Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations for fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to give to infants? How can you bring down the temperature in older children? What medicines are the safest?
Lymph nodes play an important role as a protective barrier against bacteria, fungi and other pathogenic infections. Lymphadenitis is an increase in the lymph nodes against the background of their inflammation, which indicates the development of the disease. Cervical lymphadenitis affects the superficial nodes on the neck, and this allows you to visually detect pathologies in the early stages.
Types of cervical lymphadenitis
Cervical lymphadenitis is usually divided into two types, based on the nature and intensity of the inflammation process:
- Acute cervical lymphadenitis. In accordance with the international classification of diseases of the tenth revision (ICB 10), it is classified as infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In medical practice, such a manifestation of the disease is indicated by the code L0, where the zero after the dot refers to the regional location (face, neck and head);
- Chronic cervical lymphadenitis. This type is often more complex in nature, according to microbial 10 it belongs to the heading of diseases of the veins, lymphatic vessels and nodes. Code I1 implies any type of lymphadenitis except mesenteric.
Another type is recurrent lymphadenitis. This form develops and exists due to chronic pathologies in the body.
Lymphadenitis of the neck is a common occurrence in children, the nodes become inflamed against the background of SARS, influenza, possibly pneumonia, and does not pose a great danger.
If cervical lymphadenitis is found in adults, then this requires increased attention, as it may be the cause or consequence of a more complex disease. At the same time, in adulthood, both in women and in men, this phenomenon is rare, it often develops, and.
Spicy
The cause of acute lymphadenitis is external viral bacteria that have entered the lymph nodes through the bloodstream and lymph flow from skin lesions, acne; in connection with surgical operations.
Microorganisms found in oral cavity, lack of hygiene and even an untimely visit to the dentist - all these are the causes of acute lymphadenitis of the face and neck. The cervical lymph nodes, being regional for this area, will be the first to take a hit and become inflamed.
In the fight against acute lymphadenitis, the main thing is the reaction; by contacting a specialist in time, you can avoid unpleasant consequences. The neglected acute form in some cases is aggravated and develops into a purulent form, or becomes a chronic process.
Chronic
The cause of chronic lymphadenitis, as mentioned above, is the acute form of this pathology, which did not receive appropriate treatment on time. Chronic lymphadenitis speaks of long-term bacterial and infectious processes in the body.
However, in order to select the appropriate course of treatment, it is extremely important to establish the primary cause of the disease. Cervical lymphadenitis can occur not as a local syndrome, but as a result of the development of more complex diseases in the body up to oncology (spread of metastases).
Causes of this disease
There are two types of causes: infectious and non-infectious.
If cervical lymphadenitis is diagnosed, and the examination determined it as an independent disease, then the cause is infectious. The causative agents are various microorganisms: streptococci, staphylococci, tuberculosis bacilli, fungi, HIV.
The causes of infectious cervical lymphadenitis can be damage to the head or neck. It is important that due to the superficial location of the nodes, signs of inflammation are easy to detect at an early stage. The situation with the armpit nodes is identical. More about inflammatory processes axillary lymph nodes in the article
Non-infectious lymphadenitis appears against the background of other malignant pathologies in the body, often oncology. Cervical lymphadenitis is associated with lymphoma, or the formation of metastases of cancerous tumors in other areas. The cause of non-infectious lymphadenitis can also be a foreign body in the body.
Symptoms
With lymphadenitis, the symptoms and treatment depend on the nature of the underlying pathology, and its location in the body. A number of the main signs of inflammation in this case are identical:
- Change in the size of the lymph nodes;
- Pain when pressed;
- Headache and general weakness;
- Inflamed cervical nodes make it difficult to swallow;
- Elevated temperature.
The cervical lymph nodes can become inflamed along with the submandibular ones, which is typical for the manifestation of symptoms of a sore throat. Also, cervical lymphadenitis is a frequent symptom of the presence of a tuberculosis infection.
The signs of the chronic form of the pathology are identical, but appear with some periodicity for a long time.
Stages of inflammation
Depending on the intensity of inflammation, the process can develop with different speed. At the initial stages, there is a slight increase and pain syndrome on palpation, which timely treatment leads to a rapid recovery from local lymphadenitis. If the causes are deeper, then this will lead to the ability to diagnose dangerous disease and start treatment immediately.
Launched lymphadenitis turns into a serious form, which is characterized by a constant pain syndrome. The nodes become denser and increase even more.
The extreme stage is acute purulent lymphadenitis, which leads to tissue damage. A person's condition worsens greatly, the temperature rises to a critical level, the skin in the area of \u200b\u200bthe inflamed nodes changes color.
At the stage of purulent formations, urgent hospitalization and medical supervision are required to prevent pus from entering the body.
Diagnosis of pathology
To diagnose the disease, you should not wait for an increase in the intensity of the first symptoms. Only a specialist can correctly determine the causes.
The main methods for diagnosing pathologies of the lymph nodes are:
- Visual inspection, ;
- MRI, CT, ultrasound;
- Biopsy of inflamed lymph nodes;
- Carrying out histological analysis.
Methods of treatment
Depending on the main focus and the stage of development of the disease, a treatment method or a combination of them is selected. There are several ways:
- Medical;
- Physiotherapy;
- Surgical.
In the early stages of lymphadenitis, it is also necessary to follow simple recommendations and keep calm, do not injure the inflamed area, and drink plenty of water.
Medical treatment
If an external infection has become the cause of the development of cervical or other lymphadenitis, then antibiotics are mandatory prescribed. In the case of purulent formations, the course of antibiotics can be adjusted or supplemented.
Antibiotics contribute to the destruction of the infection, as the main source of the disease, after which the lymph nodes should return to normal.
If, according to the results of the examination, a cancerous cause of lymphadenitis is revealed, then the patient is prescribed a course of chemotherapy or radiation.
Physiotherapy of cervical lymphadenitis
Among the main procedures in physiotherapy are:
- Electrophoresis (improves microcirculation in the area of inflammation);
- UHF therapy (helps to increase immunity);
- Galvanization (used as a restorative procedure after the main cause of the disease has been eliminated).
Physiotherapeutic procedures are aimed at improving the general condition of the patient. Most often, they are carried out in the early stages of pathology, in combination with other methods and to speed up the recovery process.
Surgery
Surgical treatment of lymphadenitis is most often used in the last stages of inflammation, when purulent formations have appeared.
If drug treatment does not lead to a result, then the inflamed area is opened, pus and affected tissues are removed, and drainage is performed. Antibiotics are given immediately after surgery to prevent further spread of the infection.
With the oncological nature of the disease, it is possible to remove part of the regional lymph nodes, both with lymphoma and with metastasis of tumors in other areas.
Treatment of cervical lymphadenitis with folk methods at home
There are a number folk recipes, but only a doctor can determine how to treat inflammation.
So, for example, as compresses use:
- Baked onions with the addition of a spoonful of pharmaceutical tar, wrapped in gauze.
- Echinacea tincture mixed with warm water in a ratio of 1:2. It is necessary to moisten the gauze in the solution and fix the compress on the inflamed area, you can for the whole night.
Of the drinks, the most popular is the recipe using echinacea tincture. In this case, 20-40 drops are diluted in half a glass of water, and taken orally 2-3 times a day without reference to food intake.
Prevention and prognosis
The main recommendation for the prevention of lymphadenitis is an attentive attitude to one's own health. Regular visual inspection and palpation of superficial lymph nodes can be done at home, and at the first suspicion of symptoms, consult a doctor for advice.
It is necessary to carefully monitor and treat skin lesions to prevent infection, undergo an examination by a dentist.
It is recommended to exclude harmful and heavy foods from the diet as much as possible. In the case of the first signs of inflammation of the lymph nodes, do not consume dairy products, but diversify the diet with fruits, vegetables and seafood.
As in the case of other diseases, it is important to help the body maintain immunity, take vitamin complexes.
Lymphocytes are a type of leukocytes - the so-called white blood cells that provide immunity ( protection of the body from various external and internal influences). Lymphocytes are produced in the red bone marrow, which is located inside the bones of the body ( in the bones of the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and other). From the bone marrow, immature forms of lymphocytes are released into the bloodstream, which enter the spleen, where the processes of their differentiation end.
