What does a blood lipid profile show? Blood lipids - what does a lipidogram show? Deciphering the lipid spectrum

It is believed that every person needs to take a blood test for cholesterol from time to time. Having received a referral, the patient of the polyclinic may see the unfamiliar word “lipidogram” in it. What is this study, how is it carried out? Why is such an analysis done?

Deciphering the blood lipidogram gives the doctor important information to assess the patient's condition, the course or risks of liver and kidney diseases, of cardio-vascular system, autoimmune processes. Just a blood test for cholesterol or total cholesterol is not very informative and can only be used in screening studies or in assessing the dynamics of treatment.

What are blood lipids?

Fats that are already present or supplied with food are needed by the body for the construction of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones and other substances.

Cholesterol (cholesterol) and triglycerides are determined in the blood.

In its pure form, lipids in the blood can not be. If this happens, the irreparable can happen - a fat embolism (or blockage) of the vessel with all the ensuing consequences.

Therefore, in the bloodstream, fats are located and transported as part of lipoproteins - formations in which a protein part is attached to the fat particle. The ratio of the components can change, this is of diagnostic value, and it is this that will be shown by the decoding of the lipid profile.

How to take an analysis?

In order for the result to be reliable, before taking a blood test to a biochemical laboratory, you need to fulfill simple requirements. Blood is taken from a vein strictly on an empty stomach, not less than 12 hours after a meal, usually in the morning.

Why is it so important? The fact is that after eating, especially fatty, the blood serum becomes turbid (chylous). This makes analysis difficult. But this can also happen with some serious diseases. Therefore, for the accuracy of the diagnosis, the researcher must know for sure that the patient has complied with the requirement to take a blood test on an empty stomach.

Research methods

Currently, enzymatic methods for determining blood lipids are the main ones. Specially selected reagents cause coloring of the sample, which fixes the instrument. The determination of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is done in several stages; for it, sedimentation and centrifugation of blood serum are preliminarily carried out.

Modern ones cost a minimum amount of blood serum and reagents. With their help, mass surveys are carried out, accurate results are obtained.

The previously used acid method for determining cholesterol was not harmless to the laboratory assistant and required a large amount of dangerous reagents.

Indicators

Lipidogram - what is it? It presents several indicators obtained as a result of blood serum tests and calculated values:

Cholesterol total (OHS);
- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol or HDL);
- low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol or LDL);
- triglycerides (TG);
- coefficient of atherogenicity (KA or IA).

Cholesterol and triglycerides are measured in mmol/l.

The atherogenic coefficient is simply a calculated numerical value showing how many times the amount of LDL cholesterol exceeds the amount of HDL cholesterol.

In some laboratories, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL cholesterol) is determined.

Normal values

Was a blood test (lipidogram) done? The decoding is as follows:

For total cholesterol, the optimal value is from 3.5 to 5.2 mmol / l, the level from 6.2 mmol / l is elevated.
- HDL cholesterol should be more than 1.4 mmol / l. An indicator below 1.0 mmol / l is considered unfavorable.

If you subtract from the amount of total HDL cholesterol, you get the level of LDL cholesterol. It is considered "bad", its level should not exceed 4.0 mmol / l.

Lipidogram - what is it? Thanks to this study, the value of blood triglycerides is established. This derivative of glycerol and fatty acids is the main source of energy obtained from dietary fats. It is stored by the body in fat cells.

The norm in the blood is considered to be below 1.5 mmol / l. It is believed that this figure increases with age. But in any case, a result above 2.3 mmol / l cannot be called favorable. It is also reflected in the lipidogram.

The atherogenic index is in the range from 2.6 to 3.5. If less, better. A value above 3.5 occurs with significant lipid metabolism disorders.

Atherogenic index

Lipidogram - what is it? The index, or coefficient of atherogenicity, is a very important value that shows the ratio of "bad" and "good" cholesterol in the blood.

To calculate it, you need to divide the difference between total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol by the value of HDL cholesterol. The result obtained shows the content of LDL cholesterol, that is, dividing one by the other, we see how many times more “bad” cholesterol is than “good”:

KA \u003d OHS - HDL cholesterol / HDL cholesterol, or
KA = LDL cholesterol / HDL cholesterol

For example, if total cholesterol is 6.0 mM / l, HDL cholesterol is 2.0 mM / l, CA = 2. This is a good indicator.

And if total cholesterol is also 6.0 mM/l, and HDL cholesterol is 1.0 mM/l, then KA = 5. With this result, we can talk about pathology.

This means that if HDL cholesterol is elevated, the atherogenic coefficient, respectively, is lower. That is why it is important to know the level of not only total cholesterol. With the same indicator, the body can be differently protected from the risk of atherosclerosis.

"Bad" or "good"?

In fact, cholesterol is neither "bad" nor "good." It is an extremely important component of the life of the organism. Hormones, including sex, nervous and brain tissue, cell membranes, production bile acids- everywhere it is needed. Each cell of a living organism consists of a double layer of cholesterol molecules.

That is, the strength of the nerves, beauty, intelligence, immunity, digestion, reproduction, and life in general depends on the presence and proper metabolism of cholesterol. Its deficiency leads to severe disorders.

Cholesterol is synthesized by 80% in the body, the rest comes from food of animal origin. Normally, the feedback principle operates: synthesis decreases with sufficient intake of cholesterol from the outside, and vice versa. Nature provided for this, because a person did not always have at his disposal a full refrigerator of food and a huge amount of products made from sugar and white flour.

Experts conducted an extensive international study, during which, in addition to many other indicators, the lipid profile of the indigenous inhabitants of Western Siberia (Khanty, Mansi) was determined.

The measurement was carried out blindly, only numbered blood serum samples were loaded into the analyzer.

