What does a maxillofacial surgeon do? Maxillofacial surgeon

An oral and maxillofacial surgeon (maxillofacial surgeon) is a specialist who studies all pathologies of the teeth, oral organs, bones of the facial skeleton, face, and neck from a surgical point of view. Administered this specialist All organs located in the face and neck area are located in Moscow.

What do oral and maxillofacial surgeons do?

The profession of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is inextricably linked with dentistry, but it goes far beyond this. Several areas have long been identified in this section of medicine:

• surgical care for anomalies,
• reconstructive facial surgery,
• surgical care for injuries,
• help with tissue deformations of the maxillofacial area.

Patients come to the maxillofacial surgeon with a wide variety of facial bone fractures, inflammation, tumors, and congenital problems. A specialist in this field restores damaged functions, returns physical health to patients, as well as lost facial beauty.

Not only the health of the maxillofacial surgeon depends on him, but in many ways the future fate of his patient, his work, and his personal life. Moscow specialists themselves say that a successful operation fills them with spiritual joy and allows them to experience complete satisfaction from their work. The profession of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is indeed very important.

Very often he has to work in close collaboration with specialists in other fields - plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, oncologists and others, since jaw pathology sometimes negatively affects the ENT organs. In some cases, with serious injuries, the participation of a neurosurgeon is required, and in case of cancer diseases– oncologist. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Moscow are contacted for:

• lymphadenitis,
• periodontitis,
• abscesses,
• difficulties with teething in children,
• phlegmon,
• periostitis,
• osteomyelitis of the jaw,
• odontogenic inflammation of the maxillary sinus, etc.

In what cases are they referred to maxillofacial surgeons?

People are referred to maxillofacial surgery in Moscow in emergency and planned situations. Planned operations are carried out in case of neoplasms, congenital pathologies, or inflammatory processes that can no longer be treated in any other way. Emergency patients All those who suffered during terrorist attacks, disasters, accidents, accidents and similar circumstances become an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Like any other surgeon, a specialist in oral and maxillofacial surgery must be ready day and night to begin performing emergency surgical interventions.

How to become an oral and maxillofacial surgeon?

A doctor practicing in the field of maxillofacial surgery must acquire a greater knowledge base, as well as undergo good practice and be prepared for serious challenges. In order to become a real maxillofacial surgeon in Moscow, you will need to study all the structural features of the skull and organs located in the face and neck.

Departments of maxillofacial surgery, where real specialists are trained for Moscow clinics, exist in such large universities of the capital as:

• MGMSU;
• MONIKI;
• MMA im. I. M. Sechenov;
• RNIMU named after. N. I. Pirogova;
• RUDN University and others.

Famous Moscow specialists

In 1927, the textbook “Fundamentals of Practical Traumatology” was published. It was edited by Polenov, and the section on facial trauma was written by Limberg. Rauer made a huge contribution to the problem of maxillofacial surgery. In the pre-war period, facial traumatology and its surgical restoration were dealt with by Lvov, Mikhelson, Uvarov, Entin, Evdokimov, Lukomsky, Kyandsky, Domracheva and many others. Pirogov also called wars a “traumatic epidemic,” but it was the Second World War that gave new experience to trauma surgeons.

After its completion, oral and maxillofacial surgeons continued to use this military experience. In Moscow, the leading role in post-war research was played by the staff of the department surgical dentistry, founded at MSMSU. The research was carried out by Vasiliev, Rudko, Zausaev. Numerous works in the field of introducing plastic implants into maxillofacial surgery belong to Bernadsky, Gavrilov, Ivashchenko, Kasparova, Kulazhenko and many other specialists.

Frequently asked questions from patients

How to find a good maxillofacial surgeon in Moscow?

A good specialist can be found in government agency, and in private clinic. For those who do not want to waste time in queues and energy fighting at the reception for the coveted coupon, a paid maxillofacial surgeon will be the optimal choice. The website portal will help you find a specialist near your home or work and make an appointment with him at a convenient time.

When to go for a consultation?

A consultation with an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is necessary for children with congenital developmental anomalies. Adults will need the help of a specialist for injuries to the face and neck, if a late visit to the dentist has resulted in the development of swelling and redness of the face in the area of ​​the affected tooth.