Lymph
Lymph formation occurs in almost all tissues of the body due to the transfer of a small amount of proteins and part of the fluid from the blood capillaries ( smallest blood vessels) into the lymphatic capillaries. Blood vessels that carry blood to organs and tissues arteries), gradually branch out and decrease in diameter. The smallest vessel in the human body is the capillary. At the capillary level, part of the fluid and a small amount of proteins exit the vascular bed ( filtered) and enters the organ tissue ( intercellular space). Most of the filtered fluid returns to the blood capillaries. They form larger vessels ( venules, veins), through which the outflow of venous blood from the organs to the heart is carried out.A certain proportion of proteins and about 10% of the fluid from the intercellular space does not return to the circulatory system, but enters the lymphatic capillaries. In this way, lymph is formed, which, in addition to proteins and plasma, contains various trace elements, fats and carbohydrates, as well as cellular elements ( predominantly lymphocytes).
Lymphatic vessels
When several lymphatic capillaries merge, larger lymphatic vessels are formed. They carry out the outflow of lymphatic fluid from all tissues of the body to the lymph nodes, which correspond to a specific organ or part of the body.The efferent lymphatic vessels emerge from the lymph nodes, which also merge to form large lymphatic trunks and ducts. Through them, the lymphatic fluid is transferred to the large veins of the body, thus returning to the systemic circulation.
In the human body, there are several large lymphatic ducts:
- thoracic lymphatic duct collects lymph from the legs, pelvic organs, abdominal cavity and left half chest.
- Left subclavian trunk - collects lymph from the left arm.
- Left jugular trunk - collects lymph from the left half of the head and neck.
- Right lymphatic duct It is formed by the fusion of several lymphatic trunks and collects lymph from the right half of the head, neck, right half of the chest and right arm.
The lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are small, round or oval formations ( from a few millimeters to 1 - 2 centimeters), which are located along the lymphatic vessels that carry lymph from various organs and tissues. The surface of the lymph node is covered with a connective tissue capsule, under which there is an accumulation of lymphoid tissue containing many cells - lymphocytes.Lymphocytes are produced in lymph nodes from the period of embryonic development. Their main function is to recognize foreign agents ( viruses, fragments of bacteria and their toxins, tumor cells, and so on) and activation of other defense systems of the body aimed at neutralizing them.
Lymph entering the lymph nodes slowly seeps through narrow slit-like spaces called sinuses. Thus, it is cleansed of various foreign bodies, and contact between foreign agents and lymphocytes is also ensured.
The main function of the lymph nodes is to prevent the spread of pathological processes in the body. This is realized due to the presence of several groups of lymph nodes, in which lymph is filtered from various parts of the body. They are located in such a way as to become an obstacle to infectious processes and prevent foreign antigens from entering various organs and tissues.
The main groups of lymph nodes in the human body are:
- lymph nodes of the head and neck cervical, submandibular, occipital and others);
- lymph nodes of the chest cavity;
- lymph nodes of the abdomen and abdomen mesenteric, iliac, pelvic);
- lymph nodes of the lower extremities inguinal, popliteal);
- upper limb lymph nodes axillary, elbow).
The development of the inflammatory process in the lymph node
If foreign agents appear in any organ ( viruses, bacteria, toxins), then some of them, together with the interstitial fluid, passes into the lymphatic capillaries and is delivered with the lymph flow to the regional lymph nodes. In addition, the infection can enter the lymph nodes by hematogenous ( through the blood) or by contact ( with direct spread from nearby tissues and organs). In rare cases, it is possible to introduce pathogenic microflora directly from environment (in case of injury to the lymph node).In the lymph nodes, foreign antigens interact with lymphocytes, as a result of which the latter are activated and begin to produce specific antibodies - an inflammatory process develops. A large number of other types of leukocytes enter the lymph node from the bloodstream, which contribute to the development of inflammation and the destruction of foreign substances.
Causes of lymphadenitis
Lymphadenitis is caused by various pathogenic microorganisms that enter the lymph nodes.Depending on the type of infection, lymphadenitis can be:
- non-specific;
- specific.
Nonspecific lymphadenitis
Nonspecific lymphadenitis is caused by a number of different in structure and virulence ( contagiousness) microorganisms, but has similar mechanisms of development and clinical manifestations.The causes of nonspecific lymphadenitis can be:
- Bacteria and their toxins. A bacterium is a living cell that can exist and multiply in various organs of the human body, affecting them. Inflammation of the lymph nodes may be due to the ingestion of staphylococcus, streptococcus, Escherichia coli and many other microorganisms. Some of them in the course of their life activity ( or after their death) release certain toxic substances that can also cause lymphadenitis.
- Viruses. Viruses are small fragments of nucleic acids - DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA ( ribonucleic acid), which can only reproduce inside living cells. In the cells of the human body, nucleic acids are contained in the nucleus and are responsible for the processes of cell growth, the performance of specific functions, as well as for the storage and transmission of genetic information. When infected with a virus, its DNA is introduced into the genetic apparatus of the host cell, as a result of which it begins to produce new viral particles. When an infected cell is destroyed, the newly formed viruses are released into the surrounding tissues and infect neighboring cells. Part of the viral fragments seeps into the lymphatic capillaries, lingering in the regional lymph nodes and causing the development of an inflammatory process in them.
- Mushrooms. Fungi are a special class of microorganisms similar to bacteria that can grow in the human body. Science knows many types of mushrooms ( yeast, mold and so on). Some of them are dangerous to humans and, if ingested, can cause the development of various diseases ( mycoses). Others are normal inhabitants of the skin and mucous membranes and acquire pathogenic properties only when their functions are impaired. immune system- for example, with AIDS ( acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
Specific lymphadenitis
Specific lymphadenitis develops as a result of certain types of microorganisms entering the lymph nodes.The cause of specific lymphadenitis can be:
- mycobacterium tuberculosis;
- pale treponema ( the causative agent of syphilis);
- plague wand ( plague agent);
- actinomycete ( pathogenic fungus, causative agent of actinomycosis);
- brucella ( brucellosis pathogens);
- tularemia bacteria ( causative agents of tularemia).
Types of lymphadenitis
Depending on the type of microorganism and its virulence, the inflammatory process in the lymph nodes can develop in different ways.Depending on the rate of development of the inflammatory process, there are:
- Acute lymphadenitis. It develops as a result of damage to the lymph nodes by a highly virulent infection. It is characterized by rapid and pronounced inflammation of the lymph nodes, often against the background of general manifestations of the infectious process ( fever, general weakness, headaches and muscle pain). Without appropriate treatment, acute lymphadenitis can turn into a purulent form, which will eventually lead to purulent melting of the lymph node and damage to surrounding tissues ( development of an abscess or adenophlegmon).
- Chronic lymphadenitis. It develops when infected with a weakly virulent infection or is the outcome of an untreated acute lymphadenitis, when the inflammatory process takes a protracted course. Also, quite often, specific lymphadenitis is characterized by a chronic course ( tuberculous, syphilitic).
Depending on the nature of the inflammatory process, there are:
- catarrhal ( simple) lymphadenitis. Characteristic for initial stage diseases. Violation of the permeability of the capillaries in the inflamed lymph node leads to the fact that the liquid part of the blood leaves the vascular bed and impregnates the tissue of the lymph node. There is also a moderate migration of leukocytes to the focus of inflammation.
- Hyperplastic lymphadenitis. It is a later stage in the development of the disease and is characterized by growth ( hyperplasia) lymphocytes in the inflamed lymph node, as well as a pronounced infiltration of leukocytes ( neutrophils, eosinophils and other cells).
- Purulent lymphadenitis. Is last stage development of bacterial lymphadenitis, when suppuration and purulent destruction of the lymph node occurs. The outcome of this form of the disease may be the formation of an abscess ( confined space filled with pus) or development of adenophlegmon ( diffuse purulent process that extends far beyond the primary focus of infection).
Causes of lymphadenitis in various areas
As mentioned earlier, lymph from different parts of the body is collected in different groups of lymph nodes. Hence, infection a certain area will initially be manifested by inflammation of the regional lymph nodes corresponding to it. If regional lymph nodes do not cope with their barrier function ( with a severe infectious disease or as a result of a weakening of the body's defenses), infectious agents can enter the systemic circulation and spread to other organs and tissues, which can lead to the development of generalized lymphadenitis ( inflammation of various groups of lymph nodes throughout the body).