After reviewing more than 400 samples, the results were clearly divided into three groups:

• in the first (the largest) was normal (up to 5.0) total cholesterol, high (up to 3.0) HDL cholesterol, triglycerides below 1.0 mmol/l;
• in the second group there were very low values ​​of total cholesterol and triglycerides;
• in the third (about 30 people in total), the level of total cholesterol and triglycerides was significantly increased, HDL cholesterol was lowered.

The coefficient of atherogenicity in the last group was 5, and 8, and even 10!

The clue is this:

• the first group consisted of adult representatives of the nomadic peoples of the north of the Tyumen region;
• the second group - their children, as well as patients with tuberculosis;
• in the third, most "fat" group was... the administration of the villages in which the study was conducted!

Reindeer herders in the north of Siberia feed on fish, meat, and wild plants. Of course, they also acquire sugar and flour, but a mobile lifestyle in harsh conditions does not allow the development of such diseases of civilization as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity.

So what's the problem?

Why is high cholesterol so scary and called "bad"? It's not about cholesterol itself, but in relation to the size of the protein particle transporting it in the blood.

That is, if a relatively large part of blood cholesterol is in the composition of high-density lipoproteins with a large protein part (HDL cholesterol is elevated), this is good. But with a deficiency of protein in food, as well as with an excess of simple carbohydrates in it, insulin metabolism is disturbed. This leads to the formation of lighter and looser low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood, which easily get stuck in the vessels and stick to their wall.

Atherosclerotic plaques are formed, the vessels narrow and become inflamed, their reactivity changes. As a result, atherosclerosis, hypertension develops, there is a high risk of stroke, heart attack. Therefore, LDL cholesterol is considered "bad". As you can see, this is not the case at all.

Cholesterol in HDL, on the contrary, is actively transported, cleanses blood vessels, which is why it is called “good”.

Another variety

In addition, the so-called modified cholesterol is considered “bad”, that is, changed under the influence of harmful factors: radiation, insolation, household and industrial chemical exposure: smoking, inhalation of organic solvents, chlorine compounds, insecticides, etc.

Considering the essential fatty acids for the normal functioning of the body, it is easy to understand why changes in their chemical structure are bad for health. This explains the high level of cardiovascular and oncological diseases, hormonal disorders, infertility in people living in adverse environmental conditions or having bad habits.

In this case, a direct relationship works - the higher the cholesterol level and the total amount of adipose tissue in the body, the higher the risk of getting sick.

Problems with lipid metabolism

Lipid metabolism is most often disturbed in the so-called diseases of an unhealthy lifestyle:

• obesity
• atherosclerosis;
• type 2 diabetes;
• hypertension.

Low mobility, excessive consumption of fats, especially "wrong", and simple carbohydrates lead to this condition.

There is no need to look for a magic pill to correct the situation. So popular and widely advertised statins do not improve the quality of life. A list of contraindications and side effects easy to explain. The pill does not care where to dissolve the cholesterol - not only in the blood, but also in the membrane of the renal tubules or the process of the nerve, for example.

It will be much more efficient proper nutrition, which consists in reducing the amount of products containing sugar, starch, white flour, refined oils, animal fats.

margarine and Palm oil should be excluded altogether. Meat, eggs, butter and even lard can be eaten, but not abused. Vegetables, fruits, buckwheat and oatmeal, bran, seafood, nuts, fish, vegetable oils cold pressed are essential for normal lipid metabolism.

Where to take the analysis?

After reaching the age of twenty, you need to take tests at least once every five years to determine lipid spectrum. And after forty it is better to do it annually, especially if there is a genetic predisposition. You can find out your lipid profile in almost any district clinic.

A person who turns to a doctor with complaints of diseases of the heart, liver, kidneys, high blood pressure will be assigned a biochemical blood test, including a lipid profile.

The price of the analysis may be of interest to the patient if he goes to a paid clinic or wants to know the result without a doctor's referral. Usually this study is carried out free of charge, at the expense of compulsory health insurance.

Private medical centers set their own prices, which start at 500 rubles. for the whole and from 200 rubles. for one analysis.

Lipidogram, or lipid profile, is a comprehensive study that determines the level of lipids (fats) of various blood fractions. Allows you to detect a violation of lipid (fat) metabolism and assess the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Research results are issued with a free doctor's commentary.

Russian synonyms

Blood lipid profile, lipid status.

English synonyms

Lipid Panel, Coronary Risk Panel, Lipid Profile.

Research method

Colorimetric photometric method.

Units

mmol/l (millimoles per liter).

What biomaterial can be used for research?

Venous blood.

How to properly prepare for research?

• Do not eat for 12 hours before the test.
• Eliminate physical and emotional overstrain 30 minutes before the study.
• Do not smoke for 30 minutes prior to the study.

General information about the study

Lipid metabolism disorders play an important role in the development of vascular atherosclerosis and diseases of the cardiovascular system. It has been scientifically proven that high cholesterol levels in the blood (hypercholesterolemia) and local inflammatory changes in the vascular wall increase the risk of thickening and hardening of the arterial wall, followed by local circulatory disorders. Atherosclerotic vascular disease, according to statistics, increases the likelihood of myocardial infarction, stroke, and kidney pathology.

Lipidogram allows you to assess the atherogenicity (the tendency to develop atherosclerosis) of blood plasma, even when normal levels total cholesterol. In the study of the lipid profile, indicators such as triglycerides, total cholesterol (cholesterol), high, low and very low density lipids are determined. The coefficient of atherogenicity is calculated.

Cholesterol is an important organic substance. It is synthesized mainly by the liver (endogenous cholesterol), and also partially enters the body with food (exogenous cholesterol). Cholesterol forms the cell membranes of all organs and tissues of the body, is a precursor of steroid hormones necessary for full development, growth and puberty, takes part in the synthesis of bile acids, which ensure the absorption of nutrients from the intestines. Cholesterol circulates in the blood in combination with lipoproteins.