How is an appointment with an oral and maxillofacial surgeon?

An appointment with a maxillofacial surgeon begins with a medical history. The doctor finds out complaints and the history of the disease. Next, an inspection is carried out and additional methods diagnostics, such as radiography in several projections, computed tomography, laboratory research. Having reached a definite opinion regarding the diagnosis and treatment method, the doctor makes recommendations, explaining the details of the upcoming treatment procedures.

Facial surgery requires high skill and professionalism from the doctor. A patient who needs help expects a quick and best effect from the manipulation performed on your body. An oral and maxillofacial surgeon deals with problems and defects of the facial skull, carries out diagnosis and treatment. The specialist primarily uses in his work surgical interventions to remove foreign bodies, reconstructive and restorative procedures on the jaws and facial bones.

Competence of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon

An oral and maxillofacial surgeon treats patients who have suffered skull injuries with damage to facial structures, bones, joints and muscles. The doctor also treats various diseases that affect the salivary glands, soft and bone tissues of the face and upper neck.

The competence of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon includes:

• Examination of the patient.
• Studying the medical history.
• Checking the functional abilities of the lower jaw.
• Health assessment oral cavity during a local inspection.
• Detection of congenital developmental defects in a newborn child.
• Ability to perform pharyngoscopy, laryngoscopy, rhinoscopy.
• Removal of benign tumors on the facial skin on an outpatient basis.
• Carrying out surgical interventions on the face and neck.
• Rehabilitation of patients after surgical procedures.
• Reconstructive surgeries on the jaws using metal plates.
• Performing plastic surgery on the face.
• Carrying out surgical interventions for children with congenital anomalies of the upper jaw and palate.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery is closely related to dentistry. Most purulent processes in the jaws are associated with dental problems and procedures performed by the dentist.

What organs does the specialist deal with?

The scope of a doctor’s activity is not limited to the face and skull. The doctor is constantly studying new methods of manipulation, pathophysiological processes of healing skin wounds and bone fractures. Surgical interventions on the face are difficult to perform, because the patient must undergo adequate pain relief. This is difficult to do, because the anesthesiologist needs to constantly monitor the patency respiratory tract, at the same time, do not interfere with the surgeon.

An oral and maxillofacial surgeon works with the pathology of the following organs and structures:

• Skin of the facial part of the skull.
• Bone tissue (upper and lower jaws, maxillary sinuses, zygomatic bones, orbit).
• Maxillotemporal joint.
• Teeth.
• Soft and hard palate.
• Language.
• Lymph nodes are submandibular.
• Salivary glands.
• Arteries and veins of the face.

Important! Congenital anomalies of the facial skull (bifurcation of the hard palate) can be detected in the 2-3 trimesters of pregnancy using fetal ultrasound

Quite often, doctors are faced with purulent complications of dental pathology. The work of a specialist is closely related to ENT doctors. The field for activity is relatively small, but the risk of developing infection if it spreads is very high pathological process by tissue. Therefore, the surgeon must work in sterile conditions, observing all the rules of surgery.

The network of blood vessels on the face is very developed, so the healing of wounds and injuries occurs somewhat faster than on other parts of the body. However, after surgical interventions, pronounced tissue swelling is observed, which must be discussed with the patient before treatment.

There was a place for the maxillofacial surgeon in plastic surgery. The specialist can perform complex reconstructive operations on the hard palate, jaws, and injuries after injuries.

What complaints do you go to the doctor with?

The specialist can conduct consultations in a private office and in a hospital hospital. Facial problems force people to see a doctor as soon as possible. This is also due to a person’s aesthetic dissatisfaction, as well as the deterioration of his general condition.

When visiting an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, patients complain of the following:

• The presence of wounds on the skin of the face resulting from damage or injury.
• Long-lasting tissue swelling and bruising.
• Severe pain in the jaws.
• Increased temperature and severe pain, swelling of facial tissues.
• Discharge of purulent contents from wounds and skin on the face.
• Soreness in the jaws when chewing.
• It is difficult to open your mouth wide.
• Crunching and grinding in the temporomandibular joint when chewing food.
• Enlargement of the parotid salivary glands, as well as their soreness.
• Discomfort, pain and dry mouth when eating food, which is associated with blockage of the ducts of the salivary glands.
• Bifurcation of the upper lip and hard palate in infants and adults.
• The appearance of neoplasms on the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
• Formation of a fistula (tubular passage in the tissue through which pus is released) on the skin of the face in the area of ​​the postoperative scar.
• The presence of rough keloid scars on the skin of the face, which impede the movement of the jaw and lips.