Causes of submandibular lymphadenitis
The submandibular lymph nodes are located medially from the angle of the lower jaw. Their total number is 8 - 10 pieces.The organs from which lymph flows into the submandibular lymph nodes are:
- skin and soft tissues faces ( lower eyelids, cheeks, nose, lips, chin);
- oral cavity ( mucous membrane of the palate, back of the tongue);
- gums and teeth;
- submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Causes submandibular lymphadenitis
| Facial skin infections |
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| Oral infections |
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| Salivary gland infections |
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Causes of cervical lymphadenitis
In the cervical lymph nodes, the lymph flowing from the head and neck is filtered. Therefore, any infectious processes in this area can lead to inflammation. cervical lymph nodes.There are several groups of lymph nodes in the neck area:
- Surface. They collect lymph from the skin and soft tissues of the neck and head ( except for muscles).
- Deep. They drain lymph from internal organs neck ( from the pharynx, larynx, trachea, upper esophagus, thyroid gland, and neck muscles), as well as from the nasal cavity, mouth, ear and other organs. In addition, the leading lymphatic vessels from the submandibular and other smaller lymph nodes of the head and neck flow into them. Therefore, all of the above infectious processes can cause cervical lymphadenitis ( in violation of the barrier function of the submandibular lymph nodes).
- Fungal diseases of the scalp- trichophytosis ( ringworm), microsporia, scab.
- Otitis - inflammation of the ear caused by pathogenic microorganisms ( pneumococci, staphylococci).
- Tonsillitis - inflammation of the lymphoid formations of the oral cavity ( tonsils) caused by the ingress of pathogenic bacteria or viruses into them.
- Pharyngitis - infectious inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.
- Rhinitis - inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
- Sinusitis - inflammation of one or more paranasal sinuses - maxillary ( sinusitis), frontal ( frontitis), wedge-shaped ( sphenoiditis) and lattice labyrinth ( ethmoiditis).
- Infectious thyroiditis - inflammation caused by viruses or bacteria thyroid gland.
- Infectious mononucleosis - a viral disease in which there is a primary lesion of the cervical, and subsequently other groups of lymph nodes.
- Rubella - a systemic viral disease that develops when the pathogen enters the body through the mucous membranes respiratory tract (by airborne droplets), which leads to inflammation of the cervical, and subsequently other groups of lymph nodes.
- Adenovirus infection - group colds upper respiratory tract caused by adenoviruses.
- Flu - acute respiratory viral infection ( SARS) caused by the influenza virus.
- Festering wounds of the head and neck.
Causes of axillary lymphadenitis
Axillary lymph nodes are also divided into superficial and deep. They collect lymph from the skin, soft tissues and bones of the upper limb, as well as from the upper part of the abdominal wall, chest and mammary gland.The cause of inflammation of the axillary lymph nodes can be:
- Purulent-inflammatory diseases of the skin of the upper limb - furuncle, carbuncle, hydradenitis of the axillary sweat glands, impetigo, erysipelas ( described earlier).
- Suppuration of cuts and abrasions in the arms, chest and upper abdomen.
- Fungal skin lesions- sporotrichosis, trichophytosis, microsporia.
- Osteomyelitis of the bones of the hand inflammatory process caused by pyogenic microorganisms and affecting bone tissue.
- Panaritium - purulent-inflammatory process of the soft tissues of the fingers, which can spread to tendons, bones and joints.
- Mastitis - inflammatory disease mammary gland in women, most often occurring during breastfeeding.
Causes of inguinal lymphadenitis
Inguinal lymph nodes collect lymph from all tissues lower limb, as well as from the external genitalia, perineum, lower part of the abdominal wall and back.All infectious diseases of the skin, soft tissues and bones described earlier can cause inflammation. inguinal lymph nodes if lymph flows into them from the area of \u200b\u200bthe body in which the focus of infection is located.
The cause of inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes can also be:
- Gonorrhea - an infectious disease caused by gonococcus, which is sexually transmitted and is characterized by purulent inflammation of the mucous membranes of the external genital organs ( predominantly in men, very rarely in women).
- Balanoposthitis - inflammation of the skin of the glans penis and foreskin caused by various infectious agents ( usually in case of non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene).
- Colpitis - infectious inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina.
- Vulvit - infectious inflammation of the external female genital organs.
Symptoms of lymphadenitis in various areas
Manifestations of lymphadenitis are primarily due to the presence of an inflammatory process in the lymph nodes, as well as the spread of infection in the body. Symptoms of submandibular lymphadenitis
The manifestations of this form of the disease depend on the size of the lymph nodes, as well as on the nature of the inflammatory process.Symptoms of submandibular lymphadenitis are:
- Enlarged submandibular lymph nodes. To the touch ( palpation) they are defined as dense, painful formations of a round or oval shape, located in the submandibular region on one or both sides, not soldered to the surrounding tissues ( move easily under the skin from side to side). The sizes of lymph nodes vary from a few millimeters in the initial stage to several centimeters in the hyperplastic stage of the disease. Quite often, inflamed lymphatic vessels are palpated in the submandibular region - dense, thin, thread-like structures extending from the inflamed lymph node.
- Pain. In the initial stage of the disease, there may be mild pain on palpation of the submandibular region. As the disease progresses, the pain intensifies and accompanies any movement of the jaw ( when talking, while eating) may also appear at rest.
- Change in the skin. In the initial stages, the skin over the lymph nodes may not be changed. As the inflammatory process develops, redness and swelling of the skin over the focus of inflammation and in the surrounding area is noted ( which is due to the expansion and increase in the permeability of small vessels). There is a local increase in temperature ( 1-2 degrees compared to normal skin).
- Suppuration of the lymph nodes ( develops with a bacterial infection). In the purulent stage, the lymph nodes fuse with each other and with the surrounding tissues, turning into dense, almost immobile formations. The skin over the focus of inflammation is bright red, tense, swollen. There is a pronounced pain on palpation and at rest, which limits the movement of the lower jaw and neck.
- Systemic manifestations. When the infection spreads beyond the lymph nodes, there is a general increase in body temperature up to 38 - 40ºС, general weakness, drowsiness, muscle pain, headaches.
Symptoms of cervical lymphadenitis
The manifestations of this form of the disease are due to the size of the lymph nodes, their location and the nature of the inflammatory process. Symptoms of cervical lymphadenitis are:
- Enlarged cervical lymph nodes. They can be determined on the front or side of the neck, above the collarbone. When palpated, they are characterized by the same signs as the inflamed submandibular nodes ( described above). With inflammation of the superficial lymph nodes, inflamed lymphatic vessels can be palpated.
- Pain. There is pain on palpation, while turning the head, when talking, while chewing and swallowing food.
- Change in the skin. With cervical lymphadenitis, swelling and swelling of the skin in the focus of inflammation, as well as beyond it, is noted. With the development of a purulent form, the skin becomes red in color, small breakthroughs of pus can be determined on its surface. In this case, the general symptoms are very pronounced - there is an increase in body temperature up to 40ºС, weakness, sleep disturbance, headaches.
- Restriction of movements. Associated with pain syndrome that develops in the later stages of the disease - with any turn or tilt of the head, the patient experiences a strong sharp pain in the area of inflammation. In addition, a pronounced increase in deep lymph nodes can lead to compression of various organs of the neck - the vocal cords, trachea, esophagus, large vessels, which will be manifested by the corresponding symptoms ( voice change, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing food).
Symptoms of axillary lymphadenitis
Manifestations of axillary lymphadenitis depend on the activity of the inflammatory process in the affected lymph nodes. In addition, squeezing ( enlarged lymph nodes) tissues, nerves and vessels located near the focus of inflammation, can lead to the appearance of certain symptoms. Symptoms of axillary lymphadenitis are:
- Enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit. More often one is determined, less often - several enlarged lymph nodes. Their palpation characteristics do not differ from lymphadenitis in other areas. Inflamed lymphatic vessels may be seen ( with inflammation of the superficial lymph nodes).
- Pain. There is severe pain in the axillary region, which can spread to the shoulder area and the lateral surface of the chest from the affected side. The patient often takes a forced position of the body with the hand laid aside, which reduces the pressure on the inflamed lymph nodes and somewhat reduces the pain syndrome.