High density lipoproteins (HDL) remove excess free cholesterol accumulated in peripheral cells. They transport cholesterol to the liver, where it is catabolized to form fatty acids, or pass it on to very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), whereby the latter are converted into low-density lipoproteins (LDL). HDL are anti-atherogenic factors that prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in the vessel. Low HDL indicates the possibility of developing the disease.

Total blood cholesterol is 60-70% represented by LDL, which are able to linger in the vascular wall and promote the accumulation of cholesterol in tissues. It is the levels of LDL and, to a lesser extent, total cholesterol in blood plasma that determine the risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Even if the cholesterol rate is maintained, an increase in LDL indicates the atherogenic properties of blood lipids.

Elevated triglyceride levels in the blood are also associated with the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary disease heart and cerebrovascular disease.

Triglycerides are a combination of fatty acid esters and glycerol and are the main source of energy for the body. The predominant amount of triglycerides is in adipose tissue, and only a small level is determined in the blood. They come from food or are resynthesized in the liver. Most triglycerides are transported in the blood as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Elevated triglyceride levels are often associated with diabetes mellitus, obesity, arterial hypertension and changes in other lipid parameters.

The coefficient of atherogenicity is calculated on the basis of lipid metabolism indicators: CA = (total cholesterol - HDL) / HDL or CA = (LDL + VLDL) / HDL. An atherogenic coefficient that exceeds the normal range indicates an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

When deciphering the lipid profile, it is necessary to take into account other risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. These include age, gender, hereditary predisposition to dyslipidemia and diseases of the heart and blood vessels, impaired carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus), increased blood pressure, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, kidney pathology.

What is research used for?

• To assess the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
• For dynamic monitoring of patients with coronary heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis of the heart and blood vessels, kidney pathology, diabetes.
• To evaluate patients with a family history of hypercholesterolemia and a high risk of myocardial infarction or stroke.
• To control lipid-lowering therapy and diet.

When is the study scheduled?

• During a preventive examination of healthy people (after 20 years, it is recommended to determine the level of lipids in the blood every 5 years).
• With an increase in total cholesterol.
• At elevated level history of cholesterol.
• With a burdened hereditary history (diabetes mellitus, stroke, myocardial infarction, arterial hypertension).
• If there are factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular complications (age over 45 years for men and 55 years for women, smoking, overweight, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, high blood pressure).
• When monitoring the effectiveness of a lipid-lowering diet and/or drug treatment statins.

What do the results mean?

Reference values ​​(the norm when deciphering the lipid profile):

• Atherogenic coefficient: 2.2 - 3.5.
• Triglycerides: 0 - 2.25 mmol/l.
• Cholesterol - high density lipoproteins (HDL): 1.03 - 1.55 mmol / l.
• Cholesterol - low density lipoprotein (LDL): 0 - 3.3 mmol / l.
• Cholesterol - very low density lipoproteins (VLDL): 0.13 - 1.63 mmol / l.
• Total cholesterol: 0 - 5.2 mmol / l.

The risk of development and progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases increases with:

• elevated levels of total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides;
• low HDL;
• increased coefficient of atherogenicity - more than 3.

Assessment of the risk of cardiovascular complications is carried out according to the SCORE system, taking into account age, gender, smoking and systolic blood pressure.

total cholesterol:

• optimal - less than 200 mg / dl (less than 5.18 mmol / l);
• borderline elevated - 200-239 mg / dl (5.18-6.18 mmol / l);
• high - more than 240 mg / dl (more than 6.22 mmol / l).

LDL cholesterol:

• optimal - less than 100 mg / dl (less than 2.59 mmol / l);
• above optimal - 100-129 mg / dl (2.59-3.34 mmol / l);
• borderline high - 130-159 mg / dl (3.37-4.12 mmol / l);
• high - 160-189 mg / dl (4.15-4.90 mmol / l);
• very high - more than 190 mg / dl (more than 4.90 mmol / l).

HDL cholesterol:

• low (increased risk) - less than 40 mg / dl (less than 1.0 mmol / l) for men and less than 50 mg / dl (less than 1.3 mmol / l) for women;
• medium (medium risk) - 40-50 mg / dl (1.0-1.3 mmol / l) for men and 50-59 mg / dl (1.3-1.5 mmol / l) for women;
• high (low risk) - more than 60 mg/dl (1.55 mmol/l) for men and women.

Triglycerides:

• normal - less than 150 mg/dl (less than 1.70 mmol/l);
• borderline high - 150-199 mg / dl (1.7-2.2 mmol / l);
• high - 200-499 mg / dl (2.3-5.6 mmol / l);
• very high - more than 500 mg / dl (more than 5.6 mmol / l).

What can influence the result?

• Factors that can distort the result:

• physical exercise, stress, acute infection, trauma;
• consumption of food and alcohol shortly before the study;
• smoking before testing;
• prolonged fasting, anorexia;
• study with intravenous administration radiopaque substance shortly before the study;
• concomitant diseases without adequate treatment (pathology of the liver, kidneys, endocrine disorders);
• pregnancy.
• total cholesterol: beta-blockers, corticosteroids, lansoprazole, lithium salts, oral contraceptives, phenobarbital, thiazides.
• total cholesterol: estrogens, allopurinol, androgens, statins, fibrates, fatty acid sequestrants, levothyroxine, filgrastim, tamoxifen.
• Medications that increase levels HDL: steroid drugs, progestins, androgens, alpha-blockers, carbamazepine, lipid-lowering drugs, estrogens, hydroxychloroquine, indapamide, insulin, hypoglycemic drugs, phenobarbital, phenytoin.
• Drugs that lower levels HDL: oral contraceptives, beta-blockers, methimazole, methyldopa, tamoxifen, thiazides.
• Medications that increase levels LDL: anabolic steroids, aspirin, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, oral contraceptives, phenothiazides, progestins, sulfonamides.
• Drugs that lower levels LDL: cholestyramine, clofibrate, estrogens, neomycin sulfate, a nicotinic acid, statins, thyroxine.
• Medications that increase levels Triglycerides: beta-blockers, cholestyramine, corticosteroids, estrogens, oral contraceptives, thiazide diuretics.
• Drugs that lower levels Triglycerides: ascorbic acid, asparaginase, colestipol, clofibrate, metformin, niacin.