The surgeon spends a lot of time working with skull injuries and fractures of the facial bones. Bone injuries require long-term care and multi-stage operations. Patients must subsequently adhere to a diet and be examined by a specialist every six months.

What diseases does an oral and maxillofacial surgeon treat?

The danger of infection spreading to the brain forces specialists to act immediately when tissue pathology on the face is detected. The list of maxillofacial surgeons includes treatment of the following ailments:

• Atheroma, fibroma of the facial skin - benign tumor, which is located in the epidermis.
• Papilloma (wart) is associated with viral infection. It is characterized by the proliferation of skin cells in the form of a mushroom on a thin stalk.
• Apical abscess is an accumulation of pus under the apex of a tooth root. Usually the disease appears after inadequate treatment of caries or injuries. In this case, surgical treatment is required.
• Cleft palate and cleft lip are a developmental anomaly in which a defect in the tissues of the hard palate and upper lip is detected.
• Osteomyelitis of the lower jaw is a severe purulent inflammation of bone tissue, accompanied by the presence of a purulent fistula on the skin (in a chronic process). The disease occurs in patients who have undergone jaw surgery or fractures. Treatment of such patients is long and can take several months.
• Fracture of the upper and lower jaw with displacement of fragments occurs after direct blows to the face with a heavy object or an accident. Such an injury is considered severe, because in the treatment of the patient it is necessary to completely immobilize two jaws. This is achieved by splinting the dentition using metal spokes that are passed through the interdental spaces. More modern approach consists of osteosynthesis of the fracture site with a metal plate.
• Purulent arthritis of the temporomandibular joint. Patients complain of fever, severe pain when moving the jaws while talking or chewing food. Treatment consists of drainage surgery.
• Dislocation of the temporomandibular joint is observed mainly in older people, when the ligamentous and muscular apparatus is very relaxed. With wide yawning and chewing hard foods, the head of the lower jaw may come out of the articular surface. At the moment of slipping, the person hears a click and is unable to continue talking.
• Cancer of the tongue, gums, lips is also within the competence of a specialist. Such diseases require complex treatment using radiation and drug therapy.
• Calculous sialadenitis is the formation of stones in the ducts of the salivary glands. Patients complain of severe bursting pain in the cheeks, in the mouth when eating food, and dry mouth.
• Multiple facial fractures are considered life-threatening conditions. Sometimes such injuries cause respiratory arrest and massive blood loss.
• Purulent lymphadenitis is purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes (under the lower jaw) caused by untreated dental caries and injuries. The disease requires surgical treatment.

Doctor's advice. Purulent inflammation of the skin (boil, suppurative atheroma), located above the upper lip, requires only hospital treatment.

The work of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon involves a high risk of causing severe cosmetic defects to the patient. The doctor must work carefully, use all knowledge and skills to restore a person’s former beauty and elegance of the face.

What research methods does the doctor use?

Before surgery, the specialist prescribes the following tests:

• General blood and urine analysis.
• Blood glucose.
• Blood type.
• Rh factor.
• Urea and creatinine.
• Coagulogram.
• Blood clotting time according to Lee-White.

The coagulogram is of particular importance. This analysis shows the state of blood clotting, and if the indicators are poor, the patient may be completely denied a planned intervention.

Also, before the operation, the patient is prescribed the following studies:

• Electrocardiography.
• X-ray of the skull.
• CT scan(CT) of the skull.
• Magnetic resonance imaging of the skull.

These studies are carried out selectively. The doctor prescribes some of them in each specific case. The most reliable data is a CT scan of the skull. In this case, the doctor receives a picture with a three-dimensional image of the area of ​​interest of the head. Also in this image all fragments, foreign bodies and metal plates are visible.

