurs when a person travels abroad. It is carried out on the first day, on the seventh and twenty-first days. Revaccination of hepatitis B in adults is prescribed after 12 months.

The following scheme is used in patients undergoing hemodialysis (blood purification). According to this schedule, an adult is vaccinated four times between procedures in a 0-1-2-12 month schedule.

Where do adults get the hepatitis B vaccine? - intramuscularly, into the deltoid muscle. In rare cases, when a person has a disease with a blood clotting disorder, the drug can be administered subcutaneously.

To avoid false reactions to the vaccine, check whether it was stored correctly.

There should be no foreign impurities in the bottle with the drug after shaking.

The vaccine cannot be frozen; optimal storage conditions are 2–8 ºC, otherwise it will lose its properties. That is, the nurse must get it not from the freezer, but from the refrigerator.

Check expiration dates.

Types of hepatitis B vaccines

There are both individual vaccines against viral hepatitis B and complex ones that additionally contain antibodies against other diseases. The latter are more often used in childhood.

What drugs can be administered to adults?

"Engerix-B" (Belgium).

"HB-Vaxll" (USA).

The vaccine against hepatitis B is recombinant.

Hepatitis B recombinant yeast vaccine.

"Sci-B-Vac", which is produced in Israel.

"Eberbiovak HB" is a joint Russian-Cuban vaccine.

"Euvax-B".

"Shanvak-B" (India).

"Biovac-B".

How often do adults get the hepatitis B vaccine? You can get vaccinated for the first time if there are indications for it, and then monitor the amount of antibodies to the virus in the blood. If there is a sharp decrease in them, the vaccination can be repeated. Health care workers should be immunized regularly, at least once every five years.

Contraindications for adults

Contraindications to hepatitis B vaccination for adults are:

Pregnancy and lactation period.

Reaction to previous vaccine administration.

Intolerance to one of the components of the drug.

Acute infectious diseases.

Exacerbation of chronic diseases. Vaccination is recommended during the period of normalization of the condition.

Reactions to vaccination and complications

Adults tolerate hepatitis B vaccination well, but due to the individual characteristics of the body, the following reactions may occur:

soreness and inflammation at the site of vaccine administration;

tissue compaction, scar formation;

the general reaction may manifest itself as fever, weakness, and malaise.

What complications can occur in adults after receiving the hepatitis B vaccine?

Pain in the joints, stomach or muscle area.

Nausea, vomiting, loose stool, tests may show an increase in liver parameters.

General and local allergic reactions: itching of the skin, the appearance of a rash in the form of urticaria. In severe situations, it is possible to develop angioedema or anaphylactic shock.

Isolated cases of nervous system reactions have been reported: convulsions, neuritis (inflammation of peripheral nerves), meningitis, motor muscle paralysis.

Sometimes there is an increase in lymph nodes, and in a general blood test the number of platelets decreases.

Fainting and a temporary feeling of shortness of breath are possible.

If the symptoms are not pronounced, bother you for several hours and go away on their own, don’t worry. In case of long-term persistent complaints, it is necessary to consult a doctor and notify the health workers who administered the hepatitis B vaccination about the occurrence of a reaction to the vaccine. How to avoid such situations? It is important to learn how to behave correctly before and after vaccination.

Rules of behavior before and after vaccination

Vaccinations must be planned in advance. The need for vaccination is announced several days in advance. To ensure minimal side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine in an adult, it is better to get it before the upcoming weekend. It is advisable to stay at home during this difficult period for the body, when the immune system is under severe strain.

After vaccination, do not plan an active holiday with friends or family, try not to visit places with a lot of people, and stock up on food for the weekend in advance.

Be sure to undergo the required examination by a doctor before immunization, and 30 minutes after vaccination, remain under the supervision of the health care worker who administered the vaccine.

Do not wet the injection site for at least 24 hours.

Together with your doctor, you need to choose the optimal schedule for vaccination against hepatitis B for adults and discuss the possibility of using symptomatic medications in case of complications.

Do adults need a hepatitis B vaccine? Yes, if he is at risk and may encounter patients with hepatitis B. A mild course of the disease will not save a person from possible complications. It is much easier to deal with a reaction to a vaccine than to spend months treating viral hepatitis in case of infection.