Important Notes

Each of us took a blood test for cholesterol (lipidogram, lipid spectrum). Everyone knows that high cholesterol is very bad. Is it so? Let's also talk about the norms of the lipid profile and the requirements for passing this analysis.

If you want to live longer, take a blood test for cholesterol regularly.

Cholesterol and its purpose

Cholesterol is an essential component of the body. It takes part in the synthesis of bile and sex hormones and is responsible for the elasticity and hardness of cell membranes. Most of the substance is produced in the liver. Less - gets with foodstuff.

There are two types: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The wrong proportion of these compounds, as well as an increase in total cholesterol, can cause heart problems. However, cholesterol plays a vital role in cell metabolism, brain function, and providing the body with antioxidants.
Let's take a closer look at the types of cholesterol.

LDL - is considered "bad cholesterol", but in fact the negative effect of the substance on the body is exaggerated. So, the component has the ability to destroy toxins. But with a significant increase in the content, it is able to form sclerotic plaques.

HDL is considered "good cholesterol" due to its ability to thin cholesterol plaques.

The purpose of LDL is to return cholesterol from distant parts of the body to the liver for further processing. The importance of the substance in the metabolism of vitamin D and the synthesis of hormones is great.
Triglycerides as components of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) are involved only in the formation of cholesterol plaques.

Cholesterol is one of the main parameters of fat metabolism.

A blood test for cholesterol is called a Lipidogram. It makes it possible to diagnose the following diseases:

• atherosclerosis;
• cardiac ischemia;
• dysfunction of the kidneys and liver;
• dysfunction thyroid gland;
• diabetes;
• obesity.

Experts advise to periodically conduct a blood test for cholesterol to healthy people in order to timely identify possible deviations and diet modifications. Research should be carried out not only on total cholesterol, but also on the level of each type separately. The ratio of the three types of cholesterol gives a complete picture of a person's health.

Having received the results of the lipidogram, you should not attempt to decipher it yourself. The laboratory letterhead contains information that the norms of indicators depend on the research method. Therefore, only a specialist can evaluate the result.

If cholesterol is high

An increase in the indicator indicates the occurrence of such problems:

1. Cardiac ischemia;
2. Atherosclerosis;
3. Diseases of the kidneys and liver;
4. Diabetes;
5. Violation of the function of the pancreas;
6. Purulent inflammatory process.

In the elderly (over 85 years), cholesterol levels may be elevated. It is believed that this prevents the development of cancer.

If cholesterol is low

Since cholesterol is necessary for normal metabolism, its lowering affects the state of health.

Common causes of hypocholesteremia (reducing blood cholesterol) are excessive dieting, smoking, and frequent stress.

Low blood cholesterol may indicate:

• infectious diseases;
• increased thyroid function;
• disturbances in the work of the heart.

Thus, a blood test for cholesterol allows you to identify the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. At the same time, not only the overall level of the indicator is of great importance, but the ratio of LDL and HDL.

You have already understood that the presence of "bad" cholesterol (LDL) leads to the development of problems with blood vessels, and "good" (HDL) is necessary for normal metabolism.

How to donate blood for cholesterol

Preparation and requirements for conducting a study to determine the content of cholesterol

You need to donate blood from a vein. Such studies are carried out by each laboratory. To obtain the most reliable result, preparation is necessary:

1. You need to donate blood on an empty stomach. The last meal should be at least 10 hours before the procedure. But you should not fast for more than 14 hours.
2. Exclude the use of fatty foods 2 days before the study. This is especially true for overweight people.
3. Refuse to use alcoholic beverages days before blood donation.
4. Limit smoking until the test (at least a few hours).
5. Do not drink soft drinks 6 hours before the test.
6. In case of severe thirst, the patient is allowed to drink a glass of still water on the eve of the analysis.
7. Half an hour before donating blood, the patient should sit or lie down, especially if before the analysis he walked quickly or climbed the stairs.
8. Before you donate blood, it is not recommended to take x-rays.
9. Certain drugs can affect blood cholesterol levels. Therefore, you should inform your doctor about taking medications. Before taking a blood test for cholesterol, you must stop using medicines that lower lipid levels.

Menstruation does not affect cholesterol levels. Therefore, women can donate blood during menstruation.

It often happens that patients are pre-configured for pain and discomfort during blood sampling. Such people are advised not to watch the blood sampling process, but to turn away and think about something pleasant.
After the procedure, you should sit for a while, and then go out into the fresh air.

You can get the results of the analysis the very next day.

Pharmacies sell special tests to determine the level of cholesterol at home. However, the results of such studies are not sufficiently reliable.

Deciphering the lipid profile

So, you received the result of a blood test for cholesterol and you see the results of several indicators there.

Components of a lipid profile:

• total cholesterol;
• high and low density lipoproteins;
• triglycerides (TG);
• atherogenic index (or KA - atherogenic coefficient).

Remember!

A normal indicator of total cholesterol (total cholesterol) is a figure below 5 mmol / l. But if you have had a heart attack, stroke (stroke), are sick with coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus, intermittent claudication, then total cholesterol should be below 4.0 mmol / l, and the LDL level should be less than 1.8 mmol / l.

The HDL value should be high enough so that the atherogenic index is above three (HDL - from 0.70 to 1.73 mmol / l).

An increase in LDL means an atherogenic pathology, which indicates the possible occurrence of atherosclerosis. A decrease in the indicator indicates the manifestation of an anti-atherogenic fraction, which reduces the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis.