- Changes in the skin in the armpit. With inflammation of the axillary nodes, the skin color over them may remain unchanged for a long time. Only with the development of a purulent process, the skin acquires a purple-red color, becomes edematous, tense.
- Impaired hand movements. The pain is aggravated by touching the area of the inflamed lymph nodes and by moving the hand, which may limit the daily activity of the patient. Also, movements can be limited as a result of a pronounced increase in axillary lymph nodes, reaching several centimeters in diameter.
- Swelling of the hands on the affected side. May occur as a result of squeezing by enlarged lymph nodes of large veins of the shoulder and axillary region. In this case, the outflow of fluid from the upper limb is difficult, it leaves the vascular bed and impregnates the surrounding tissues, leading to the development of edema.
- Violation of sensitivity in the hand on the side of the lesion. This symptom may appear in case of a pronounced increase in axillary lymph nodes. This will lead to compression of the nerve trunks passing in the axillary and shoulder regions, which may manifest as paresthesia ( tingling sensation, crawling on the skin) in the area of the hand on the side of the lesion, a violation of sensitivity, pain and various motor disorders.
Symptoms of inguinal lymphadenitis
The symptoms of this form of the disease are due to the localization and severity of the inflammatory process, as well as the size of the enlarged lymph nodes and the degree of compression of nearby tissues. Symptoms of inguinal lymphadenitis are:
- Enlarged lymph nodes in the groin. Enlarged lymph nodes are located in the region of the inguinal ligament and can reach several centimeters in diameter. Palpation characteristics do not differ from lymphadenitis in other areas.
- Pain. Inguinal lymphadenitis is characterized by severe pain both in the focus of inflammation itself and in the lower abdomen, in the upper part of the leg. Pain is aggravated by walking, which may limit the patient's normal movement.
- Skin changes. The skin over the focus of inflammation and around it is tense, swollen. If a purulent process has not developed, the color of the skin may be normal or pinkish.
- Swelling of the legs on the affected side. The cause of this symptom is both a direct violation of the outflow of lymph through the inflamed lymph nodes, and a pronounced increase in their size, which can lead to compression of large vessels ( including femoral vein passing directly behind the inguinal lymph nodes).
- General condition of the body. Not changed if suppuration of the inflamed lymph node has not occurred. In this case, there is an increase in body temperature up to 38 - 40ºС, general weakness, pain in the muscles of the legs and abdomen, headaches, increased heart rate and other symptoms of intoxication of the body.
Diagnosis of lymphadenitis
Diagnosing lymphadenitis based on the symptoms listed above is fairly easy. It is much more difficult to identify the cause of the disease, which is a prerequisite for prescribing proper treatment. In this case, a number of additional laboratory and instrumental studies are used. In the diagnosis of lymphadenitis is used:
- ultrasonography;
- radiological research methods;
- lymph node biopsy.
General blood analysis ( UAC)
This is one of the first methods prescribed for suspected infectious process in the body. It allows you to identify signs and assess the severity of inflammatory processes, and in case of generalized infections - to identify the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to various antimicrobials.With the help of ultrasound it is possible to determine:
- Location, number, shape, size and structure of the lymph nodes.
- The relationship of the lymph node with the surrounding tissues ( soldered or not).
- The presence of inflammation in the lymphatic vessels of the study area.
- The presence of purulent complications of lymphadenitis ( abscess, phlegmon).
- The presence of a focus of infection in the internal organs.
X-ray methods of research
They are used for suspected damage to deep-lying groups of lymph nodes, which is typical for a number of systemic infectious diseases.X-ray methods include:
- Plain radiograph of the chest and abdomen. Allows you to identify groups of enlarged lymph nodes ( bronchopulmonary, tracheal and other), to determine the damage to the bones of the extremities in osteomyelitis. With specific tuberculous lymphadenitis, it is possible to determine the foci of tuberculosis in the lung tissue.
- CT scan – modern method research that allows you to more accurately determine the size, location and shape of inflamed lymph nodes, the presence of abscesses or adenophlegmon, the degree of spread of the purulent process in the affected area.
Biopsy of a lymph node
Invasive research method ( associated with a violation of the integrity of the skin), the essence of which is to remove and further study part of the inflamed lymph node. This method is associated with a number of complications, so its use in lymphadenitis is strictly limited.Indications for performing a biopsy of the lymph node are:
- suspicion of the tumor nature of the enlargement of the lymph node;
- chronic lymphadenitis;
- suspicion of specific lymphadenitis;
- lack of effect from the prescribed treatment ( with acute or chronic lymphadenitis).
The biopsy is performed in a sterile operating room, under local or general anesthesia.
To take material from inflamed lymph nodes, the following is used:
- Needle biopsy. In this case, a special hollow needle is inserted into the affected lymph node, while part of its tissues passes into the lumen of the needle.
- Fine needle aspiration biopsy. A special thin needle is used, the inner diameter of which is less than 1 millimeter. The needle is connected to an empty syringe and inserted into the affected lymph node ( often under ultrasound guidance), followed by aspiration ( exhaustion) lymph node tissue into a syringe and its further study.
Research results
The resulting material is sent to the laboratory, where it is stained with special dyes and examined under a microscope. This allows you to identify tumor cells in the lymph node ( if available), as well as to determine the severity and nature of the inflammatory process - the predominance of lymphocytes will testify in favor of a viral lesion of the lymph node, the predominance of neutrophils - in favor of a bacterial infection.
Also, the resulting material is sown on special nutrient media intended for growing certain types of microorganisms. The nutrient medium with the test material is placed in a special thermostat, which creates optimal conditions for the growth and reproduction of bacteria. If an infectious agent is present in the punctate of the lymph node, then it will begin to actively multiply, and after a while whole colonies of these microorganisms will appear on the nutrient medium. This allows you to accurately determine the type of pathogen, as well as determine its sensitivity to various antibacterial drugs, which will allow you to prescribe the most effective treatment.
Treatment of lymphadenitis
As mentioned earlier, lymphadenitis is a manifestation of the presence of an infection in a specific area of the body. Therefore, for the complete elimination of inflammation, it is necessary to eliminate its root cause - the primary infectious focus. At the same time, the inflammatory process itself should not be ignored, as it can progress, leading to the development of serious complications. Which doctor to contact?
With a painful enlargement of the lymph nodes in any part of the body, you should seek advice from your family doctor as soon as possible. The doctor will carefully examine the affected area, examine all other groups of lymph nodes, prescribe laboratory tests, and, if necessary, refer you to a consultation with other specialists.Depending on the location and type of lymphadenitis, you may need to consult the following specialists:
- Otorhinolaryngologist ( Laura) and/or a dentist – with inflammation of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes.
- Urologist - with inflammation of the inguinal lymph nodes.
- Therapist - with inflammation of the lymph nodes in the chest or abdominal cavity ( identified using various instrumental diagnostic methods).
- Dermatologist - in chronic infectious diseases of the skin.
- Phthisiatrician - with tuberculous lymphadenitis.
- Surgeon - in the presence of signs of a purulent process in the inflamed lymph nodes.
- drug treatment;
- physiotherapy;
- folk methods of treatment;
- surgery.
Medical treatment
The principles of drug treatment of lymphadenitis is etiotropic therapy aimed at eliminating the root cause of the disease ( in this case, the primary foci of infection in the body), as well as symptomatic therapy, the purpose of which is to reduce the manifestations of the inflammatory process in the lymph nodes and improve the general well-being of the patient.Medical treatment of lymphadenitis
| Symptomatic therapy | ||||
| Drug group | Representatives | Mechanism of therapeutic action | Methods of application and dosage | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | Ketorolac | In all tissues of the body, it inhibits the activity of the cyclooxygenase enzyme involved in the formation of prostaglandins, biologically active substances that play an important role in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory process. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. | Take orally, after meals, with a glass of warm water or milk. The recommended dose is 5-10 milligrams ( mg) 3-4 times a day. Maximum daily dose- 40 mg. The course of treatment is not more than 5 days. | |
| Nimesulide(Nimesil) | The drug of the latest generation, selectively inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase in the focus of inflammation. Practically does not affect healthy tissues of the body, due to which it is deprived of many side effects characteristic of conventional anti-inflammatory drugs. It has a pronounced anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect. | It is taken orally, in the form of a powder. Dissolved in 100 ml of hot boiled water. The recommended dose is 100 mg ( 1 sachet) 2 times a day. The course of treatment is not more than 10 days. | ||
| Antihistamines | cetirizine | Blocks H 1 - histamine receptors located on the inner surface of the walls of blood vessels and cell membranes of leukocytes ( lymphocytes, basophils and neutrophils). The mechanism of action of cetirizine is due to:
| Take orally with a glass of warm water.
