Which of these hormones is synthesized in the adrenal glands? Adrenal glands: structure, activity, what they affect and what they are needed for

The adrenal glands are paired organs located above the kidneys, but do not have a direct connection with them. They differ slightly in their structure: the right organ has a triangular shape, and the left one has a crescent shape. Their level of performance is the same, as are their functions.

Due to the fact that the adrenal glands are a link endocrine system organs, their work is influenced by hormones of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus - endocrine organs located near the cerebral cortex.

The mass of each gland is approximately 7-10 grams. These organs consist of two structures - the medulla and the cortex. Each of these structures has its own function. The medulla produces catecholamines - adrenaline and norepinephrine, and the cortex - androgens, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Fact: the cortex makes up 90% of the total mass of the organ, the remaining volume is occupied by the medulla.

The structure of the adrenal cortex

The adrenal cortex consists of three zones - glomerular, fascicular and reticular, while the medulla has a homogeneous structure.

1. Zona glomerulosa. Mineralocorticoids, which regulate blood pressure, are produced here.
2. Beam. Produces glucocorticoids, the main of which is cortisol. Through its production, the adrenal glands regulate the secretion of glucagon, produced by the pancreas, and catecholamines, produced in the adrenal medulla.
3. Mesh zone. Produces androgens - sex hormones. Here, their produced quantity is considered small; the main volume of androgens is produced in the genitals.

Fact: All three zones have different structures and synthesize different hormones, but the division of the cortex into these zones can only be seen using a microscope.

Blood supply

Blood enters the adrenal glands from the superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries. Blood enters the first artery from the artery of the diaphragm, the second - from the abdominal aorta, and the third - from renal artery. The right and left adrenal veins drain blood.

Important! The adrenal glands are organs with an abundant blood supply. The same degree of blood supply is present only in thyroid gland. It is due to this property that the adrenal glands are most quickly affected by metastases in the presence of oncology in the lungs.

Functions

The adrenal glands are needed to produce hormones. With their help, many organs and processes occurring in the body are affected, incl. and on the psycho-emotional state of a person. One of the functions of the adrenal glands is to combat stress and adapt the body to various conditions. Stress can be physical, emotional or chemical (chemical poisoning).

Fact: With prolonged stress, the activity of the adrenal glands increases, and to create a reserve of hormones, the glands may increase slightly in size.

The adrenal glands are necessary for a number of functions:

• participation in the processes of protein, protein and fat metabolism. If this function is violated, excess weight may appear;
• control of the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems;
• influence on the functioning of blood vessels;
• stimulation of muscle growth;
• strengthening the immune system;
• regulation of blood glucose levels;
• determining a person’s character and some of his taste preferences;
• maintaining libido.

Adrenal hormones

Glucocorticoids

The main glucocorticoid hormones are cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycortisol and dehydrocorticosterone.

Note. Cortisol is considered the most active; other hormones are auxiliary.

Their secretion occurs during stressful situations, as well as during large blood loss, injuries, hypothermia, poisoning and current infectious diseases.

This happens as follows: stress provokes the release of adrenaline, which enters the hypothalamus and gives the latter a signal to stimulate the production of cortisol.

Fact: When the pituitary gland is removed, the adrenal glands undergo dramatic changes: their activity is disrupted, and the production of many hormones is suppressed.

Functions of glucocorticoids:

• regulation of protein and carbohydrate metabolism;
• increasing the concentration of glucose in the blood by stimulating its synthesis in the liver;
• participation in the process of fat metabolism by converting fat cells into energy;
• stimulation of the nervous system, formation of an appropriate mood;
• fluid retention in the body;
• providing an anti-inflammatory and healing effect.

All of these functions, with low levels of stress, benefit the body. With prolonged stress, an abundant release of glucocorticoids leads to the removal of calcium from the body, an increase in the secretion of hydrochloric acid, and the development of muscle weakness, increasing vascular sensitivity. All this leads to quite serious diseases - osteoporosis, stomach ulcers, psychoses, disorders of the development of the bone skeleton, diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Fact: the statement “all diseases arise from stress” can be called true, since excessive release of cortisol and its auxiliary hormones has a destructive effect on the body.

Mineralocorticoids

This group includes aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone and oxycorticosterone. The first hormone is the most active.

Mineralocorticoid levels are determined by sodium and potassium levels. An increased content of these elements suppresses secretion, and their deficiency has the opposite effect. In addition, the amount of mineralocorticoids is determined by the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, but ACTH has a greater influence on the production of cortisol.

Functions of mineralocorticoids:

• participation in mineral metabolism (potassium and sodium);
• regulation blood pressure;
• monitoring the concentration of electrolytes in the blood.

Androgens

Androgens are important sex hormones needed by both male and female bodies. The main hormone of the androgen group is androstenedione. For women, the adrenal glands are their main supplier, and in the male body this amount of androgens has only a secondary role.

Fact: Androgens are the building blocks for the production of testosterone and estrogen. The latter are female sex hormones.

Androgens are 10-20 times less active than testosterone. But even with such a small amount, an increase in androgen levels can affect the formation of secondary male sexual characteristics in women - body hair, the appearance of a rough voice. These are some of the symptoms of adrenal problems in women.

In the male body, the adrenal glands are the only source of estrogen.