HDL norm: for men - 0.72 - 1.63 mmol / l, for women 0.86-2.28 mmol / l. If HDL and LDL are normal, the vessels tend to gradually clear. But if LDL is above normal, and HDL is below normal, then this means that atherosclerosis is progressing in the body.

Triglycerides are organic compounds that enter the human body with food. Their synthesis occurs in the cells of adipose tissue, and then in the liver.

An increase in triglycerides indicates the following problems:

• diabetes;
• pancreatitis;
• hypothyroidism;
• liver disease;
• obesity;
• kidney failure.

Triglycerides can increase with the use of hormonal contraceptives and during pregnancy.

A decrease in triglycerides indicates the presence of the following pathologies:

• nutrient deficiency;
• kidney disease;
• injuries and burns;
• heart attack;
• chronic lung diseases;
• hyperthyroidism.

Excessive intake of vitamin C helps lower triglyceride levels.

The norm of the atherogenic index may vary depending on the age of the subject. For children, the norm can be 1–1.5, for people over 40 years old, 2.5–3.5 units, for middle age, the indicator ranges from 2 to 3. If the atherogenic index is above 3, this indicates that the risk development of atherosclerosis is very high.

An increase in the atherogenic index to 7–8 units is critical and requires immediate therapeutic measures.

A cholesterol blood test (lipidogram) can tell a lot about your health. It is important to pass it correctly and not to decipher the lipidogram results yourself. Let the doctor do it!

A lipid profile is a lipid spectrum analysis, an extended blood test through which it is possible to track changes in the metabolic plan, disorders in the synthesis of certain fatty compounds, in addition to cholesterol, this also includes a group of substances that have no less potential to provoke diseases.

Any deviations from the norm should be qualified to be assessed, but doctors avoid overdiagnosis. Changes in indicators do not always indicate a pathological process. Not everything is so clear. Therefore, the patient is examined repeatedly, or even several times, in dynamics.

Treatment is carried out under the supervision of a specialist in endocrinology, as needed. If there is reason to start therapy. The issue is decided on an individual basis, after a thorough assessment of all factors.

The lipid profile is examined to detect pathological processes on the part of metabolism, according to the results of the analysis, the following deviations from the norm can be found:

• Atherosclerosis. The classic diagnosis is in the detection of fats. Almost always, high cholesterol and other compounds of a similar plan indicate the development of this condition. Even if the diagnosis was not previously confirmed. In any case, it is necessary to re-examine the patient.

The essence of the change is the deposition of cholesterol and other substances on the walls of the arteries.

These plaques impede blood flow, do not allow tissues to be properly nourished and provide them with oxygen, and as the pathological process progresses, trophism decreases to a critical level, which can be deadly.

• Disorders of the heart. Among them, ischemic disease, a recent heart attack or, and a host of other options. The need to assess the concentration of lipids is dictated by the high probability of provoking these conditions by metabolic disorders.
• History of stroke. Often, ischemic damage is caused by atherosclerosis. Blockage of the artery leads to nutritional problems, and then to the complete impossibility of trophism in the local area.

• Diseases of the endocrine system. Diabetes, thyroid disorders and other problems. This can also be conditionally attributed to excess weight. Excess body weight is almost always associated with a high concentration of lipids.

• Disorders of the digestive tract.

Of course, jumps and smooth changes in the level of fatty compounds cannot unambiguously indicate a particular disease named above. The sign is too general and non-specific. However, level assessment can be a starting point for identifying the disorder.

Other diagnostic methods are also used for a clearer assessment of the condition, the question is left to the discretion of the specialist.

In what cases is an examination indicated?

A blood lipid profile is an analysis designed to evaluate the concentration of fatty substances in fluid connective tissue.

There are several reasons for the event:

• Overweight. Weight gain is almost always associated with a change in fat concentration. Where is the cause and where is the effect is difficult to say. In any case, this technique is indispensable.
• Age 45+. Over the years, the likelihood of developing one or several types at once increases significantly. It is necessary to conduct a thorough assessment of the lipid spectrum of the blood in order to detect the problem at an early stage.

Older people are at greater risk of complications, so treatment is required even with a slight increase in fat levels.

• Preventive assessment of the patient's health status (screening).
• Burdened heredity. If there was one or several people in the family with pathologies provoked by a violation of the concentration of lipid compounds. This is a high risk factor.
• Deviations from the side of the heart, central nervous system, digestive tract, endocrine structures. Those conditions that can potentially be associated with changes in the synthesis of fatty compounds.

The question is complex, it will take additional methods examinations. If a primary factor is detected, its urgent correction is required.

• Therapy control. In the course of treatment, it is necessary to focus on the level of cholesterol and other compounds in order not to miss the ineffectiveness or excessive result from the use of drugs. The challenge is to respond quickly and quickly to changing conditions.
• Having bad habits. Smoking, drinking alcohol. These factors increase the risk of plaque formation. Refusal of harmful addictions requires a re-evaluation of the concentration of fats, since even a lifestyle correction does not always end with a restoration of metabolism right away. May need health care.
• Hypodynamia. Insufficient physical activity. The risk factor is the development of pathologies based on metabolic changes and disorders. It is necessary to carry out the procedure after the elimination of this provocative moment.

The list is exemplary. The physician may prescribe the study of lipid complexes at his own discretion, when appropriate.

What indicators are included in the lipid spectrum of the blood

The lipid profile includes: total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins of various densities. It turns out only six indicators that are examined in the diagnostic process:

total cholesterol

Total cholesterol (TC) or cholesterol (CS) is the most important indicator in the entire analysis. With an increase, a deviation in the volume of other substances is almost guaranteed to be present, however, not always. Decryption required. A special formula for calculating this is used, this is an integral indicator.

low density lipoproteins

Also called bad cholesterol, LDL or LDL for short. There is some confusion in terms.

These compounds are small and easily attached to the walls of blood vessels, large arteries. Therefore, they are considered one of the most atherogenic, capable of provoking the formation of plaques.