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| Etiotropic therapy | ||||
| Antibacterial drugs | Amoxiclav | Combined drug, consisting of the antibiotic amoxicillin ( derivative of penicillin) and clavulanic acid. Amoxicillin blocks the formation of bacterial cell wall components, which leads to the death of microorganisms. Clavulanic acid protects amoxicillin from the action of beta-lactamases - special enzymes that destroy penicillins ( are produced by some pathogenic bacteria and reduce the effectiveness penicillin antibiotics ). It is used to treat nonspecific lymphadenitis. | Take orally, 15 minutes after eating.
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| Ceftriaxone | Synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. The mechanism of action is associated with a violation of the formation of components of cell membranes and the death of bacteria. It is used to treat nonspecific lymphadenitis. | Administered intramuscularly ( injections are very painful) or intravenously.
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| Clindamycin | Binds to the 50S subunit of the ribosome ( intracellular structures responsible for the synthesis of bacterial cell components). Inhibits division processes ( breeding) bacteria. | Inside, after eating.
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| Benzylpenicillin | A derivative of penicillin used in the treatment of specific lymphadenitis in syphilis. The mechanism of action is associated with the suppression of the formation of bacterial cell wall components ( including pale treponema - the causative agent of syphilis), leading to their death. | It is administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
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| Antivirals | Acyclovir | Embedded in viral DNA, disrupting the reproduction of the virus. Does not affect the DNA of human cells. It is prescribed for viral lymphadenitis caused by the herpes virus, Epstein-Bar, cytomegalovirus. | Inside, at a dose of 200-500 mg 4-5 times a day. The minimum course of treatment is 10 days. | |
| rimantadine | Suppresses the processes of reproduction of viruses in the cells of the body, and also stimulates antiviral immunity. It is prescribed for lymphadenitis caused by influenza and herpes viruses. | Inside, after eating, drinking a glass of warm water.
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| Anti-tuberculosis drugs | Ethambutol | It inhibits the formation of RNA in actively growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to the cessation of reproduction and cell death. | Inside, 1 time per day, 30 minutes before meals, at a dose of 15 - 25 mg / kg. The duration of treatment is several months. | |
| Rifampicin | Suppresses the processes of formation of various protein structures of bacterial cells ( including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), leading to their death. | Take orally, on an empty stomach, 30 minutes before meals.
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| Capreomycin | Suppresses the synthesis of protein molecules in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, providing a bacteriostatic effect ( stops the reproduction of bacteria). | It is administered intramuscularly or intravenously, at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg/day. The course of treatment is several years, during which the dosage and frequency of administration may vary. | ||
| Antifungal drugs | Fluconazole | Violates the formation of structural components and increases the permeability of fungal membranes, which disrupts the processes of their growth and reproduction. | Inside, at a dose of 200 - 400 mg 1 time per day. The duration of treatment depends on the type and location of the infection. | |
| Amphotericin B | Violates the permeability of fungal membranes, as a result of which their structural components go into the extracellular space, and the fungus dies. | Enter intravenously, drip, slowly. The recommended daily dose is 0.25 - 0.3 mg/kg. | ||
Physiotherapy
It consists in the impact on the body of various physical factors in order to obtain a therapeutic effect. The use of physiotherapy for lymphadenitis facilitates general state patient, reduces inflammation in the lymph nodes and promotes the speedy recovery of damaged tissues.Of the physiotherapeutic methods in the treatment of lymphadenitis are used:
- ultra high frequency ( UHF) therapy;
- laser therapy;
- galvanization.
This method involves the impact on the human body of a high-frequency electromagnetic field. This leads to an increase in temperature in the affected area, contributes to the expansion of blood vessels and the migration of leukocytes to the focus of inflammation, the growth of connective tissue. The described effects contribute to the enhancement of local anti-infective tissue immunity and faster resolution of the inflammatory process.
UHF therapy is indicated in the presence of an acute inflammatory process in the lymph nodes. Absolute contraindications are the suspicion of a tumor process, as well as specific tuberculous lymphadenitis. It is not recommended to use this method if there are symptoms of a general infectious process in the body ( fever, chills, heart palpitations, muscle pain and so on).
Laser therapy
The essence of this method is the impact of light waves of a certain length on the tissues of the body. This leads to an improvement in microcirculation in the inflamed lymph node, has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect, and also stimulates reparative ( restorative) processes.
This method is prescribed for acute and chronic lymphadenitis. Contraindications are the same as for UHF therapy. In addition, laser exposure to areas of the skin in which there are benign neoplasms ( moles, age spots and others).
Galvanization
The essence of the method lies in the impact on the body of a constant electric current of low strength ( up to 50 milliamps) and low voltage ( 30 - 80 volts), which passes through the tissues of the body, causing a number of complex physiological processes. It has a local analgesic effect, improves microcirculation in the area of current exposure, promotes the restoration of damaged tissues and nerve fibers.
This method is used at the recovery stage of treatment after eliminating the cause of lymphadenitis and reducing the activity of the inflammatory process in the lymph nodes, as well as when chronic forms lymphadenitis.
Folk methods of treatment
Folk remedies are used mainly to reduce the symptoms of inflammation in the lymph nodes, improve the general condition and speed up the healing process. It should be noted that the use of traditional medicine methods is permissible only in combination with antibiotic therapy and only after establishing the true cause of the enlarged lymph nodes. The greatest effect can be achieved in the early stages of nonspecific lymphadenitis, when inflammatory and destructive ( destructive) processes are expressed insignificantly.The most common folk methods for treating lymphadenitis are:
- warming up the lymph nodes;
- herbal preparations;
- echinacea tincture.
Is widespread folk method, effective in the initial stages of lymphadenitis, as well as in the recovery period. Before using this method, it is necessary to consult a doctor and establish the true nature of the enlarged lymph nodes.
Warming up the lymph nodes is absolutely contraindicated:
- in the presence of a tumor process in enlarged lymph nodes;
- with specific tuberculous lymphadenitis;
- with the development of adenophlegmon;
- if there are signs of intoxication of the body ( fever, muscle and headaches, heart palpitations).
With a progressive increase in lymph nodes after the start of treatment, an increase in body temperature or a deterioration in general well-being, heating should be stopped immediately and a specialist should be consulted.
Herbal preparations
The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of various plants have been used in the treatment of lymphadenitis for many decades. They should be used in combination with other treatments.
- Infusion of dandelion roots. Pour 10 g of crushed raw materials with a glass of boiling water. Infuse for 4 hours, then strain and take 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day.
- Infusion of nettle flowers. 5 tablespoons of dried nettle flowers should be poured with 1 liter of boiling water. Insist for 2 hours, then strain and take 100 ml 2 times a day. This infusion has a certain anti-inflammatory effect, and also helps to eliminate toxins from the body.
- Aloe juice. Aloe leaves must be washed, crushed and squeezed out of them juice. Add 200 g of honey to 100 g of juice and infuse for 1 day. Take 1 teaspoon 2 times a day. It has a certain anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect.
Echinacea is a herbal plant, the components of which are part of more than 200 different medicines. Stimulates the overall immunity of the body, increases resistance to the effects of pathogenic microorganisms ( both bacteria and viruses, fungi).
The beneficial effects of echinacea in lymphadenitis are due to:
- increased migration of lymphocytes to the focus of inflammation;
- increased phagocytic activity of leukocytes;
- facilitating the release of biologically active substances in the focus of inflammation.
Echinacea tincture can be used:
- Outwardly. A compress with echinacea tincture is usually used. To do this, dilute 10 - 20 ml of warm tincture ( not hot!) with water in a ratio of 1: 2, moisten a bandage or gauze in it and apply a compress to the site of inflammation overnight. It is not recommended to use this method for more than 5 - 7 days.
- inside. Adults take 20-40 drops of tincture dissolved in 100 ml of warm water, 1-2 times a day. Dose for children - 5 - 10 drops 1 - 2 times a day.