Important! Androgens are the building blocks for estrogens - female hormones. They can also be converted into testosterone. When testicular function in men is impaired, the adrenal glands become the only source of sex hormones.

Functions of androgens:

• body hair in the armpits, groin area, on the face in men, etc.;
• formation of secondary sexual characteristics;
• formation of sexual behavior;
• maintaining libido;
• influence on the functioning of the sebaceous glands;
• influence on the functioning of the nervous system.

Catecholamines

The adrenal medulla produces catecholamine hormones. This group includes dopamine, adrenaline and norepinephrine. These are fast-acting hormones, the secretion of which occurs only during stressful situations. They are not vital, but play a significant role in the body's adaptation to stress.

Fact: The half-life of catecholamines is no more than half a minute.

Functions of catecholamines:

• influence on the functioning of the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate;
• vasoconstriction;
• decreased motility of the gastrointestinal tract;
• suppression of urine formation;
• stimulation of the nervous system, strengthening of reflexes, improvement of brain activity;
• strengthening the work of sweat and sebaceous glands;
• dilation of the bronchi.

Adrenal diseases

The occurrence of adrenal gland diseases is always accompanied by characteristic symptoms.

Main diseases and their symptoms:

1. Insufficiency of the cortex. Symptoms: low appetite, skin pigmentation, sweating, cold extremities, mood swings, rare urination, thinness.
2. Hyperaldosteronism is excess production of aldosterone. Symptoms: physical weakness, headaches, cramps, chronic fatigue, excessive urination, constipation, swelling.
3. Adrenal tumors. Symptoms: high blood pressure, abdominal pain, chills, panic attacks, attacks of nausea with vomiting, headaches, aching joints.
4. Addison's disease is a complete lack of cortisol production. Symptoms: hand tremors, drinking too much with incessant thirst, enuresis, memory impairment.
5. Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome - increased work of the adrenal glands. Symptoms: deterioration of the skin (the appearance of acne, stretch marks, pigmentation), obesity, swelling, body hair and menstrual irregularities (in women).

To check the functioning of the adrenal glands in women, it is necessary to take tests for hormone levels, undergo ultrasound, CT and MRI. The doctor may order additional tests after talking with the patient.

Conclusion

To maintain your own health, you need to monitor the health of the endocrine glands - they are the ones who are involved in all processes of the body. To do this, you need to check regularly hormonal background, and also undergo an ultrasound to check the condition of the organs.

The adrenal glands are an important part of the endocrine system, along with the thyroid gland and germ cells. More than 40 different hormones involved in metabolism are synthesized here. One of the most important systems for regulating the vital functions of the human body is the endocrine system. It consists of the thyroid and pancreas, germ cells and adrenal glands. Each of these organs is responsible for the production of certain hormones.

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

The adrenal glands are a paired gland located in the retroperitoneum slightly above the kidneys. The total weight of the organs is 7–10 g. The adrenal glands are surrounded by adipose tissue and renal fascia close to the upper pole of the kidney.

The shape of the organs is different - the right adrenal gland resembles a triangular pyramid, the left one looks like a crescent. The average length of the organ is 5 cm, width 3–4 cm, thickness – 1 cm. The color is yellow, the surface is lumpy.

Covered on top with a dense fibrous capsule, which is connected to the kidney capsule by numerous strands. The parenchyma of an organ consists of a cortex and a medulla, with the cortex surrounding the medulla.

They are 2 independent endocrine glands, have different cellular composition, different origins and perform different functions, despite the fact that they are combined into one organ.

It is interesting that the glands develop independently of each other. The cortical substance of the embryo begins to form at the 8th week of development, and the medulla only at 12–16 weeks.

Up to 30 corticosteroids, otherwise called steroid hormones, are synthesized in the cortex. And the adrenal glands secrete the following hormones, which divide them into 3 groups:

• glucocorticoids - cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone. Hormones influence carbohydrate metabolism and have a significant effect on inflammatory reactions;
• mineralocorticoids - aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, they control water and mineral metabolism;
• sex hormones - androgens. They regulate sexual functions and influence sexual development.

Steroid hormones are quickly destroyed in the liver, turning into a water-soluble form, and are excreted from the body. Some of them can be obtained artificially. In medicine they are actively used in the treatment bronchial asthma, rheumatism, joint ailments.

The medulla synthesizes catecholamines - norepinephrine and adrenaline, the so-called stress hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. In addition, peptides are produced here that regulate the activity of the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract: somatostatin, beta-enkephalin, vasoactive instinctual peptide.

Groups of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands

Brain matter

The medulla is located centrally in the adrenal gland and is formed by chromaffin cells. The organ receives the signal for the production of catecholamines from the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Thus, the medulla can be considered as a specialized sympathetic plexus, which, however, releases substances directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the synapse.

The half-life of stress hormones is 30 seconds. These substances are destroyed very quickly.

In general, the effect of hormones on human condition and behavior can be described using the theory of the rabbit and the lion. A person who synthesizes little norepinephrine in a stressful situation reacts to danger like a rabbit - he experiences fear, turns pale, loses the ability to make decisions and assess the situation. A person whose norepinephrine release is high behaves like a lion - he experiences anger and rage, does not perceive danger and acts under the influence of the desire to suppress or destroy.