Facial care should be carried out daily, observing all the rules of personal hygiene. The oral and maxillofacial surgeon recommends the following:

• You should visit the dentist annually for a preventative oral examination.
• Any pain in the teeth, and especially the formation of caries, requires immediate treatment.
• Installation of metal implants is associated with the risk of rejection and the development of osteomyelitis. Therefore, you should carefully approach the issue of installing an artificial tooth.
• Any fracture of the jaw, even if it is a crack, requires immobilization of the jaws.
• The most rational treatment for a fracture of the facial skull is osteometallosynthesis (installation of a titanium plate at the fracture site).
• Purulent inflammation in the facial area must be treated in a hospital surgically using antibiotics.
• It is forbidden to squeeze out ulcers on the skin of the face yourself. This is fraught with the development of sepsis.
• Any neoplasms on the skin of the lip, tongue, or cheeks require consultation with an oncologist.

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons pay special attention to dental diseases. Although this is the competence of a dentist. Often, purulent complications on the face appear after untreated teeth. Oral care involves brushing your teeth twice a day every day and rinsing your mouth with water after each meal.

In some cases, you need to contact a doctor such as an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Let's figure out what he treats and what he does, so that if necessary, you can immediately visit the right doctor.

Pathologies and diseases are very different. In most cases, dental defects or gum problems are dealt with by a dentist, but a number of diseases have to be treated together with an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, whose responsibility and experience sometimes become quite important during recovery appearance faces.

Who is an oral and maxillofacial surgeon?

This doctor partially combines the activities of a dentist and a plastic surgeon. So, it relates to dental work when correcting the so-called or in cases of its incorrect location, tilt and other pathologies. This usually applies to “eights”, defects and anomalies of which are more common than among other teeth.

Compared to plastic surgery, it treats pathologies of the facial skeleton and various related problems. For example, a tumor is malignant or benign, bone deformations must be eliminated and corrected with the help of a surgeon.

Since the face, jaw and neck are areas that are visible to everyone around, they must also meet the highest criteria aesthetically. But it often happens that by nature or due to other features, visible defects appear, problems, inflammations associated with the facial part are noticeable to the surrounding eye, and sometimes they can leave behind a visible mark. Such a specialist will correct them.

This area is distinguished by one important feature - it has many nerve endings and blood vessels, therefore almost all medical procedures associated with it cause sharp pain, and diseases leave behind noticeable deformations.

When should you contact him?

Usually, other doctors, for example, dentists or therapists, who know that a specific defect is treated by a maxillofacial surgeon, are referred to this specialist. Most often such situations occur:

• - the patient feels severe pain, which is related to pressure on nerve endings. At this time, the teeth in the affected area change their shade and become loose.
• – when, after extraction, a root or a piece of it remains, and it provokes inflammation that spreads to the entire jaw. In this case, a compaction appears in the gums, and then the problem can spread to the area of ​​​​the soft tissues of the face.
• – necrotic pulp very quickly leads to infection and inflammation of the jaw bone if it is not removed in time. As a result, the patient feels severe, also has a headache, chills and fever.
• Abscess - purulent accumulations of various etiologies. If the disease reaches purulent discharge in the soft tissues, then this is also accompanied elevated temperature body, general weakness, headaches, unpleasant smell and other similar symptoms.
• – inflammation lymph nodes in the perimaxillary region, which is reflected in the condition of the oral cavity, pharynx, etc.

What tests need to be taken when applying?

A visit to almost every doctor leads to tests. Indeed, thanks to the data collected with their help, it is possible to more accurately establish the diagnosis, intensity of the disease and other characteristics of the patient’s body. In addition to diagnostic purposes, they also help determine the correct treatment tactics and select the necessary medications or manipulations. When visiting a maxillofacial surgeon, you should submit:

• general analysis blood;
• biochemistry;
• Analysis of urine.

In some situations, you may also need to scrape the skin from the affected area or undergo hormonal tests. In each case, the doctor will determine what results he needs to get a complete picture. Also, for diagnostic purposes, it may be necessary to conduct x-rays of the jaw area, MRI, CT, radiovisiographic procedure or tomography.

What does this doctor treat?