Surgical treatments
Surgical treatment is resorted to with the development of purulent complications of lymphadenitis - abscess and adenophlegmon. Under local or general anesthesia, a purulent focus is opened, pus and destroyed tissues are removed. The prevalence of the purulent process, the degree of damage to nearby organs and tissues is determined. At the end of the operation, the suppuration center is washed with antiseptic solutions ( e.g. furacilin), the wound is sutured and drained - a special tube is installed in the wound cavity ( drainage), through which the outflow of inflammatory fluid and pus occurs, and various antiseptic solutions can also be introduced.Inflammation of the lymph nodes - symptoms, causes, complications and what to do?
If a person notices seals that have appeared on his neck just below the ear or lower jaw, you should immediately consult a doctor. Most likely, cervical lymphadenitis can manifest itself in this way. This is by no means a cause for panic, but timely diagnosis disease is the key to successful treatment.
The patient's condition, accompanied by a sharp increase in lymph nodes, in medicine is called lymphodenopathy. This is a rather generalized name, rather, describing the clinical picture of the development of the disease. But the causes of it can be a variety of diseases, including lymphadenitis.
Lymphadenitis- this is an infectious lesion of large lymph nodes (See general article). As a rule, the disease has a fairly well-defined localization. Usually, an increase in nodes is noticeable in the armpits, in the area of the elbows or knee joints. Cervical lymphadenitis is also quite common, due to the proximity to the surface of the body of the pharyngeal lymph nodes (between the angle of the lower jaw and the ear), submandibular and superficial cervical (near the collarbone).
Causes and classification of cervical lymphadenitis
As a rule, the cause of inflammation of the nodes is the penetration into the lymphatic system of an external infection - various kinds of pathogens. There are cases of the onset of inflammation from the ingestion of products of organic decay of tissues or even microscopic foreign bodies into the vessels.
With the usual development of the disease, when lymphadenitis is the main disease, as a rule, there is a history of wound damage to the skin, purulent wounds or pronounced inflammatory processes (boils, abscesses). However, manifestations of lymphadenitis can also be the result of chronic or acute diseases occurring in the body, such as tuberculosis, influenza, inflammation of the lungs and upper respiratory tract, tonsillitis. Often, a long-standing oral cavity with active carious processes or advanced periodontal disease, or even a person’s careless attitude to the treatment of chronic rhinitis (rhinitis) leads to inflammation of the lymph nodes.
The causative agents of lymphadenitis can be a number of pathogenic bacteria.- streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli or purulent coli. Penetrating with the flow of lymph from the primary site of the lesion into the lymph nodes, microorganisms actively multiply, accumulate in them, affecting the nodes themselves and adjacent tissues with produced toxins.
Often there is also a hematogenous route of infection (through the bloodstream), which can manifest itself in chronic infectious diseases of internal organs (liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract).
According to their manifestations and nature of progression cervical lymphadenitis can be acute, purulent, may have a serous form, go into a chronic non-specific stage. In the case of neglect of the disease or improper treatment, the appearance of adenophlegmon is not excluded.
Symptoms of cervical lymphadenitis
A person who monitors his health will immediately see the first manifestations of cervical lymphadenitis. The lymph nodes noticeably increase and thicken, there is a feeling of soreness when you press them. Often this is accompanied by a constant headache, difficulty swallowing, general malaise, weakness, aching joints, fever.
If appropriate measures are not taken, the disease can become serous form. At the same time, the general condition of a person does not improve, the lymph nodes become even larger and harder, they become constantly painful, even without touching them.
In chronic non-specific stage(more characteristic of people with insufficient immune system functions) lymphadenitis can proceed sluggishly, almost asymptomatically. A person gets used to small swellings on the neck, as well as to a constant slightly elevated temperature body. However, this does not mean that the disease is on the decline, at any moment it can go into its severe forms.
When the disease is advanced, it can go into a purulent stage.. The pain becomes sharp, more often - pulsating, twitching. The skin areas above the lymph nodes acquire a dark red color, which indicates the activation of the inflammatory process. The swellings grow, merging with each other and with the surrounding tissues. Touching such nodes is extremely painful. The body temperature rises sharply to 38 degrees and above, the general condition of the patient worsens.
The most severe form of untreated lymphadenitis is the formation of adenophlegmon. Hyperemia of the skin spreads over a large area, areas of obvious softening appear on the affected areas, which indicates the formation of extensive internal purulent tissue lesions. The temperature rises to critical values, accompanied by severe malaise, headaches, disorders of the cardiovascular system. In this case, emergency hospitalization of the patient is necessary, since the consequences can be the most sad.
In children the process of development of lymphadenitis is much more active than in adults. Usually, its symptoms occur against the background of the current respiratory disease, sore throats, flu. Most often, submandibular nodes are affected in babies. The child's temperature rises, he becomes restless, there is a decrease in appetite and sleep disturbance. In addition, sometimes pain in the neck does not allow him to keep his head straight, which can cause developmental disorders of the cervical spine.
Diagnosis of the disease
At the slightest manifestation of these symptoms, it is necessary to consult a doctor for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
- The specialist, as a rule, begins with an external examination of the patient, palpation of the affected areas. The patient's history is taken into account and specialized laboratory research. Their significance cannot be overestimated, since the development of lymphadenitis can indicate the development in the human body of such serious diseases as tuberculosis, syphilis, oncological disorders, tularemia, plague.
- Of course, a general blood test of the patient will show a lot. But for a more complete picture, as a rule, a puncture of the node is performed to direct its contents for histological analysis.
- A person's predisposition to tuberculosis infection is taken into account (the results of the latest Mantoux tests), a fluorographic examination of the lungs and chest organs is mandatory.
- With insufficient objective data and the etiology of the disease is not fully understood, ultrasound examinations of the lymph nodes and abdominal organs can be performed.
- To identify the full clinical picture, an analysis for HIV infection, studies using computed tomography methods are often required.
- In acute purulent forms of lymphadenitis, and, in particular, when it develops into the stage of phlegmon, the diagnosis is carried out simultaneously with surgical intervention. Delay in this case is unacceptable, since under adverse conditions for the development of the disease, the most severe complications are possible - up to osteomyelitis, meningitis and general sepsis.
Treatment of cervical lymphadenitis
In the initial stages of the development of the disease, its treatment is carried out, as a rule, on an outpatient basis. Even before receiving detailed histological analyzes, the patient is prescribed antibiotics. penicillin series. Subsequently, with a clearer clinical picture, the list of anti-inflammatory drugs can be clarified or changed by a specialist doctor.
If lymphadenitis is an external manifestation of other disease processes occurring in the body, then the doctor's prescriptions will be directed, first of all, to the elimination of causative diseases.
Any treatment regimen implies, along with antibiotics, the use of general strengthening drugs, vitamin complexes that increase the body's immunity and improve the patient's overall well-being.
With purulent forms, it is possible that therapeutic agents will not be enough, and you will have to resort to surgical intervention, followed by disinfection, removal of pus and drainage of the site.
In especially severe cases, as well as if lymphadenitis is caused by atypical types of bacteria that are not amenable to drug treatment, a surgical operation is performed to excise the affected lymph nodes.
Physiotherapeutic treatment (electrophoresis, ultrasound, galvanotherapy) has a positive effect. The only thing to be warned about is that in no case should warm compresses be used, as this leads to the activation of inflammatory processes.
Cervical lymphadenitis is a serious disease that does not tolerate neglect or unskilled self-medication. Particularly heavy possible consequences development of advanced disease. Therefore, at the first suspicion of an increase in lymph nodes, you should immediately consult a doctor to establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe a set of therapeutic measures.
Cervical lymphadenitis is manifested by acute or chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes located in the neck. This disease immediately shows typical symptoms, such localization is easy to diagnose, so you can start treatment on time to prevent complications. The cause of cervical lymphadenitis in young children and adults is more often oral diseases caused by viral and bacterial microorganisms. A distant purulent focus can also become a factor in the development of the disease.
Causes
The defeat of regional lymph nodes is often preceded by a purulent process in the face. Among the most common causative agents of the disease are staphylococci and streptococci. Depending on the causative factor, lymphadenitis is classified into specific and nonspecific. In the first case, the cause will be a severe infection, diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria and many others. Nonspecific inflammation occurs when the infectious agent directly enters the lymph node through wounds in the neck without aggravating pathologies.