The formation of catecholamines is as follows: a certain external signal activates a stimulus acting on the brain, which causes excitation of the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus. The latter is a signal for excitation of sympathetic centers in thoracic region spinal cord. From there, the signal travels through preganglionic fibers to the adrenal glands, where norepinephrine and adrenaline are synthesized. The hormones are then released into the blood.

The effect of stress hormones is based on the interaction with alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. And since the latter are present in almost all cells, including blood cells, the influence of catecholamines is wider than that of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adrenaline affects the human body as follows:

• increases heart rate and strengthens them;
• improves concentration, accelerates mental activity;
• provokes spasm of small vessels and “unimportant” organs - skin, kidneys, intestines;
• accelerates metabolic processes, promotes rapid breakdown of fats and combustion of glucose. With short-term exposure, this helps to improve cardiac activity, but with long-term exposure it is fraught with severe exhaustion;
• increases the respiratory rate and increases the depth of entry - is actively used to relieve asthma attacks;
• reduces intestinal motility, but causes involuntary urination and defecation;
• Helps relax the uterus, reducing the likelihood of miscarriage.

The release of adrenaline into the blood often forces a person to perform heroic deeds unthinkable under normal conditions. However, it is also the reason panic attacks“- causeless attacks of fear, accompanied by rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath.

General information about the hormone adrenaline

Norepinephrine is a precursor of adrenaline, its effect on the body is similar, but not the same:

• norepinephrine increases peripheral vascular resistance, and also increases both systolic and diastolic pressure, therefore norepinephrine is sometimes called the relief hormone;
• the substance has a much stronger vasoconstrictor effect, but has much less effect on heart contractions;
• the hormone promotes contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus, which stimulates labor;
• has virtually no effect on the muscles of the intestines and bronchi.

The effects of norepinephrine and adrenaline are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Somewhat conventionally, the effect of hormones can be represented as follows: if a person, with a fear of heights, decides to go out onto the roof and stand on the edge, norepinephrine is produced in the body, which helps to carry out the intention. If such a person is forcibly tied to the edge of the roof, adrenaline works.

In the video about the main hormones of the adrenal glands and their functions:

Cortex

The cortex makes up 90% of the adrenal gland. It is divided into 3 zones, each of which synthesizes its own group of hormones:

• zona glomerulosa – the thinnest superficial layer;
• beam – middle layer;
• reticular zone – adjacent to the medulla.

This division can only be detected at the microscopic level, but the zones have anatomical differences and perform different functions.

Zona glomerulosa

Mineralocorticoids are formed in the zona glomerulosa. Their task is to regulate water-salt balance. Hormones enhance the absorption of sodium ions and reduce the absorption of potassium ions, which leads to an increase in the concentration of sodium ions in cells and intercellular fluid and, in turn, increases osmotic pressure. This ensures fluid retention in the body and increases blood pressure.

In general, mineralocorticoids increase the permeability of capillaries and serous membranes, which provokes the manifestation of inflammation. The most important ones include aldosterone, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone.

Aldosterone increases the tone of vascular smooth muscles, which increases blood pressure. With a lack of hormone synthesis, hypotension develops, and with an excess, hypertension develops.

The synthesis of the substance is determined by the concentration of potassium and sodium ions in the blood: when the amount of sodium ions increases, the synthesis of the hormone stops, and the ions begin to be excreted in the urine. With an excess of potassium, aldosterone is produced in order to restore balance; the amount of tissue fluid and blood plasma also affects the production of the hormone: when they increase, the secretion of aldosterone stops.

Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of the hormone is carried out according to a certain scheme: renin is produced in special cells of the afferent areolas of the kidney. It catalyzes the reaction of converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which then, under the influence of the enzyme, becomes angiotensin II. The latter stimulates the production of aldosterone.

Synthesis and secretion of the hormone aldesideron


Disturbances in the synthesis of renin or angiotensin, which is typical for various kidney diseases, lead to excessive release of the hormone and cause high blood pressure that is not amenable to conventional antihypertensive treatment.

• Corticosterone is also involved in the regulation of water-salt metabolism, but is much less active compared to aldosterone and is considered secondary. Corticosterone is produced in both the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata and, in fact, is a glucocorticoid.
• Deoxycorticosterone is also a minor hormone, but in addition to participating in the restoration of water-salt balance, it increases the endurance of skeletal muscles. An artificially synthesized substance is used for medical purposes.

Beam zone

The most famous and significant in the group of glucocorticoids include cortisol and cortisone. Their value lies in their ability to stimulate the formation of glucose in the liver and suppress the consumption and use of the substance in extrahepatic tissues. Thus, plasma glucose levels increase. In a healthy human body, the effect of glucocorticoids is compensated by the synthesis of insulin, which reduces the amount of glucose in the blood. When this balance is disturbed, metabolism is disrupted: if there is insulin deficiency, then the action of cortisol leads to hyperglycemia, and if there is a deficiency of glucocorticoids, glucose production decreases and insulin hypersensitivity appears.

In hungry animals, the synthesis of glucocorticoids is accelerated in order to increase the conversion of glycogen into glucose and provide the body with nutrition. In the well-fed, production is maintained at a certain level, since against a normal background of cortisol, all key metabolic processes are stimulated, while others manifest themselves as efficiently as possible.