This indicator should be corrected as soon as possible, because there is a real danger of developing atherosclerosis.

high density lipoproteins

Good HDL cholesterol. Due to the significant size of individual particles of the substance, they are not only unable to settle on the walls of blood vessels, but also mechanically cleanse the arteries from layers of bad fatty compounds.

Most foods contain both forms of cholesterol. It is not necessary to fight this kind of substance, even with an increase.

Triglycerides

They are found in the bloodstream in a minimal amount. The lipid profile includes TG indicators, since a change in these is always indicative, indicating an endocrine disease.

These substances must be fought, because under the influence of third-party reactions, triglycerides are quickly converted into low-density lipoproteins. The consequences are clear.

Atherogenic index

AI is used as a generalized coefficient, which takes into account for the calculation all the above compounds. The value of the coefficient (AK) is normally 2.2-3.5. If the number is increased, we can talk about one or another degree of risk of developing or exacerbating atherosclerosis.

The use of the atherogenic index is a mandatory item in the laboratory assessment.

Very low density lipoproteins

VLDL are not always investigated, as many doctors believe, there is no practical sense in this. Therefore, such a diagnosis is rarely carried out, depending on the laboratory. In some cases, the inclusion of a layer in the protocol is mandatory. A matter of a specific situation.

The lipid profile includes a range of compounds: LDL, VLDL, HDL, TG, CA and total cholesterol. Low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides can provoke disorders in the work of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems.

Preparation for the delivery of the analysis

Preparatory measures for accurate results do not differ from those during a biochemical blood test.

• For 24 hours, you can not consume food rich in animal fats. This can artificially increase lipid compounds, the result will be false. Than similar is fraught - it is clear.
• During the day, you should not physically overwork yourself. Inadequate mechanical activity is almost guaranteed to affect the concentration of fat, and this in turn will lead to incorrect interpretation of the results of the lipid profile.
• Alcoholic beverages are unacceptable to take all the same day before the study.
• For 8 hours, food is completely abandoned. You can drink water.
• Blood donation takes place on an empty stomach. This is a prerequisite so that the body does not start biochemical processes that distort the final picture.
• No smoking for about an hour. Emotionally overwhelmed. Both of these affect the concentration of the substances in question.

If the doctor has suspicions about the results, the analysis may be repeated. The question remains at the discretion of the attending specialist.

Holding

The lipid spectrum is an extended biochemical technique. Blood sampling takes place in exactly the same way, from a vein, with no visible differences. The tube is labeled and sent to the laboratory.

The patient receives the results after 1-2 days, plus or minus. depending on the specific institution.

Research cost

In accordance with the price list of medical laboratories in 2019 located in Moscow, for example, Invitro, Hemotest and Helix, the price of a detailed analysis for the lipid spectrum ranges from 1400 to 2500 rubles, and the cost of studying the basic lipid profile is 600 - 950 rubles.

Norm tables

Mostly the degree of deviation is investigated by total cholesterol, the remaining indicators are evaluated within the framework of the extended interpretation.

In men

Among women

In children

During pregnancy

During gestation, cholesterol levels increase by 1.5-2 times, depending on the age norm (see above). This is not considered an anomaly.

The numbers given are approximate. There may be deviations in one direction or another depending on the state of health and many other factors.

The question of interpretation is decided by the treating specialist.

Attention:

When evaluating, reference values ​​​​(normal range) adopted in a particular laboratory should also be taken into account. There may be some discrepancies, everything is determined by the methodology for calculating indicators.

Reasons for the increase

An increase in lipid concentration occurs in several cases. If we talk about the most common moments that provoke:

• Overweight. Significant weight does not always provoke changes in the lipid profile, but this is the most likely scenario.
• Hereditary forms of pathological processes. Usually these are not accompanied by any symptoms.
• Violations by coronary arteries. Up to the postponed heart attack or at least transient.

• Diabetes. Classical pathology, which is characterized by lipid metabolism disorders: concentration, synthesis, deposition and excretion of fatty compounds.

Accompanied by a lot of changes, not only the growth of cholesterol and other lipids. If a deviation is detected, urgent medical care is required in order to avoid dangerous complications.

• Pancreatitis. Inflammatory process from the side of the pancreas. Usually not infectious.

• Hepatitis. Liver damage. Occurs against the background of a viral invasion. We are talking about a whole group of strains that can provoke a violation.

In some cases, there is a toxic form. Including the abuse of alcohol, drugs. Since fatty compounds are processed in this organ, there is no reason to be surprised at the critical increase in indicators.

• Cirrhosis of the liver. Acute tissue necrosis, cell death.
• Disorders from the urinary tract.
• Hormonal disruptions.

We are not talking about changes as a result of natural factors. That is, about pregnancy, overeating the day before.

Reasons for the downgrade

A drop in the level indicates several possible violations.

• malignant processes. Tumors of any localization. Mainly when located in the digestive tract, organs reproductive system. Kidney.
• Starvation. Prolonged lack of good nutrition leads to an understandable result. Lipids simply do not enter the body in sufficient quantities. In the presence of a fatty layer, this phenomenon may be delayed.
• Infectious lesions. Up to sepsis.
• High concentration of thyroid hormones. Accompanied by the poisoning of their own systems.
• Pulmonary diseases of various types.
• Burns. The larger the affected area, the more significant the problem.

A blood test for the lipid spectrum shows changes in organs and systems indirectly, in any case, auxiliary methods will be required to clarify.

Additional examinations

Activities that may be needed include:

• Ultrasound of organs abdominal cavity. Depending on the specific diagnosis, certain deviations are found according to the results. The structures of the digestive tract are examined first.
• The study of kidney tissue. Through the same ultrasound or using endoscopic methods, depending on the case. Also practiced general analysis urine.
• Dopplerography of blood vessels, duplex scanning. Usually, the structures of the heart, brain, neck, and also limbs are subject to assessment, if there is a suspicion of.