The risk group includes people with a weakened defense mechanism, children with frequent infectious diseases, adults who work with animals, land and polluted water. It is most often diagnosed in people over the age of 18.
Risk factors:
- infection in the oral cavity and nasopharynx;
- pathology endocrine system, especially the thyroid gland;
- immunodeficiency, HIV;
- complicated allergic reaction;
- violation of metabolic processes;
- alcohol abuse.
Cervical lymphadenitis is not a contagious disease, it is a secondary process that develops as a complication of a running bacterial or viral process.
The treatment of lymphadenitis is carried out by a surgeon, ENT, pediatrician, infectious disease specialist and other specialists, depending on the consequences and concomitant disorders in the body.
Stages of inflammation
The inflammation proceeds sharply, then gradually passes into a chronic stage. Depending on the state of the immune system, there may be no clear signs at the initial stage of the pathology, then lymphadenitis is diagnosed already at the chronic stage.
Stages of acute cervical lymphadenitis:
- Serous. It develops after the penetration of the pathogen into the lymph nodes. Accompanied by moderate symptoms without severe intoxication of the body. The temperature rarely rises to 38 degrees, the prognosis of treatment is favorable.
- Purulent. Occurs due to bacterial infection. It is manifested by severe symptoms with an increase in temperature up to 39 degrees. Immediate surgical treatment is required.
- Complicated. Without surgery, the infection spreads to neighboring lymph nodes. Adenophlegmon appears, inflammation of the deep layers of the skin.
The transition to the chronic stage is accompanied by subsidence clinical manifestations, pronounced signs disappear, but intoxication of the body continues, which is accompanied by constant weakness, lack of appetite, subfebrile temperature body.
Forms of the disease
Depending on the pathogen, there are specific and nonspecific lymphadenitis. According to the intensity and duration of the pathology, acute, chronic, complicated and recurrent pathology is noted.
Features of the course, depending on the etiology:
- nonspecific inflammation occurs against the background of a fungal or viral infection, easier to treat, less likely to lead to complications;
- specific inflammation is a sign of severe pathology, including tuberculosis, syphilis, typhoid fever and plague.
Complicated inflammation in small child and adults can result in the spread of pathology to other lymph nodes, which will lead to a serious illness - generalized lymphadenitis. From less dangerous consequences it is possible to distinguish adenophlegmon and exacerbation of existing diseases against the background of a decrease in immunity.
Symptoms
General signs of the disease:
- at acute form the temperature rises;
- weakness, poor sleep and lack of appetite;
- neurological symptoms (migraine, apathy, dizziness);
- intoxication.
At the initial stage of the disease, one can observe an increase and compaction of regional lymph nodes. On palpation, they are painful and soldered to the surrounding tissues. This is a serous stage of the disease, if you do not seek help, the symptoms increase, the swelling of the lymph nodes persists for several weeks, the process passes into the chronic stage.
Symptoms of chronic lymphadenitis:
- swelling of the lymph nodes;
- temperature rise to 37.5-38 degrees;
- malaise, drowsiness, loss of sleep;
- slight pain during palpation.
At the chronic stage, the symptoms are poorly distinguishable, the body "gets used" and less resources are spent on fighting the disease. This leads to slow poisoning by decay products and areas of necrosis.
As purulent tissue damage increases, external signs of inflammation increase and at one moment the disease worsens. The transition to the purulent stage will be indicated by strong pain and pulsation on palpation, swelling of the lymph nodes, which are already soldered to the surrounding tissues. Body temperature rises to 38 degrees and above, the condition becomes life-threatening.
In children, lymphadenitis is more active, it quickly passes from one stage to another. More often in a child, inflammation of the submandibular nodes and the spread of the pathological process to the neck can be observed.
Diagnostics
During an external examination, the doctor pays attention to the affected lymph nodes and surrounding tissues to identify the causative factor. Clinical Analysis blood will show an inflammatory process, an increase in the level of lymphocytes, and if lymphadenitis is not complicated by other disorders, treatment begins immediately. When the doctor sees changes in other organs, instrumental diagnostics and additional tests are prescribed.
A comprehensive examination includes:
- clinical blood test;
- puncture, histological examination node material;
- chest x-ray for suspected tuberculosis;
- ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity with an unexplained cause of inflammation;
- computed tomography to visualize the focus of the disease and surrounding tissues;
- testing for HIV and hepatitis.
The visit to the doctor should not depend on the stage of the disease. A decrease in swelling and the absence of pain does not mean recovery. At any time, lymphadenitis can worsen, then urgent surgical treatment will have to be carried out. The best option would be a visit to the doctor when the first symptoms appear: swelling and pain in the neck. In this case, it will be possible to plan a drug therapy regimen and prepare for surgery.
Methods of treatment
With purulent lymphadenitis, surgical treatment is indicated. The focus is opened, the contents are removed, processed and drained. Then symptomatic treatment is prescribed.
Medical therapy is carried out depending on etiological factor. Symptomatic drugs for pain relief, anti-inflammatory and restorative drugs are prescribed. The doctor prescribes antibacterial drugs. During the period of subsiding of symptoms, physiotherapeutic procedures can be performed, including UHF therapy, galvanization and drug electrophoresis.
Prevention
For the primary prevention of cervical lymphadenitis, it is important to treat inflammatory and purulent diseases in the face and chest in a timely manner. Given the risk of the disease occurring against the background of diseases of the oral cavity, it is necessary to visit the dentist regularly for professional hygiene and sanitation.
Pathogenic microflora accumulates in hard dental deposits, which can trigger inflammation of the gums and periodontium. Without treatment, with a weakened immune system, this threatens to spread the infection to regional lymph nodes and bone tissue.
Prevention includes:
- taking vitamin complexes;
- treatment of wounds and scratches on the skin;
- treatment of boils, abscesses and other foci of purulent infection.
It is not allowed to treat cervical lymphadenitis at home without a preliminary examination by a doctor. Warm compresses and many other traditional medicine methods can lead to the spread of infection and blood poisoning.
Very often, at a doctor's appointment, patients, hearing a diagnosis, are frightened by incomprehensible terms, because they do not know what such a disease can threaten, especially if they have not encountered it before. Behind the frightening word "lymphadenitis" actually lies the usual inflammation of the nodes. lymphatic system. Such a disease is not a sentence, however, in any case, it cannot be left to chance, since untimely treatment of lymphadenitis can lead to unpleasant consequences . But before starting treatment, it is necessary to understand why lymphadenitis occurs, what its symptoms are and in what form this disease can occur.
What is lymphadenitis?
Lymphadenitis is an inflammatory process that occurs in the nodes of the lymphatic system, that is, in the lymph nodes. These nodes are peripheral organs, which contain very important cells responsible for protecting the body. These cells have a close relationship with the circulatory system. You can imagine the lymph nodes as a kind of filters that do not let into the body harmful substances and don't let them spread.
Lymph nodes become inflamed most often due to infection, i.e. infection of the body with microorganisms, disease-causing. Bacteria are carried throughout the body by blood and lymph, and settle in the lymph nodes, provoking their inflammation. Depending on the type of infection, lymph nodes in different parts of the body can become inflamed. Thus, lymphadenitis in most cases is a consequence of some infectious process that occurs in the body.
Many people confuse the concepts and "lymphadenitis", because these words sound similar. In fact, only the second is the name of the disease, since the first is only a symptom or a painless reaction of the body to a rather serious pathology (AIDS, syphilis, etc.). Of course, in such cases, the diagnosis requires clarification. Only after examination and testing, the patient is diagnosed with lymphadenitis.
Common causes and types of lymphadenitis
The most common reason due to which lymphadenitis occurs, as noted above, is any disease of the body. Most often, the lymph nodes are infected during inflammatory processes of an acute and chronic nature. It can be ulcers, abscesses, boils, fistulas. Less commonly, lymphadenitis occurs with common infectious diseases.
When an infection enters the lymph node, it becomes inflamed and increases in size. This is due to the accumulation of cells that respond to an inflammatory response in the place where the bacterium has entered. Both one lymph node and several neighboring lymph nodes can become inflamed. Such lymphadenitis will be called regional.