Hormones indirectly affect lipid metabolism: excess cortisol and cortisone leads to the breakdown of fat - lipolysis, in the extremities, and to the accumulation of the latter on the torso and face. In general, glucocorticoids reduce the breakdown of fat tissue for glucose synthesis, which is one of the unfortunate features of hormonal treatment.

Also, an excess of hormones of this group does not allow leukocytes to accumulate in the area of ​​inflammation and even enhances it. As a result, people with this type of disease - diabetes, for example, wounds heal poorly, sensitivity to infections appears, and so on. In bone tissue, hormones inhibit cell growth, leading to osteoporosis.

Lack of glucocorticoids leads to impaired excretion of water and its excessive accumulation.

• Cortisol is the most powerful of the hormones of this group, synthesized from 3 hydroxylases. In the blood it is found in free form or bound to proteins. Of the 17-hydroxycorticoids in plasma, cortisol and its metabolic products account for 80%. The remaining 20% ​​is cortisone and 11-descosycortisol. The secretion of cortisol is determined by the release of ACTH - its synthesis occurs in the pituitary gland, which, in turn, is provoked by impulses coming from different parts of the nervous system. Hormone synthesis is affected by emotional and physical states, fear, inflammation, the circadian cycle, and so on.
• Cortisone – formed by oxidation 11 hydroxyl group cortisol. It is produced in small quantities and performs the same function: it stimulates the synthesis of glucose from glycogen and suppresses lymphoid organs.

Synthesis and functions of glucocorticoids

Mesh zone

Androgens, sex hormones, are produced in the zona reticularis of the adrenal glands. Their effect is noticeably weaker than testosterone, but it is of considerable importance, especially in the female body. The fact is that in the female body, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione are the main male sex hormones - the required amount of testosterone is synthesized from dehydroepindrosterone.

In the male body, these hormones are of minimal importance, but with severe obesity, due to the conversion of androstenedione into estrogen, they lead to feminization: it promotes fat deposition characteristic of the female body.

The synthesis of estrogens from androgens occurs in peripheral adipose tissue. In postmenopause in the female body, this method becomes the only way to obtain sex hormones.

Androgens are involved in the formation and support of sexual desire, stimulate hair growth in dependent areas, and stimulate the process of formation of some secondary sexual characteristics. The maximum concentration of androgens occurs during the puberty period - from 8 to 14 years.

The adrenal glands are an extremely important part of the endocrine system. Organs produce more than 40 different hormones that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and participate in many reactions.

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex:

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!

Adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands that are located near the upper pole of each kidney. These glands perform a number of vital functions. They take part in regulating metabolism, producing hormones necessary to ensure important processes that occur in the body, and also stimulate the development of reactions to stressful conditions. If we talk directly about the hormones that are produced by these glands, then these are, as a rule, adrenaline and norepinephrine.

Compound

The adrenal glands are composed of two structures: medulla and cortex. Both of these substances are regulated by the central nervous system. The medulla is responsible for the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine, but the cortex synthesizes corticosteroids ( steroid hormones). The cortex of these paired glands consists of three layers, namely:

• Zona glomerulosa;
• Mesh zone;
• Bundle zone.

The cortex is characterized by parasympathetic innervation, in which the bodies of the first neurons are located in the posterior nucleus of the vagus nerve.
The zona glomerulosa is responsible for the production of hormones such as corticosterone, aldosterone And deoxycorticosterone.

The fascicular zone synthesizes corticosterone and cortisol, but the reticularis zone produces sex hormones that have a direct effect on the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The production of excessive amounts of sex hormones can cause the development virilization, i.e. a condition in which women develop symptoms that are unique to men. The cortex is also responsible for maintaining water and electrolyte balance in the body.

The medulla synthesizes catecholamines ( epinephrine and norepinephrine), which tend to improve heart function, increase the amount of sugar in the blood, increase blood pressure, and also expand the lumens of the bronchi. In addition to catecholamines, this substance also synthesizes peptides, which are responsible for the regulation of processes occurring both in the central nervous system and in the gastrointestinal tract.

Shapes and sizes

The right adrenal gland has a triangular shape, but the left adrenal gland has a semilunar shape. The bases of these glands are concave and adjacent to the convex poles of the kidneys. The length of the glands of an adult varies from 30 to 70 mm. Their width ranges from 20 to 35 mm, but their thickness ranges from 3 to 10 mm. The total weight of both glands reaches 10 - 14 g. In newborns, it does not exceed 3.5 g. On the outside, the glands are covered with a special capsule, from which septa extend, containing numerous nerves and vessels. These septa divide the underlying tissue of the glands into groups of cells as well as cellular structures.

The blood supply to these glands is carried out using three groups of adrenal arteries:

• bottom;
• average;
• top.

The outflow of blood occurs through the central vein, as well as numerous superficial veins that flow into the venous network of surrounding tissues and organs. In parallel, there are also lymphatic capillaries designed to drain lymph ( viscous, colorless liquid that contains no red blood cells and platelets, but many lymphocytes).

Adrenal diseases

Pathologies of these glands are considered to be serious illnesses of the endocrine system. In modern medical practice, the most common pathological conditions are:
1. Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism;
2. Acute and secondary cortex failure;
3. Congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex;
4. Pheochromocytoma;
5. Addison's disease.

Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism

Hyperaldosteronism is a condition accompanied by excessive production of aldosterone by the cortex of these glands ( main mineralocorticosteroid hormone). This condition can be of primary and secondary forms.

Causes:

• Cirrhosis of the liver ( multifactorial liver disease, accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of functioning liver cells);
• chronic nephritis ( chronic illness inflammatory kidney disease);
• Heart failure ( a complex of disorders resulting from a decrease in the contractility of the heart muscle);
• The primary form of this pathology is not fully treated.

Symptoms:

• Asthenia ( muscle and general weakness);
• Excessive fatigue;
• Heart attacks;
• Polyuria ( passing large amounts of urine);
• increased thirst;
• Hypocalcemia ( decreased calcium levels in the blood);
• Numbness in various parts of the body;

Treatment: symptomatic therapy is used, which involves increasing sodium excretion in the urine. In addition, the underlying pathology that caused the development of this condition is treated.

Acute and secondary cortical failure

This is an autoimmune lesion of the adrenal cortex, which is most often accompanied by a number of other pathological conditions.

Causes:

• Autoimmune lesion of the anterior pituitary gland ( medullary appendage located on the undersurface of the brain);
• Postpartum necrosis ( necrosis) anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;
• Macroadenomas ( tumors);
• Infiltration ( infectious) pathology.

Symptoms:

• Asthenia;
• Adynamia ( sudden loss of strength);
• Decrease in total body weight;
• Decreased appetite;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Hyperpigmentation ( excess pigment deposition in the skin);
• Arterial hypotension ( persistent decrease in blood pressure);
• Changes in stool;
• Nocturia ( passing large amounts of urine at night);
• Hypoglycemia ( lower blood sugar levels).

Treatment: replacement glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid therapy is used.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A group of congenital pathologies in which there is a clear disruption of the synthesis of cortisol by paired endocrine glands.

Causes:

• Various gene mutations.

Symptoms:

• Hyperpigmentation of the external genitalia;
• Early appearance of hair in the pubic and axillary area;
• Late onset of the menstrual cycle.

Treatment: involves primarily eliminating cortisol deficiency.

Pheochromocytoma

A hormonally active tumor that is responsible for the synthesis of catecholamines ( physiologically active substances that act as chemical messengers). This tumor develops primarily from the adrenal medulla.

Causes:

• Sturge-Weber syndrome ( systemic disease With congenital anomaly blood vessels of the skin, brain, choroid of the eye);
• Hyperparathyroidism ( a disease caused by excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands).

Symptoms:

• Increased blood pressure;
• Pallor of the skin;
• Unaccountable fear;
• Feeling of chilliness;
• Convulsive states;
• Pain in various parts of the body;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Profuse sweating;
• Increased blood sugar levels.

Treatment: depending on the shape of the tumor is carried out drug treatment or surgery.

Addison's disease

Endocrine pathology, in which the adrenal glands lose the ability to synthesize sufficient amounts of cortisol.

Causes:

• Tuberculous damage to the endocrine glands;
• Damage to the gland cortex by various chemical agents;
• Primary or secondary glandular insufficiency;
• Autoimmune process.

Symptoms:

• Hypovolemia ( decreased circulating blood levels);
• Dysphagia ( swallowing disorders);
• Thirst;
• Hyperpigmentation;
• Reduced blood pressure;
• Tachycardia ( cardiopalmus);
• Loss of weight and appetite;
• Irritability and short temper;
• Tremor ( shaking of head and hands).

Treatment: in mild forms of the disease, replacement therapy is prescribed hormone therapy, as well as a special diet. In severe cases, continuous hormonal therapy is used.

Adrenal cortex dysfunction

The functions of the cortex of these endocrine glands can be either increased or decreased. In the first case we are talking about hypercortisolism.
Hypercortisolism is a number of symptoms that arise due to increased production of adrenal hormones in the body. The same condition can develop as a result of long-term ingestion of these hormones for therapeutic purposes. Hypercorticism is especially common in Itsenko-Cushing's disease ( a disease of the brain, which is characterized by increased synthesis of hormones responsible for the normal functioning of these organs). If there is a decrease in the functions of the cortex of these organs, then we are talking about hypocortisolism or adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency can be acute or chronic.

How does the adrenal cortex function during pregnancy?

During gestation, there is an increase in the functional activity of the cortex of these glands.
This phenomenon is due to several factors:

• Features of cortisol metabolism in the liver;
• An increase in the amount of estrogens;
• Functional activity of the placenta;
• Decrease biological activity cortisol;
• Permeability of the placenta to corticosteroids.

Treatment of various adrenal diseases

The main goal of the course of treatment for such pathologies is to restore normal level certain hormones. In addition, efforts are directed towards eliminating all negative factors that aggravate the course of the existing disease. In most cases, patients are prescribed antiviral and antibacterial agents, as well as special hormonal preparations and vitamins. Much attention is paid to dietary nutrition, as well as a healthy lifestyle. Sometimes you can’t do without surgical intervention. ABOUT additional methods You can find out about therapy by consulting a specialist.

Removal of the adrenal glands or adrenalectomy

Depending on the nature of the existing pathology, either one or both adrenal glands may be removed. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia.