• If necessary, MRI diagnostics of individual areas of the body that are subject to the main lesion is carried out.
• ECHO-KG to detect heart problems through tissue imaging.

These methods are aimed at identifying the consequences of increased lipids. It is also necessary to find the root cause of the pathological process. For this purpose, additional diagnostic paths may be prescribed.

Treatment Methods

Therapy is carried out medications. When deciphering the lipid profile, all possible indicators are taken into account, an increase in even one, as well as a decrease, requires in-depth analysis.

If there is reason to assume a disease, an extended diagnosis is carried out. Then a course of therapy is prescribed.

What medicines are used:

• . Atorvastatin, Atoris and similar. To eliminate excess concentration of fatty compounds. They are prescribed in short courses, as it can provoke negative effects. Risk side effects high, which is considered a reason to use them as carefully as possible.
• fibrates. They are used in combination with statins, especially if they are not effective enough. The names are chosen by the doctor.
• A nicotinic acid. Effectively reduces certain types of lipids, used with great care.

In addition, a correction of body weight, a change in diet, a rejection of addictions are shown: smoking, drinking alcohol.

Possible consequences

Among these: heart attack, stroke, plaque formation in structures lower extremities with the prospect of gangrene, necrosis. As a result, the likelihood of death from complications is high.

Lipidogram is a necessary and non-alternative method for diagnosing pathologies associated with impaired synthesis, storage and excretion of fats.

The method is simple, but highly informative and accurate. Appointed by specialists in endocrinology to obtain more detailed data.

Often, doctors, in addition to standard examination methods, prescribe a lipidogram to patients with complaints of heart pain, shortness of breath, and blood pressure instability - what is it? Research or lipidogram - laboratory method diagnostics, which allows not only to identify the degree of current disorders of fat metabolism in the body, but also to suggest the risk of developing pathology of the heart muscle, blood vessels, as well as other complications of atherosclerosis.

The diagnostic value of this laboratory analysis is extremely high: the number of patients suffering from coronary heart disease and cerebral circulatory disorders is growing every year in the world. The cause of these diseases in 70-80% of cases is atherosclerosis - a multifactorial disorder of fat metabolism, provoking:

• deposition of cholesterol plaques on the internal intima of blood vessels;
• obstruction of normal blood flow;
• oxygen starvation of internal organs.

A lipidogram allows you to diagnose atherosclerosis or assess the risks of its development: we will consider what it is and what the cost of the procedure is below.

Who is assigned the analysis?

Blood lipidogram is an advanced examination method that allows you to get a detailed picture of lipid metabolism. Although some indicators of this diagnostic test can be considered as a component biochemical analysis blood (for example, total cholesterol), a complete laboratory picture can only be obtained by a specialized study.

Conducting a lipid profile is prescribed for:

• an increase in the level of lipoproteins, determined biochemically;
• complex examination of patients suffering from pathology of the heart, cerebral vessels, arterial hypertension;
• endocrine disorders;
• preventive examination of patients with increased risk the development of myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke (for example, people with a family history of heart disease, smoking men and women over 55 years of age);
• examination of patients who have undergone an acute vascular accident;
• when prescribing lipid-lowering drugs;
• to monitor the effectiveness of therapeutic measures in all patients suffering from atherosclerosis.

What is included in the lipid spectrum of the blood?

This analysis includes 6 indicators, we will dwell on them in more detail.

• total cholesterol. Cholesterol is a monohydric fatty alcohol, mostly synthesized in the human body by liver cells. Twenty percent of the substance can come with food. Cholesterol performs many biologically important functions: it is part of the bioplasmic membrane of every cell of the human body, ensures its permeability to ions, active components of the intercellular fluid; makes the cell membrane stronger, more stable; participates in the production of mineralocorticosteroids, glucocorticosteroids, sex hormones by adrenal cells; protects erythrocytes (red blood cells) from the action of hemolytic poisons; is one of the components of bile synthesis. Since cholesterol is practically insoluble in water, it is transported in the blood by special carrier proteins - apolipoproteins. Depending on the density and saturation of apolipoproteins with fatty molecules, several fractions of cholesterol are isolated.
• HDL. (useful, "good" cholesterol) - the smallest fat particles, the size of which is only 8-11 nm (normal). Their main function- interaction with other lipoproteins and cells, collection of cholesterol, its transportation to the liver for further utilization. Thus, HDL "cleanses" the walls of blood vessels from fatty deposits, provides prevention of atherosclerosis.
• LDL. (bad, "bad" cholesterol) - large fatty particles 18-26 nm in size, which are saturated with fatty alcohols, but poor in protein. With the blood flow, they are transported throughout the body and easily give lipids to neighboring cells. LDL is the most atherogenic fraction of lipoproteins. They contribute to the formation of fatty plaques on the inner wall of blood vessels.
• VLDL. - another atherogenic class of cholesterol that transports fatty molecules to peripheral organs, provoking the deposition of lipids on the surface of the vascular wall. VLDL are large in size - their diameter reaches 30-80 nm. In addition, this class of lipoproteins predominantly consists of triglycerides.
• Triglycerides. Triglycerides are organic substances that make up the main energy reserve of the cell. With excessive intake of them with food, triglycerides form a large amount of VLDL - the main atherogenic fraction of cholesterol. A large amount of these substances is found in foods rich in animal fat: lard and fatty meat, butter, hard cheeses, egg yolk. Therefore, all patients suffering from atherosclerosis are advised to follow a plant-based diet, limiting the above meals.
• The atherogenic coefficient is a relative indicator that allows assessing the risk of cardiac, vascular, and cerebral complications of atherosclerosis in a patient with dyslipidemia. The value is calculated by the formula: KA = (OH - HDL) / HDL. Thus, the ratio of "bad" and "good" cholesterol fractions is determined, which must be in constant balance to maintain the constancy of the internal environment.

