Hormones produced by the adrenal glands. The structure and location of the adrenal glands What hormones are produced by the endocrinocytes of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are located at the upper pole of the kidneys, covering them in the form of a cap. In humans adrenal mass is 5-7 g. The adrenal glands contain the cortex and medulla. The cortex includes the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and reticularis. Mineralocorticoids are synthesized in the zona glomerulosa; in the zona fasciculata - glucocorgoids; in the reticular zone - a small amount of sex hormones.

Produced by the adrenal cortex, they are classified as steroids. The source of the synthesis of these hormones is cholesterol and ascorbic acid.

Table. Adrenal hormones

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids regulate mineral metabolism, and primarily the levels of sodium and potassium in the blood plasma. The main representative of mineralocorticoids is aldosterone. During the day, about 200 mcg is formed. There is no reserve of this hormone in the body. Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of Na + ions in the distal tubules of the kidneys, while simultaneously increasing the excretion of K + ions in the urine. Under the influence of aldosterone, the renal reabsorption of water sharply increases, which is absorbed passively along the osmotic gradient created by Na + ions. This leads to an increase in the volume of circulating blood and an increase in blood pressure. Due to increased reabsorption of water, diuresis decreases. With increased secretion of aldosterone, the tendency to edema increases, which is due to the retention of sodium and water in the body, an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries and, therefore, an increased flow of fluid from the lumen of blood vessels into the tissues. Due to tissue swelling, aldosterone promotes the development of an inflammatory response. Under the influence of aldosterone, the reabsorption of H + ions in the renal tubular apparatus increases due to the activation of H + -K + - ATPase, which leads to a shift in the acid-base balance towards acidosis.

A decrease in the secretion of aldosterone causes increased excretion of sodium and water in the urine, which leads to dehydration (dehydration) of tissues, a decrease in circulating blood volume and levels. In this case, the concentration of potassium in the blood, on the contrary, increases, which causes disturbances in the electrical activity of the heart and the development of cardiac arrhythmias, even stopping in the diastole phase.

The main factor regulating the secretion of aldosterone is the functioning renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. When the blood pressure level decreases, excitation of the sympathetic part is observed nervous system, which leads to narrowing of the renal vessels. A decrease in renal blood flow promotes increased production of renin in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys. Renin is an enzyme that acts on plasma α2-globulin angiotensinogen, converting it into angiotensin-I. The resulting angiotensin-I under the influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is converted into angiotensin-II, which increases the secretion of aldosterone. The production of aldosterone can be enhanced by a feedback mechanism when the salt composition of the blood plasma changes, in particular when the sodium concentration is low or when the potassium content is high.

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids affect metabolism; These include hydrocortisone, cortisol And corticosterone(the latter is also a mineralocorticoid). Glucocorticoids get their name from their ability to increase blood sugar levels by stimulating the production of glucose in the liver.

Rice. Circadian rhythm of secretion of corticotropin (1) and cortisol (2)

Glucocorticoids excite, lead to insomnia, euphoria, general excitement, weaken inflammatory and allergic reactions.

Glucocorticoids affect protein metabolism, causing protein breakdown processes. This leads to a decrease in muscle mass, osteoporosis; the rate of wound healing decreases. Protein breakdown leads to a decrease in the content of protein components in the protective mucoid layer covering the gastrointestinal mucosa. The latter increases the aggressive action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, which can lead to the formation of ulcers.

Glucocorticoids enhance fat metabolism, causing the mobilization of fat from fat depots and increasing the concentration of fatty acids in the blood plasma. This leads to fat deposition in the face, chest and sides of the body.

By the nature of their influence on carbohydrate metabolism, glucocorticoids are insulin antagonists, i.e. increase the concentration of glucose in the blood and lead to hyperglycemia. With prolonged use of hormones for the purpose of treatment or their increased production in the body, it may develop steroid diabetes mellitus.

Main effects of glucocorticoids

Metabolic:

• protein metabolism: stimulate protein catabolism in muscle, lymphoid and epithelial tissues. The amount of amino acids in the blood increases, they enter the liver, where new proteins are synthesized;
• fat metabolism: provide lipogenesis; with overproduction, lipolysis is stimulated, the amount of fatty acids in the blood increases, and fat is redistributed in the body; activate ketogenesis and inhibit lipogenesis in the liver; stimulate appetite and fat consumption; fatty acids become the main source of energy;
• carbohydrate metabolism: stimulate gluconeogenesis, blood glucose levels increase, and its utilization is inhibited; suppress glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissue, have a counter-insular effect

Functional:

• participate in the processes of stress and adaptation;
• increase the excitability of the central nervous system, cardiovascular vascular system and muscles;
• have immunosuppressive and antiallergic effects; reduce antibody production;
• have a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect; suppress all phases of inflammation; stabilize lysosome membranes, suppress the release of proteolytic enzymes, reduce capillary permeability and the yield of leukocytes, and have an antihistamine effect;
• have an antipyretic effect;
• reduce the content of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils in the blood due to their transfer to tissues; increase the number of neutrophils due to release from the bone marrow. Increase the number of red blood cells by stimulating erythropoiesis;
• increase the synthesis of kageholamines; sensitize the vascular wall to the vasoconstrictor effect of catecholamines; by maintaining the sensitivity of blood vessels to vasoactive substances, they participate in maintaining normal blood pressure

For pain, injury, blood loss, hypothermia, overheating, some poisonings, infectious diseases, severe mental experiences, the secretion of glucocorticoids increases. In these conditions, the secretion of adrenaline by the adrenal medulla reflexively increases. Adrenaline entering the blood affects, causing the production of releasing factors, which, in turn, act on the adenohypophysis, promoting an increase in the secretion of ACTH. This hormone is a factor that stimulates the production of glucocorticoids in the adrenal glands. When the pituitary gland is removed, atrophy of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex occurs and the secretion of glucocorticoids sharply decreases.