Experts offer two approaches:
1. Traditional approach - abdominal surgery. For small tumors, a small incision is made in the skin, as well as in the muscles located in the lumbar region or on the back. For large tumors, a wide incision is made on the abdominal side. After surgery, a suture remains;

2. Endoscopic approach – the operation is carried out using special instruments and endoscopes, which are inserted through small incisions made on the abdomen, back or lumbar region.

Advantages of the endoscopic approach

• Discharge from the hospital after 4 - 6 days;
• Minimal injury;
• Restoration of working capacity in 15 - 20 days;
• No scars after surgery;
• One-day bed rest.

Disadvantages of the endoscopic approach

• Expensive equipment;/li>
• Long duration of surgical intervention;/li>
• The operation can only be performed by a specially trained surgeon./li>

Removing one adrenal gland, most often, makes it possible to forget about the disease forever. If both organs are removed, then patients often need lifelong hormonal therapy.

The adrenal glands are involved in a wide variety of processes occurring in the body. They produce hormones that regulate metabolism, the functioning of the heart, and the nervous system. Impaired functioning of the adrenal glands leads to the formation of external characteristics in a person that are inappropriate for his gender. Severe diseases of hormonal origin may occur. In some cases, correction is made with the help of drugs that can normalize the content of hormones in the adrenal glands. Plays an important role proper nutrition.

Content:

Features of the structure and functioning of the adrenal glands

The right and left adrenal glands are paired endocrine organs that perform the same function in the body. They are located above both kidneys (the left one is slightly lower, has a more flattened shape). Each organ is surrounded by a protective capsule of connective tissue, under which there is a fat layer.

The outer layer of adrenal tissue is called the cortex. Inside is the so-called brain matter. These components differ in the biochemical composition of tissues, have an independent connection with the nervous system, as well as with other organs in which hormones are formed.

In each of the departments of the adrenal gland, completely different hormones are produced that have a special purpose in the body.

The following hormones are produced in the cortex:

• mineralocorticoids (the main one is aldosterone, which acts on water-salt metabolism);
• glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone and others) affect carbohydrate metabolism. Their production increases significantly during times of stress;
• steroids (female sex hormones estrogens and progesterone, as well as male sex hormones - testosterone and other androgens).

The medulla produces catecholamines, which include adrenaline and norepinephrine. With the help of these hormones in the body, signals are transmitted from the brain to various bodies. The medulla occupies only 10% of the volume, the rest of the space is occupied by the cortical layer.

Normal levels of adrenal hormones in the body

The production of these hormones varies throughout the day and depends on the mental state of the person, physical activity and even from the position of the body. There are conventional boundaries (standards) within which the levels of hormones in the body should fit healthy people different gender and age. Hormone levels are determined using blood tests. If it is higher or lower than normal, this is a disorder that leads to a variety of pathologies. The table shows the normal levels of certain hormones in the blood. The following units of measurement are used:

• pg/ml – (1 picogram corresponds to 10 to the -12 power of a gram);
• nmol/l – (1 nanomole corresponds to 10 to the -9 power of a mole);
• ng/ml – (1 nanogram is equal to 10 to the -9 power of a gram).

Hormones produced in the cortex

There are 3 zones in the adrenal cortex. Each of them produces separate hormones:

1. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the outer layer (zona glomerulosa).
2. In the middle layer ( beam zone) glucocorticoids are produced.
3. The inner layer (reticularis zone) produces mainly androgens and other sex hormones.

Mineralocorticoids

The name of these substances is directly related to their ability to influence the exchange of mineral salts in the body. Aldosterone promotes sodium accumulation and fluid retention in tissues. This substance is involved in regulating the volume of urine produced in the kidneys. Failure in the production of this hormone inevitably leads to kidney diseases (such as pyelonephritis, renal failure).

Excess aldosterone in the blood (hyperaldosteronism) occurs either with tumors in the adrenal cortex or with dehydration. Its cause may be blood loss during operations or the use of diuretics. This increases the excretion of potassium from the body, which is necessary for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Symptoms of excess aldosterone in the body are increased blood pressure, headaches and heart pain, arrhythmia, edema, and blurred vision.

Lack of aldosterone (hypoaldosteronism). This condition occurs due to diseases of the pituitary gland, which stimulates the production of this substance. The cause of insufficient production may also be a deficiency of enzymes, without which aldosterone synthesis is impossible, as well as atrophy of zona glomerular tissue after removal of an adrenal tumor. Symptoms of aldosterone deficiency are muscle weakness, dizziness, low blood pressure, bradycardia. The blood supply to the brain and other organs is disrupted.

Glucocorticoids

These hormones have a variety of effects on the body:

1. They contribute to increased glucose production in the liver, participate in the processes of protein and fat synthesis, and, along with mineralocorticoids, influence water-salt metabolism.
2. They enhance the production of glycogen, which is necessary to strengthen skeletal muscles.
3. They regulate the sensitivity of various body tissues to the effects of other similar substances, for example hormones of the pituitary gland (somatotropin, prolactin), pancreas (insulin), thyroid gland.
4. Participate in the formation of immunity, helping to eliminate inflammatory processes, increasing the body's resistance to allergens.