Tables of normal values ​​and risks

Lipidogram healthy person reflects a balanced ratio of all cholesterol fractions. The analysis rate is presented in the table below.

Also, depending on the lipid profile, it is possible to determine the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular complications, so the analysis should be deciphered by a specialist.

Note! Due to the difference in medical equipment used in laboratories, lipid profile norms may vary.

What are deviations from the norm?

Total cholesterol is the main indicator of analysis for. It reflects the level of all fractions of lipoproteins and is the first step in diagnosing disorders of fat metabolism.

An increase in total cholesterol almost always indicates a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It can be provoked:

• malnutrition, the use of large amounts of animal fats;
• hypodynamia, sedentary lifestyle;
• overweight;
• hereditary predisposition, cardiovascular diseases in blood relatives;
• smoking and alcohol abuse;
• old age: starting from the age of 20, due to a slowdown in metabolism, the level of cholesterol begins to rise, it reaches its maximum by the age of 70-75;
• concomitant diseases: diabetes mellitus, decreased thyroid function.

Note! Pregnancy, as well as any acute infectious or inflammatory disease can cause an increase in blood cholesterol levels. To obtain reliable results, repeat the examination 2-3 months after childbirth or recovery.

A decrease in the concentration of cholesterol in the blood serum may indicate:

• hyperthyroidism;
• liver diseases, accompanied by a violation of its synthetic activity, cirrhosis;
• fasting, strict vegetarian diet;
• malabsorption (impaired absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells);
• malignant form of anemia;
• sepsis, generalized infection;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Only a doctor can determine the cause and consequences of abnormal cholesterol levels during a comprehensive assessment of the patient's condition.

HDL deviations

Experts associate a decrease in the concentration of useful cholesterol with the risk of atherosclerotic problems. It has been proven that every 0.13 mmol / l deviation from the average increases the possibility of developing coronary heart problems and acute coronary insufficiency by 25%.

Reasons for a decrease in HDL:

• chronic pathology of the kidneys and liver;
• endocrine disorders, diabetes mellitus;
• acute infections caused by viruses and bacteria.

An increase in HDL levels is said if it exceeds 2.2 mmol / l. Despite the fact that a high level of "good" cholesterol protects blood vessels from the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, such changes in the lipid profile are not always evaluated positively. Usually, an increase in HDL is associated with hereditary genetic abnormalities of fat metabolism.

Deviations of LDL and VLDL

Doctors note a direct relationship between an increase in the concentration of LDL, VLDL and the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

An increase in low molecular weight fractions of cholesterol can be caused by:

1. hereditary predisposition: in the group of increased attention of persons whose blood relatives have suffered a heart attack, stroke or other acute vascular pathology under the age of 50;
2. diseases of the pancreas: pancreatitis, tumors, diabetes mellitus;
3. excessive consumption of animal fats with food;
4. obesity;
5. chronic renal failure;
6. metabolic disorders, gout;
7. hormonal changes, pregnancy.

Reducing the concentration of "bad" cholesterol is rare. With general normal lipidograms, this reduces the risk of atherosclerosis.

Triglyceride Abnormalities

Lack of HDL, the "good" cholesterol, leads to an increase in triglycerides. In addition, an increase in the concentration of the triglyceride fraction of fats occurs when:

• arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction;
• atherosclerosis;
• chronic kidney disease;
• thrombosis of the arteries of the brain;
• viral hepatitis B, C, cirrhosis of the liver;
• gout, other metabolic diseases;
• thalassemia, Down's disease;
• increased levels of calcium in the blood;
• chronic pancreatitis, alcoholism.

Triglycerides have a great influence on the formation of cholesterol plaques, the development of atherosclerosis.

A decrease in triglycerides is observed in: chronic obstructive pulmonary pathologies, cerebral infarction, hyperthyroidism, myasthenia gravis, burns, injuries, malnutrition.

Atherogenic coefficient

Since the coefficient of atherogenicity is a relative value that evaluates the prognosis for the development of atherosclerosis and its complications, its determination is considered the most important. An increase in CA is observed with an imbalance of lipids in the body associated with an increase in the concentration of "bad" and a decrease in "good" cholesterol. The higher this indicator, the more likely acute cardiovascular and cerebral problems in the patient.

Preparation for the survey

There is no special preparation for the examination. Experts advise to observe the following rules:

1. Since the lipid spectrum analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach, the last meal should be approximately 12 hours before blood sampling (minimum 8, maximum 14). Juices, tea, coffee are also considered food, so you will have to refrain from them. With strong thirst, pure mineral water is allowed.
2. For a reliable result, you should not drastically go on a diet: eat as usual for two weeks before the examination. If on the eve of the test you have a big feast, move the trip to the laboratory for 2-3 days.
3. Do not drink alcohol at least a day before the study.
4. Since the level of fats in the blood is subject to fluctuations, it is advisable to donate blood for a lipid profile in the morning, from 8 to 10 hours.
5. Do not smoke one hour before blood sampling.
6. If possible, exclude factors that affect the result of the examination: exhausting physical activity, overwork, psycho-emotional experiences, stress.
7. Before taking blood, it is recommended to take a breath and sit quietly for 10-15 minutes.
8. You can not donate blood after R-examination, sigmoidoscopy, physiotherapy procedures.
9. To control the treatment of atherosclerosis with the help of prescribed lipid-lowering agents, it is not necessary to stop taking the tablets.

For the study, 2-5 ml of venous blood is taken, which is centrifuged and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The result is usually prepared within a day. With diagnosed atherosclerosis, experts advise patients to donate blood for a lipid profile at least 1-2 times a year.

Thus, the lipid profile is a study that is desirable for all patients with atherosclerosis and other disorders of fat metabolism. Low invasiveness, painlessness, high efficiency and the ability to assess prognostic risks allow us to consider this laboratory analysis as the main method for diagnosing dyslipidemia in humans.