The most common localization of lymphadenitis
Types of lymphadenitis, depending on which part of the body the inflamed nodes are located, are called differently:
- Cervical;
- Submandibular;
- Inguinal;
- Axillary;
- parotid;
- Mesenteric (or mesadenitis) ...
Lymphadenitis of these types are more common than others.
Symptoms of lymphadenitis
Common to all possible types of lymphadenitis is one sign - an outwardly noticeable increase in inflamed lymph nodes in the area into which the infection that caused the inflammatory process has penetrated.
Cervical
Cervical lymphadenitis is expressed, as the name implies, by inflammation of the lymph nodes located on the neck. Pressing on the formed seals of the lymph nodes causes pain. In addition to inflammation in cervical lymphadenitis, the general well-being of the patient worsens, he develops headache and temperature.
In the acute form of this type of disease, strong suppurations form in the region of the lymph nodes. Both children and adults are equally susceptible to this disease, however, cervical lymphadenitis occurs faster in children, but with more unpleasant symptoms in the form of headache, severe pain when pressing on the lymph nodes, temperature (38⁰ and above), sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, and also the formation of severe swelling of the neck.
Submandibular
Submandibular lymphadenitis begins with mild pain when pressed behind the ear or under the jaw. At the initial stage, the nodes move under the skin and do not interfere with chewing or smiling at all. On the third day, the patient develops a clearly visible painful swelling under the jaw, which gradually increases in size and begins to occupy the entire submandibular part of the face, sometimes even going down the neck to the collarbone. If left untreated, swelling and redness of the mucosa on the side of the mouth where the inflammation is located can add to the unpleasant symptoms.
If such lymphadenitis is not treated at this stage, later everything will become even sadder, since the pain will turn into a pulling-shooting one, the person will have a fever, and the skin of his face will gradually turn from red to burgundy. When the pus starts to come out in the direction of the skin, it will turn blue.
In the groin
A noticeable increase and thickening of the lymph nodes located in the groin is the first sign of inguinal lymphadenitis. To these symptoms, as the disease develops, fever is usually added, pain in the lower abdomen, especially pronounced when moving. Also, with lymphadenitis in the groin, the skin often reddens at the site of inflammation, and the sick person may feel a general breakdown. If the inflammation is not treated, it can spread not only to the nearest, but also to all the lymph nodes of the body.
Armpit
Axillary lymphadenitis has symptoms similar to all other types of this disease: inflammation leads to an increase in the size of the nodes, and when pressed on them, the patient experiences pain. Flowing into a purulent form (and this will happen if treatment is not taken in time), lymphadenitis in the armpits is able to unite all the nodes of the lymphatic system with a common inflammation, thereby spreading the disease throughout the body.
Forms of lymphadenitis
According to the duration of the course of the disease, lymphadenitis, like many other diseases, is acute and chronic, according to the type of infectious agents - specific and nonspecific, according to the progression - purulent and non-purulent.
Acute lymphadenitis characterized by a rapidly progressive course of the disease, when the symptoms gradually increase, and with appropriate treatment gradually subside. All this happens in a relatively short period of time.
Chronic lymphadenitis delayed for a long time, can last up to several months or even years. Usually this form of the disease is associated with other chronic diseases organisms that make themselves felt from time to time.
Nonspecific lymphadenitis caused by various pyogenic microbes - staphylococci, streptococci and others, as well as the toxins that they secrete, and the decay products of tissues in the focus of the purulent process.
Specific lymphadenitis it happens with diseases such as syphilis, tuberculosis, plague, etc.
With purulent lymphadenitis inflammation spreads to the tissue adjacent to the infected node, causing redness and swelling of the tissues, as well as infiltration and suppuration in the node itself, which can break through, with non-purulent inflammation does not go beyond the lymph node.
Reactive lymphadenitis- this is not a separate form of it, as many people think, but just the name of the rapid process of increasing inflamed nodes.
Video: purulent forms of infectious inflammation - why are they dangerous?
Causes of lymphadenitis, taking into account localization
Cervical
The most common type of lymphadenitis is cervical lymphadenitis. The reason for its appearance is the influenza virus, pneumonia, tonsillitis, purulent tonsillitis, acute respiratory infections and other infectious diseases. Also, the cause of lymphadenopathy of the cervical nodes can be some diseases of the oral cavity, which proceed sluggishly - gingivitis, periodontal disease, caries.
Submandibular
If the focus of inflammation is in the mouth, submandibular lymphadenitis may occur. The cause can be diseases such as tonsillitis, caries (especially chronic) and various diseases gums
Inguinal
Widespread inguinal lymphadenitis (inflammation of the nodes of the lymphatic system located in the groin) may be the result of a concomitant disease, accompanied by inflammation, and a sign venereal disease. There is an opinion that groin lymphadenitis is much less common in children than in adults. Any trauma with an infection in the groin area can also cause this type of inflammation, but only in people with excessively weakened immune systems.
Axillary
Do not be surprised if the doctor examining the patient calls inflammation of the tonsils or caries the cause of axillary lymphadenitis. In the axillary lymph nodes, bacteria carried by lymph can get from the chest, shoulder girdle, as well as from the neck or face, resulting in axillary lymphadenitis.
More rare localizations
An ear piercing that causes suppuration, extrusion of a blackhead with accidental entry of dirt into the wound, and other injuries that lead to an inflammatory process can cause parotid lymphadenitis, which is considered the most dangerous because it can lead to meningitis.
The cause of lymphadenitis, which is most common in children and is called mesenteric (it is formed in the mesenteric nodes), are all common diseases of the upper respiratory tract, as well as inflammation in the tonsils. A disease such as tuberculosis also appears in the list of causes of this type of problems with the lymph nodes.
Treatment of lymphadenitis
Treatment of any type of lymphadenitis requires a mandatory examination by a doctor. Many patients, especially in the initial stage of the disease, think that they can cope with inflammation of the lymph nodes on their own and delay the visit to a specialist, thereby only worsening their well-being and increasing the chances of the disease turning into a purulent form.
Lymphadenopathy of the cervical nodes, which manifested itself after the flu, acute respiratory infections and tonsillitis, usually disappears without medication treatment, by itself, although in some cases the doctor may find it necessary to prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs to the patient.
If lymphadenitis has passed into a serious stage and suppuration has appeared in the lymph nodes, it is necessary to take antibiotics, but not chosen independently, but prescribed by the attending physician, since only a specialist can choose the right group of drugs correctly.
In addition to compliance individual recommendations from a doctor, you can speed up the healing process with the help of physiotherapy, and at home, patients are advised to use anti-inflammatory ointments, take multivitamins and drugs that contain a large amount of vitamin C necessary for the body during inflammatory processes.
The patient should drink plenty of water, be warm and avoid hypothermia. Sometimes, when the treatment does not bring results, and the suppuration on the lymph nodes does not resolve, it is necessary to do an operation, during which the suppuration is opened to remove the pus that has accumulated there.
How is submandibular lymphadenitis treated?
Submandibular lymphadenitis is usually treated locally with Burow's fluid, and doctors use penicillin to suppress the infection. If suppuration has formed, for its resorption, heating with sollux and warm lotions are prescribed, before that, getting rid of the source of infection. If a whole group of lymph nodes is inflamed, it is carried out surgical intervention, during which a drainage tube is inserted through the submandibular incision to remove pus.
Inguinal lymphadenitis in men and women is treated the same, usually this is a state of rest for the patient (restriction of walking and physical activity) and broad-spectrum antibiotics. To get rid of inflammation in the purulent form of lymphadenitis in the groin, an opening and drainage of the focus of suppuration is used.
Relief of inflammation in the armpit
With axillary lymphadenitis, the infection that caused the disease is initially eliminated (usually this is done with antibiotics), after which physiotherapy sessions, general strengthening exercises and cold compresses are prescribed to the patient until complete recovery. Axillary lymphadenitis that has flowed into a purulent form requires surgical intervention.
Among patients with lymphadenitis, there is a widespread opinion about the effectiveness of folk remedies for the treatment of this disease, and there really is some truth in this, since ethnoscience capable of defeating some unpleasant symptoms caused by lymphadenopathy. But we should not forget about the other side of the coin: with an infection that caused serious inflammation, some folk remedies not cope, and therefore, before testing the effectiveness of these methods on yourself, you should consult a doctor.
Video: lymphadenitis specialist