Excess cortisol in the blood leads to Cushing's syndrome, which is approximately 10 times more common in women (aged 25-40 years). Its symptoms are the deposition of fat in the upper parts of the body, the formation of a fatty hump on the back, the appearance of a purple face. The cause of an excess of this hormone may be abnormal enlargement of the adrenal glands (hypertrophy), the formation of tumors in the pituitary gland, thyroid gland or other organs.

Symptoms of excess cortisol in women are amenorrhea, infertility, hair growth on the face and uncharacteristic areas of the body (hirsutism), weakening of bone tissue (osteoporosis).

A lack of cortisol can occur with some autoimmune diseases thyroid and other endocrine glands, violation of protein-carbohydrate metabolism (due to malnutrition, for example). The cause of the pathology can also be infectious lesion adrenal glands (in particular, with tuberculosis).

Cortisol deficiency is manifested by depression, low blood pressure, rapid weight loss, muscle weakness, and bone fragility. In women, hair growth occurs on the face and body. A characteristic feature is early puberty. Oligomenorrhea (too short duration of menstruation) is observed.

Sex hormones

In the reticular zone, adrenal hormones such as testosterone, androsterone and their derivatives (male sex hormones) and estrone, estriol, estradiol (female) are produced.

With the direct participation of these substances in the body, the following processes occur:

1. Formation of genitals and secondary sexual characteristics.
2. Operation reproductive system. In women, sex hormones regulate the growth and fertilization of eggs, intrauterine development of the fetus, the preparation of the body for childbirth, the formation of the mammary glands, and the production of breast milk.
3. Production of proteins (proteins from which muscles are formed). In the male body, much more androgens are produced, so men are physically strong, have "steel" muscles. In the female body due to the production of small amounts of testosterone muscle tissue are strong and flexible, the skin is elastic, the uterus has normal contractility.
4. Formation of character traits and personal qualities in accordance with gender and under the influence of external factors.

Note: The production of androgens and estrogens occurs in the body of people of both sexes, but if the amount of hormones of the opposite sex is too high, uncharacteristic external signs appear. In women, hair begins to grow on the face and chest, a male-type figure is formed, and underdevelopment of the genital organs is observed (which leads to disruption of the reproductive system and infertility). In men, with an excess of estrogen, the mammary glands enlarge, physical endurance decreases, and libido weakens.

Both excess and insufficient presence of sex hormones are harmful to the body. Most of them are produced by the gonads, but the role of the adrenal glands is also important. A failure can occur due to insufficient production in the pituitary gland of a substance such as ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which regulates the functioning of various zones of the adrenal glands.

Hormones of the medulla

Adrenaline and norepinephrine called anti-stress hormones. Their production increases sharply at the time of stress, shock, or hypothermia. With injuries or bleeding, a person becomes sharply weaker. Thanks to the effect of these substances on blood vessels and hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, blood pressure rises, the heartbeat accelerates, strength increases, and attention is concentrated. Blood supply to organs improves and energy is released. This makes it easier to cope with a dangerous situation.

Catecholamines are intensively produced before childbirth, stimulating the onset of contractions.

Excess adrenaline. Staying in a stressful situation for a long time leads to an excessive release of adrenaline. In this case, breathing is impaired and suffocation occurs. The man begins to sweat a lot, headache. Tachycardia, heart pain, and muscle aches appear.

Symptoms of excess production are fatigue, insomnia, feelings of constant anxiety, and depression. The risk of heart attack or stroke increases. Adrenal insufficiency may occur, which can lead to cardiac arrest.

Low adrenaline levels. The fact that the production of adrenaline in the body is low can be judged by the occurrence of sudden attacks of irritability and aggression in a person. In this way, stress is automatically provoked, stimulating the release of the hormone into the blood.

Addition: It is believed that if a person is closed in character, keeps grievances within himself, while maintaining external calm, then such behavior is harmful to his health and ruins his life. nervous system and heart. Sociability and emotionality save you from depression.

Video: The influence of adrenal hormones on human health and functioning

Diagnosis and treatment

If there are suspicions of pathologies in the functioning of the adrenal glands, their cause is determined by examining the organs using ultrasound, CT, MRI, as well as urine and blood tests for hormones. Indications for the examination are abnormal changes in appearance, uncharacteristic behavior for a person, physical and mental exhaustion.

Treatment is aimed at improving hormonal levels.

If there is a lack of adrenal hormones in the body, their synthetic analogues (prednisolone or hydrocortisone) are prescribed. Hormone replacement therapy is carried out to eliminate diseases of other endocrine organs. In some cases, to restore the functioning of the adrenal glands, surgical removal tumors.

If there is an excess of hormonal substances, sedatives and vitamins are used to reduce their production. Sports activities are recommended. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid conflict situations and stress.

Proper nutrition is of great importance. Doctors recommend consuming foods that stimulate human activity at the beginning of the day. In the second half of the day, it is recommended to switch to eating in small portions and eating light meals. This helps maintain normal production of glucose, liver enzymes and other substances that affect the functioning of the adrenal glands.

The adrenal glands are an important component of the endocrine system, which regulates the functioning of the entire human body. The functions of the adrenal glands contribute to normal life, so any disruptions in them can lead to irreparable complications. The right adrenal gland has the shape of a triangle, and the left one is a kind of crescent. The structure of these paired organs is quite complex, but there are two main components, each of which regulates the synthesis of certain hormones:

• outer cortex of the adrenal glands;
• brain matter.