The work of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is not limited to diseases of the oral cavity or lymph nodes. Its activities can be divided into two types of urgency:

1. Planned diseases or congenital defects that are treated gradually, with a full examination, and preliminary referral from other specialists. These include the diseases mentioned above, congenital pathologies of the jaw structure, tumors, complications after inflammation. Such problems require surgical intervention and the patient is gradually prepared for this.
2. Urgent, acute and emergency situations. For example, when a person gets into an accident, is injured at work, after a car accident, assassination attempts or other accidents. In this case, the facial part, jaw, neck is affected in some way and immediate surgical intervention is required to correct the appearance or restore chewing function, breathing, etc.

Anyone, both adults and children, can become a patient of this specialist. For example, this congenital anomaly, like cleft lip or cleft palate, require intervention at a very early age.

What does an oral and maxillofacial surgeon do and what does he do?

To briefly convey the complexity of this specialist’s work, you need to see the full scope of his activity. So, this includes examining the patient, collecting anamnesis and other diagnostic results, making an accurate diagnosis, treating and monitoring the patient’s condition throughout the recovery process, as well as the prevention of many diseases and the prevention of defects.

Problems that require such surgical intervention may be the following:

• deformations of the facial part of the skull;
• significant malocclusions that cannot be corrected with orthopedic structures;
• inflammation of the jaw bone and soft tissues around it;
• purulent complications of the facial or cervical area;
• restoration of maxillofacial bones after injuries or other accidents;
• elimination of various aesthetic defects.

Thanks to modern instruments and technologies, the surgical procedure becomes less painful, leaving invisible marks, without scars or tissue scarring.

With the least pain and low probability side effects The maxillofacial surgeon is able to quickly restore and correct most of the congenital and acquired defects of the mentioned area.

Video: profession – maxillofacial surgeon.

Additional questions

Where to find a quality oral and maxillofacial surgeon and how to make an appointment with him?

You can find out if such a specialist is available at the clinic at the reception desk. A therapist or dentist will also refer you to him, telling him where to find this doctor in your city. Most often he works in dental clinics, public or private. It is important that he has sufficient experience in carrying out the operations you need. It is worth noting that the larger the city, the easier it is to find a qualified specialist there. In some cases, patient reviews about the doctor left on the clinic’s website, or from friends in a personal meeting, can also help.

A specialist in the field of surgical diseases and damage to teeth, oral cavity organs, face and neck, and facial bones, for which complex treatment will be prescribed. The maxillofacial area, face, neck are areas that are very richly supplied with blood and innervated, so any inflammatory processes and injuries proceed violently and often painfully for the patient, leaving behind (especially with poor quality treatment) gross deformations and defects. It is worth noting the proximity of the listed areas to the brain and mediastinal organs, which also indicates the absolute need timely treatment inflammation on the face.

What is the competence of a maxillofacial surgeon?

Oral and maxillofacial surgeon studying surgical diseases teeth, bones of the facial skeleton, organs of the oral cavity, face and neck.

What diseases does the Maxillofacial Surgeon deal with?

Diseases can be divided into four groups, depending on the causes and clinical picture.

1) Inflammatory diseases of the teeth, jaws, tissues of the face and neck, oral organs (periodontitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis of the jaw, abscesses, phlegmons, lymphadenitis, difficult teething, odontogenic inflammation of the maxillary sinus, inflammatory diseases salivary glands, temporomandibular joint).

2) Injuries to the soft tissues of the face and neck, bones of the facial skeleton.

3) Tumors and tumor-like formations of the face, jaws, and oral cavity organs.

4) Congenital and acquired defects and deformations of the face, jaws and plastic surgery maxillofacial area (blepharoplasty, otoplasty, rhinoplasty, circular facelift, contour plastic).

What organs does the maxillofacial surgeon deal with?

Teeth, face, neck, tongue.

When should you contact an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon?

Symptoms of periodontitis. The leading symptom of acute periodontitis is sharp, constantly increasing pain. Touching the tooth sharply increases the pain. The tooth appears “higher” than others. These painful sensations are caused by the pressure of accumulated exudate on the tissues and nerve receptors of the periodontal fissure.

The affected tooth is discolored and mobile. It may have a carious cavity, or it may be intact.

Probing is painless, but the reaction to percussion is sharply painful. The mucous membrane in the area of ​​the transitional fold is swollen, hyperemic, and painful on palpation.