There were times when viral hepatitis turned out to be as widespread a disaster as plague, cholera, and smallpox. Today, vaccination reliably protects against severe liver damage. Vaccination against hepatitis B is mandatory in our country for newborns. However, many parents are worried about complications and reactions to the vaccine. Is she really that dangerous?

A child's normal reaction to a hepatitis vaccine

There are no completely safe pharmaceuticals. The body responds to any vaccine with an individual reaction. This is fine. Local reactions may occur especially often: redness, itching, thickening of the muscles at the site of vaccination, slight pain when touched. Approximately 10 out of 100 children develop these symptoms after receiving both live and non-live vaccines. However, after a few days, not a trace remains of them.

The following are also considered normal post-vaccination reactions:

slight increase in temperature; increased sweating; mild headache; temporary loss of appetite; restless sleep; diarrhea; feeling of weakness; a transient state of malaise.

In general, the vast majority of newborns, children and adults tolerate hepatitis B vaccination easily. After about a month, immunity is formed, and the protective effect of the drug begins. Very often, vaccination occurs completely without any symptoms. However, if nausea leading to vomiting, fever, and convulsions appear, you should know: such acute symptoms have nothing to do with the vaccine. Sometimes vaccination coincides with the onset of a disease, and you need to look for a true diagnosis.

Induration and redness at injection sites

This reaction to a hepatitis vaccine may occur due to the body’s high sensitivity to aluminum hydroxide, which is included in many vaccines. It should be taken as normal if the swelling and hardening of the injected muscles is no more than 7-8 cm. There is no need to make any compresses or treat this area with ointments. The vaccine will gradually pass into the blood, and the lump will soon resolve on its own.

Temperature after hepatitis vaccination

This side effect occurs in only one in 15 vaccinated people. A similar reaction to hepatitis vaccination occurs more often in newborns and infants, since in young children the mechanism of thermoregulation is still very imperfect. Acceptable post-vaccination reactions can be:

weak - when the temperature rises to 37.5 degrees; moderate degree - if the thermometer readings do not exceed 38.5 degrees, and signs of intoxication are moderate; strong – with body heat above 38.5 degrees, significant symptoms of intoxication.

As a rule, the temperature rises 6-7 hours after the injection - this is a sign of an active response of the immune system to foreign viral components of the vaccine. Often, the rise in temperature is further intensified under the influence of external factors: stuffy or, conversely, cold air, a stressful state. It returns to normal on its own within 2-3 days. Antipyretics should be used only at temperatures above 38.5 degrees.

Consequences of hepatitis vaccination in adults

muscle pain; severe allergies, anaphylactic shock; acute liver failure.

Since these manifestations are extremely rare, their potential should not be a reason to refuse vaccination. Without vaccination, the risk of contracting an infectious disease such as hepatitis is much more dangerous. The disease quickly takes on a chronic form, which is then extremely difficult to cure completely. Viral hepatitis is threatening with complications incompatible with life: cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Weakness and dizziness

Occasionally, such symptoms can also be a reaction to the hepatitis vaccine. In this case, you should relieve the body of everyday stress and give it a rest. It is important to have adequate sleep. It is useful to strengthen the nervous system with vitamin and mineral preparations. If you cannot eliminate irritating factors, you need to try to change your attitude towards them. The effective drug Betaserc helps get rid of dizziness.

General malaise

First of all, such a reaction to the vaccine should not be taken in panic. Often, impressionable people immediately begin to think that something terrible is happening to them. You need to calm down and control your emotions, avoid conflict situations. Moreover, very serious illnesses do not make themselves felt by mere malaise. Strengthening the immune system helps to get out of this condition faster. It is not necessary to do this with medications:

It is worth remembering feasible morning exercises and water procedures. Lemons with honey, fish oil, rosehip infusion, linden tea are useful.

Dangerous complications after hepatitis B vaccination

Such reactions of the body do not threaten a healthy person. However, some conditions and diseases can sometimes provoke the development of severe complications. This:

an acute allergic reaction to any vaccination that has occurred previously; predisposition to seizures, more common in newborns and children under 3 years of age; chemotherapy and radiation oncology therapy; immunodeficiency diseases, AIDS.