Basic functions and hormones

Why do we need adrenal glands? Thanks to their work, a person is able to adapt to any conditions, both positive and negative. Main functions of the adrenal glands:

• production of hormones and substances - mediators;
• maintaining stress resistance;
• ensuring complete recovery from stress;
• stimulation of responses to all kinds of stimuli;
• participation in metabolic processes.

It is worth understanding in more detail what each gland is responsible for:

1. Resistance to negative environmental influences and rapid adaptation to them.
2. Synthesis of sex hormones that affect the formation of secondary sexual characteristics, libido, etc.
3. Hormones produced in the cortex control water and electrolyte balance.
4. Hormonal stimulation of the cardiovascular system and central nervous system, kidneys and regulation of blood glucose, blood pressure and expansion of the lumen in the bronchi occurs due to the synthesis of certain hormones in the medulla.
5. The adrenal glands are also responsible for the volume of muscle mass and the rate of age-related changes.
6. Participation in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
7. With their help, the choice of certain taste preferences is regulated.
8. Support immune system- an integral function of the adrenal glands in the human body.

Immune system support is impossible without healthy adrenal glands.

The location and peculiar structure allow these glands to increase in size to increase the production of hormones in long-term stressful situations. The importance of the functions of the adrenal glands can hardly be overestimated, because without them it will not be easy for any individual to live in an aggressive environment. Any disturbance in the functioning of the glands affects the condition of the entire body.

Differences in functions between men and women

In men and women, the adrenal glands produce different hormones depending on their gender. Female body receives portions of progesterone and estrogen, as well as a small amount of testosterone. But if estrogen can also be produced by female ovaries, then in the male body it is produced exclusively by the adrenal glands, like testosterone.

Causes of malfunction

An infection in the body disrupts the normal functioning of the adrenal glands.

The normal functionality of the adrenal glands can be disrupted by the following factors:

• autoimmune diseases, congenital pathologies that negatively affect the functionality of these organs (for example, HIV or inflammatory processes);
• tuberculosis, syphilis and other infections of the adrenal glands;
• malignant and benign tumors these glands, cysts and metastases from damage to other organs, which, together with blood, deliver cancer cells throughout the body;
• surgical intervention resulting in infection;
• vascular pathologies;
• heredity (for example, mutations);
• dysfunction of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus;
• liver damage, nephritis or heart failure can lead to the development of a disease such as hyperaldosteronism;
• prolonged stress, causing adrenal weakness;
• reception hormonal drugs, sudden refusal of them or the introduction of insulin, as well as the negative effects of toxic drugs and substances;
• functional malfunctions in the brain, or more precisely, in the part responsible for the functioning of the adrenal glands;
• exposure to ionizing and radiation radiation;
• birth injuries in infants, pregnancy and menopause in women;
• incorrect diet and regimen.

Additional risks for the adrenal glands in the female body

In women, the endocrine system is subject to increased stress in two cases:

1. Pregnancy. During this period, hormonal needs increase in expectant mother, therefore, in the first trimester she may experience slight malaise due to the body’s unpreparedness for additional stress. This condition will pass after the fetal body begins to produce hormones, which occurs from the 2nd trimester and stabilizes by the 3rd. Then the pregnant woman will not experience discomfort.
2. The onset of menopause. Sudden menopause is a huge stress for the adrenal glands. They must take over the sole synthesis of estrogen, because the ovaries stop doing this. This has a negative impact on their functioning, causing excessive overload or other important adrenal hormones may be produced in insufficient quantities. Possible appearance pain in the knees, lower back, or increased sensitivity to light in the eyes.

General symptomatic picture of adrenal gland disorders

Chronic fatigue signals disturbances in adrenal function.

Untimely treatment of adrenal diseases can play a negative role in all subsequent life activities of a person. Therefore, you need to carefully listen to your body and if you notice several of the following symptoms, contact a medical facility:

• chronic fatigue of a permanent nature;
• muscle weakness;
• excessive irritability;
• poor sleep;
• anorexia or, conversely, female obesity;
• gagging, feeling of nausea;
• increased blood pressure;
• sometimes increased pigmentation may appear on open areas of the body (skin around the nipples, skin folds on the arms, darkening elbows) or abdomen;
• alopecia.

Most common cause Disease of a given organ is an imbalance of one or another hormone or group. Depending on the type of hormone whose synthesis has failed, certain symptoms develop. Here are a couple of examples: Self-diagnosis at the first symptoms of the disease.

If the above signs are detected, a person can initially check the functioning of this component of the endocrine system at home using the following manipulations:

1. Take blood pressure measurements in the morning and evening in two positions at intervals of 5 minutes: standing and lying down. If the results show that the pressure in a standing position is lower than in a lying position, then this is a clear indicator of violations.
2. Measure body temperature throughout the day 3 times: 3 hours after getting up, then after 2 hours and after another 2. Carry out these manipulations for 5 days and calculate the average temperature after. If the fluctuation is more than 0.2 degrees, it is necessary to undergo a medical examination.
3. You need to stand in front of a mirror in a dimly lit room and shine a flashlight into your eyes from the side, while observing the condition of your pupils. The norm is a narrowing of the pupils, their dilation, or the appearance of a sensation of pulsation in them - a signal to visit a doctor.