As the process progresses, swelling of the soft tissues may occur, leading to facial asymmetry, and the general condition is disrupted ( headache, weakness, malaise, body temperature rises to 38 - 39 ° C). There is an increase and swelling of the regional lymph nodes.

The symptoms of periostitis - inflammation of the periosteum of the jaw - are well known to many children and adults: a sharply painful hard compaction appears on the gum near a tooth with dead pulp or the remaining root, rapidly increasing.

The swelling, becoming more pronounced, progresses to soft fabrics faces. Depending on the location of the diseased tooth, the lip and wing of the nose, cheek and lower eyelid swell, the temperature rises, and the person feels unwell. This disease is popularly known as flux.

Symptoms of osteomyelitis of the jaws

spontaneous throbbing pain in the jaw, headache, chills, temperature up to 40 "C. An affected tooth with a necrotic pulp (possibly with a filling) is found; it and the adjacent teeth are sharply painful and mobile. A swollen asymmetrical face. The transitional fold is hyperemic and smoothed. Lymph nodes are enlarged and painful.

Osteomyelitis is often complicated by an abscess and phlegmon. In the blood there is neutrophic leukocytosis; ESR is increased. General state varying degrees gravity.

An abscess is a limited accumulation of pus in various tissues and organs. An abscess should be distinguished from phlegmon (spread purulent inflammation of tissues) and empyema (accumulation of pus in body cavities and hollow organs).

Are common clinical manifestations abscesses are typical for purulent-inflammatory processes of any localization: increased body temperature from subfebrile to 41° (in severe cases), general malaise, weakness, loss of appetite, headache.

Leukocytosis with neutrophilia and a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left is noted in the blood. The extent of these changes depends on the severity of the pathological process.

IN clinical picture abscesses various organs There are specific signs due to the localization of the process. The outcome of an abscess can be a spontaneous opening with a breakthrough to the outside (subcutaneous tissue abscess, mastitis, paraproctitis, etc.); breakthrough and emptying into closed cavities (abdominal, pleural, joint cavity, etc.); breakthrough into the lumen of organs communicating with the external environment (intestine, stomach, bladder, bronchi, etc.). Under favorable conditions, the emptied abscess cavity decreases in size and undergoes scarring.

If the abscess cavity is not completely emptied and its drainage is poor, the process can become chronic with the formation of a fistula. The breakthrough of pus into closed cavities leads to the development of purulent processes in them (peritonitis, pleurisy, pericarditis, meningitis, arthritis, etc.).

Lymphadenitis is inflammation of the lymph nodes.

Acute lymphadenitis almost always occurs as a complication of a local source of infection - a boil, an infected wound or abrasion, etc. Infectious agents (usually staphylococci) penetrate the lymph nodes with the flow of lymph through the lymphatic vessels, often without inflammation of the latter, i.e. without lymphagiitis.

Purulent foci on lower limb complicated by damage to the inguinal, less often popliteal lymph nodes; on the upper limb - axillary, less often elbow, on the head, in the oral cavity and pharynx - cervical.

When and what tests should be done

- histological examination biopsy;
- general blood analysis;
- general urine analysis;
- hormone tests;

What are the main types of diagnostics usually performed by a Maxillofacial Surgeon?

- X-ray;
- Intraoral radiography;
- Radiovisiographic examination of teeth and bone tissue of the jaws;
- Panoramic radiography;
- Tomography;
- Cephalometric radiography of the face
- X-ray computed tomography;
- Magnetic resonance imaging;
- Three-dimensional visualization of the facial skull and soft tissues of the face. Implantation means the introduction of materials of non-biological origin into the body in order to replace a lost organ.

When implanting teeth, special implants are used that are installed in the area of ​​missing teeth.

A titanium “screw” is screwed into the bone, onto which the crown is fixed. The materials for implants are titanium and its alloys, tantalum, different kinds ceramics, leucosapphire, zirconium and other substances. All these materials are highly bioinert, that is, they do not cause irritation to surrounding tissues.

Benefits of implantation

Neighboring teeth are not ground down;
- a defect of any length can be restored;
- strength and reliability (the service life of implants is longer than with other types of prosthetics, since the very first implants installed more than 40 years ago continue to serve their owners);
- high aesthetics (the implant is practically indistinguishable from a healthy natural tooth).

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