Dangerous reactions to vaccination include:

Allergic pathologies: urticaria, erythema, dermatitis; Quincke's edema; myocarditis; serum sickness; arthritis; glomerulonephritis; anaphylactic shock. Myalgia (severe pain in muscles, joints). Peripheral neuropathy (increased tactile sensitivity or its loss, numbness of the extremities, paralysis of the optic or facial nerves, etc.).

Such body reactions occur in approximately one out of 200 thousand vaccinated people. There are sometimes claims that receiving the hepatitis B vaccine increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. According to a WHO study conducted in 50 countries, it has been proven that such a relationship does not exist. The hepatitis vaccine has no effect on the neurological abnormalities present in vaccinated people.

How to assess the intensity of the reaction to the hepatitis vaccine

It is important to distinguish completely acceptable post-vaccination reactions from side effects. Parents often mistakenly confuse them. What is the main difference between them? If you get vaccinated taking into account contraindications, the person’s health status, and compliance with the rules of injection, this or that reaction to it will go away in a matter of days on its own, without the help of a doctor.

The duration and intensity of post-vaccination phenomena depend on two main components:

composition and quality of the drug; individual characteristics of the human body.

Why do doctors warn that you should not get the injection site wet for 3 days after vaccination? Water may make the condition worse. When assessing how intense the reaction to a vaccine is, all symptoms should be taken into account as a whole. The right indicator to guide you is body temperature. A slight reaction - the thermometer will not show above 37.5 degrees. If the temperature is more than 38.5 degrees, this is a severe degree, and medical assistance is necessary.

Indications for hepatitis vaccination

Hepatitis B vaccination is a nationwide program. All newborns and people at risk are susceptible to it. The main indications for hepatitis B vaccination are to reduce the risk of infection and transmission of the virus from person to person.

In childhood, children often become infected through:

breast milk from an infected mother; contact with the blood, saliva, tears, or urine of an infected family member; medical manipulations with violation of the integrity of the skin; blood transfusions.

However, the following groups of children are at particular risk of infection:

living in areas with a high level of infection; living in families with chronic hepatitis; living in child care institutions; receiving hemodialysis; children receiving certain blood products.

Contraindications for hepatitis vaccination

Because most children are not at high risk for developing hepatitis B infection, and the duration of vaccine-induced immunity is unknown, some parents ask health care providers about the need and effectiveness of vaccinating children against hepatitis B. Some also continue to question the safety of the vaccine.

You should be aware that there are certain contraindications for hepatitis B vaccination. Children should not be vaccinated if they are allergic to baker's yeast or thimerosal. Also important is intolerance to individual components included in the vaccine. A 2003 study found the vaccine was safe and effective for children with asthma, even those using inhalers for hormone therapy.

Temporary contraindications against hepatitis B vaccination are the baby’s poor health, elevated body temperature, loose stools or vomiting, and any manifestations of colds. After all symptoms have stopped, vaccination can be done 14 days later. A general blood and urine test is done first.

Side effects and complications after hepatitis B vaccination

Although most children do not experience any side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine, the most common symptoms of this condition are:

fatigue or irritability in 20 percent of children; soreness at the injection site, lasting one to two days, in about one in eleven children and adolescents; mild to moderate fever in one of 14 vaccination cases.

Other, less common complications after hepatitis B vaccine include:

hyperemia, inflammation, swelling, pain or itching at the injection site; severe fatigue or weakness; dizziness and headache; temperature 37.7 °C or higher.

Other rare reactions to the vaccine include:

a general feeling of discomfort or muscle soreness; joint pain; skin rash or welts that may occur days or weeks after receiving the vaccine; blurred vision or other changes in visual sensations; muscle weakness or numbness and tingling in the arms and legs; back pain and stiffness or pain in the neck and shoulder area; diarrhea or abdominal cramps; nausea or vomiting; increased sweating; sore throat or runny nose; severe skin itching; appetite decreases or disappears; sudden redness of the skin; swelling of the glands and lymph nodes in the armpit or neck; insomnia or drowsiness.

Although allergic reactions are rare, if they occur, immediate medical attention is needed. A first aid kit for anaphylactic shock should be present in the vaccination room. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include:

redness of the skin, especially around the ears; swelling of the eyes, face, or nasal mucosa; itching, especially of the hands and feet; sudden and severe tiredness or weakness; difficulty breathing or swallowing.

Preparing a child for hepatitis vaccination

Most children are afraid of injections, however, there are simple methods to ease a child's fear. Psychological preparation of the child for hepatitis vaccination is necessary. Before visiting the vaccination office, parents should take the following steps:

Tell your children what an injection is and how it feels. Explain to your child that the unpleasant sensations are short-term. Explain to children that the injection will help them avoid becoming sick. Bring your child's favorite toy or blanket. Never threaten children by telling them they will get a shot. Read the information about the vaccine and ask your doctor questions. During vaccination, parents should do the following: Hold the child. Maintain eye contact with your child and smile. Speak softly and soothingly to your child. Try to distract your child by showing him drawings or objects that are interesting to him. Sing songs or tell your child an entertaining story. Teach your child to focus on something other than the injection. Help your child take a deep breath. Let your child cry. Keep calm.

How to hold your child during an injection

You should know that for safety, a clear fixation of the baby’s body during the injection is necessary. A sudden movement by the child may cause the needle to break. Parents can choose an appropriate method to hold the child during the injection. These techniques allow parents to control and immobilize the child's arm while the nurse administers the injection. For infants and toddlers, the following may be effective:

The child sits on the parents' lap. The child's hands are behind the parents' back, held under the parent's arms. The child's legs are located between the parent's thighs and are fixed with the other hand of the parents.

With older children, the following positions may be effective:

The child sits on the parent's lap or stands in front of the seated parent. The parent hugs the child. The child's legs are between the parents' legs.

What to do after hepatitis vaccination

After the injection, parents should do the following:

Hold and cuddle your baby or breastfeed your baby. Speak in a calming and encouraging manner. Praise the baby. Ask your doctor for information about possible side effects. Use a cool compress or wet washcloth to reduce pain or swelling at the injection site. Check your child for rash over the next few days.

In addition, parents should remember the following:

The child will lose appetite within the first 24 hours after vaccination. The child should drink plenty of fluids. The doctor may prescribe non-aspirin pain relievers for your child.

Home » Hepatitis » Complications after hepatitis B vaccination

Pros and cons

Today, vaccination against hepatitis B for children, like everyone else, is not mandatory, so parents doubt whether it is needed at all. Before signing a waiver, they must weigh the pros and cons and make the only right decision. There are a number of reasons why all doctors advise mandatory vaccination of children from the very beginning. early age from hepatitis B:

the spread of infection has recently acquired the character of an epidemic, so the risk of infection is very high, and it can only be reduced through vaccination; hepatitis B can become chronic, that is, it can give long-term, very severe complications in the form of cancer or cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to disability and death in childhood; a child infected with hepatitis becomes chronic; If you get vaccinated against hepatitis B, the chance of becoming infected still exists, but it is very low; Even if a vaccinated child is infected, the disease will be mild, and recovery will occur much faster and without any consequences for the baby’s health.

Many parents mistakenly believe that their children do not need a vaccine against hepatitis B, since they simply have no place to get infected: they are brought up in a prosperous family and do not use drugs. This is a fatal misconception.

Children may come into contact with someone else’s blood, which may be a carrier of a dangerous virus, in a clinic, kindergarten, outdoors: the nurse may forget to put on new gloves when taking a blood test; a child may fight, hit himself, or someone might bite him; on the street, a child can pick up a used syringe and many other strange objects. No one is safe from infection.

So parents should understand that vaccination against viral hepatitis B is very useful and is necessary for all children from birth. It is not for nothing that she is listed as one of the first on the vaccination calendar.

Timing, schedules, vaccination schedules

Since hepatitis B is a dangerous and quite serious disease, there is not one vaccination regimen, but three. Doctors came to these graphs after a catastrophic increase in the number of infected:

Standard: 0 - 1 - 6 (the first hepatitis vaccination for newborns is given in the first days of life, the second - after 1 month, the next - after six months). This is the most effective childhood vaccination schedule. Quick scheme: 0 - 1 - 2 - 12 (the first - in the maternity hospital, the second vaccination against hepatitis for newborns - after 1 month, the next - after 2 months, the fourth - a year later). With this scheme, immunity is developed instantly, so this schedule is used for children who have a high risk of infection with hepatitis B. Emergency vaccination: 0 - 7 - 21 - 12 (first vaccination at birth, second - a week later, third vaccination against hepatitis B - after 21 days, the fourth - after a year). This scheme is also used to quickly develop immunity in a small organism - most often before an urgent operation.

If the hepatitis vaccination in the maternity hospital was not given for some reason, the timing of the first injection is chosen by the doctor and parents arbitrarily, after which it is still necessary to follow one of the above schemes. If the 2nd vaccination was missed and more than 5 months have passed since then, the schedule starts again. If the 3rd injection is missed, schedule 0 - 2 is performed.

After a single vaccination, immunity is formed only for a short period of time. To form long-term immunity, a hepatitis vaccination schedule for newborns is required, consisting of 3 injections. In this case, the interval between injections can be lengthened, but not shortened: this can lead to the formation of defective immunity in children.

As for how long the vaccine lasts: if all the schedules were followed exactly, you don’t have to worry for 22 years: this is the period for which protection against hepatitis B extends. It is especially important to vaccinate those children who are at risk.

How is vaccination carried out?

Characteristics of vaccine tolerance

Reaction to vaccination in adults

How to avoid a negative reaction to a vaccine

What to do if there is a negative reaction

Consequences

In what cases can complications arise?

Contraindications

What is the probability of death from this disease?

A child's normal reaction to a hepatitis vaccine

Induration and redness at injection sites

Temperature after hepatitis vaccination

Consequences of hepatitis vaccination in adults

Weakness and dizziness

General malaise

Dangerous complications after hepatitis B vaccination

How to assess the intensity of the reaction to the hepatitis vaccine

Video: Complications and reactions to vaccinations

Indications for hepatitis vaccination

Contraindications for hepatitis vaccination

Side effects and complications after hepatitis B vaccination

Preparing a child for hepatitis vaccination

How to hold your child during an injection

What to do after hepatitis vaccination

What kind of disease is hepatitis B?

Indications for vaccination

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule

Types of hepatitis B vaccines

Contraindications for adults

Reactions to vaccination and complications

Rules of behavior before and after vaccination

What is the vaccine

How is vaccination carried out?

Characteristics of vaccine tolerance

Read also on the topic

Reaction to vaccination in adults

How to avoid a negative reaction to a vaccine

What to do if there is a negative reaction

A child's normal reaction to a hepatitis vaccine

Induration and redness at injection sites

Temperature

Consequences of hepatitis vaccination in adults

Weakness and dizziness

General malaise

Dangerous complications after hepatitis B vaccination

How to assess the intensity of the reaction to the hepatitis vaccine

Video

Normal reaction to hepatitis vaccination in newborns at 1 month

The temperature has risen

There is redness at the injection site

The arm hurts at the injection site

The child is capricious and crying

Severe complications after vaccination in children

Side effects of hepatitis vaccine in adults

How to avoid unwanted consequences after receiving a vaccine

Reaction

Contraindications

Complications

What is the vaccine

How is vaccination carried out?

Characteristics of vaccine tolerance

Reaction to vaccination in adults

How to avoid a negative reaction to a vaccine

What to do if there is a negative reaction

Consequences

In what cases can complications arise?

What is the probability of death from this disease?

Weakness and dizziness

General malaise

What kind of disease is hepatitis B?

Indications for vaccination

Hepatitis B vaccination schedule

Types of hepatitis B vaccines

Contraindications for adults

Reactions to vaccination and complications

Rules of behavior before and after vaccination

A child's normal reaction to a hepatitis vaccine

Induration and redness at injection sites

Temperature after hepatitis vaccination

Consequences of hepatitis vaccination in adults