A condition that occurs under the influence of a number of unfavorable factors and leads to increased secretion of ACTH, and therefore glucocorticoids, was designated by the Canadian physiologist Hans Selye as "stress". He noticed that the action of various factors on the body causes, along with specific reactions, nonspecific ones, which are called general adaptation syndrome(OAS). It is called adaptive because it ensures the body’s adaptability to stimuli in this unusual situation.

The hyperglycemic effect is one of the components of the protective effect of glucocorticoids during stress, since a supply of energy substrate is created in the body in the form of glucose, the breakdown of which helps to overcome the effects of extreme factors.

The absence of glucocorticoids does not lead to immediate death of the body. However, with insufficient secretion of these hormones, the body's resistance to various harmful influences decreases, so infections and other pathogenic factors are difficult to tolerate and often cause death.

Androgens

Sex hormones adrenal cortex - androgens, estrogens - play an important role in the development of reproductive organs in childhood when the intrasecretory function of the gonads is still poorly expressed.

With excessive formation of sex hormones in the reticular zone, two types of andrenogenital syndrome develop - heterosexual and isosexual. Heterosexual syndrome develops when the opposite sex produces hormones and is accompanied by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics characteristic of the other sex. Isosexual syndrome occurs when there is excessive production of hormones of the same sex and is manifested by an acceleration of the processes of puberty.

Adrenaline and norepinephrine

The adrenal medulla contains chromaffin cells, which synthesize adrenalin And norepinephrine. Approximately 80% of hormonal secretion is due to adrenaline and 20% to norepinephrine. Adrenaline and norepinephrine are combined under the name catecholamines.

Adrenaline is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter released by the endings of sympathetic fibers; its chemical structure is demethylated adrenaline.

The effects of adrenaline and norepinephrine are not entirely clear. Painful impulses and a decrease in blood sugar cause the release of adrenaline, and physical work and blood loss lead to increased secretion of norepinephrine. Adrenaline inhibits smooth muscle more intensely than norepinephrine. Norepinephrine causes a strong constriction of blood vessels and thereby increases blood pressure and reduces the amount of blood ejected by the heart. Adrenaline causes an increase in the frequency and amplitude of heart contractions and an increase in the amount of blood ejected by the heart.

Adrenaline is a powerful activator of glycogen breakdown in the liver and muscles. This explains the fact that with an increase in the secretion of adrenaline, the amount of sugar in the blood and urine increases, and glycogen disappears from the liver and muscles. This hormone has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system.

Adrenaline relaxes the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, Bladder, bronchioles, organ sphincters digestive system, spleen, ureters. The muscle that dilates the pupil contracts under the influence of adrenaline. Adrenaline increases the frequency and depth of breathing, the body's oxygen consumption, and increases body temperature.

Table. Functional effects of adrenaline and norepinephrine

Structure, function	Adrenalin	Norepinephrine
Action Identity
Systolic pressure	Increases	Increases
Coronary vessels	Expands	Expands
Blood glucose	Increases	Increases
	Expands	Expands
Secretion of corticotropin	Stimulates	Stimulates
Difference in action
Diastolic pressure	Does not affect or reduces	Increases
Systolic ejection	Increases	Does not affect
Total peripheral resistance	Reduces	Increases
Blood flow in muscles	Increases by 100%	Does not affect or reduce
Blood flow in the brain	Increases by 20%	Slightly reduces
Bronchial muscles	Relaxes	Reduces
	Causes concern and anxiety	Does not affect
	Relaxes	Reduces

Table. Metabolic functions and effects of adrenaline

Type of exchange	Characteristic
Protein metabolism	In physiological concentrations it has an anabolic effect. At high concentrations it stimulates protein catabolism
Fat metabolism	Promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue, activates triglyceride pipase. Activates ketogenesis in the liver. Increases the use of fatty acids and acetoacetic acid as energy sources in the heart muscle and cerebral cortex, fatty acids in skeletal muscles
Carbohydrate metabolism	In high concentrations it has a hyperglycemic effect. Activates glucagon secretion, suppresses insulin secretion. Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscles. Activates gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys. Suppresses glucose uptake in muscle, heart and adipose tissue

Hyper- and hypofunction of the adrenal glands

The adrenal medulla is rarely involved in pathological process. Hypofunction phenomena are not observed even with complete destruction of the medulla, since its absence is compensated by the increased release of hormones by chromaffin cells of other organs (aorta, carotid sinus, sympathetic ganglia).

Hyperfunction of the medulla manifests itself in a sharp increase in blood pressure, pulse rate, blood sugar concentration, and the appearance of headaches.

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex causes various pathological changes in the body, and removal of the bark means very quick death. Soon after the operation, the animal refuses food, vomiting and diarrhea occur, muscle weakness develops, body temperature decreases, and urination stops.

Insufficient production of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to the development of bronze disease in humans, or Addison's disease, first described in 1855. Its early sign is a bronze coloration of the skin, especially on the arms, neck, and face; weakening of the heart muscle; asthenia (increased fatigue during muscular and mental work). The patient becomes sensitive to cold and painful irritations, and is more susceptible to infections; he loses weight and gradually reaches complete exhaustion.

Endocrine function of the adrenal glands

Adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located at the upper poles of the kidneys and consisting of two tissues of different embryonic origin: the cortex (a derivative of the mesoderm) and the medulla (a derivative of the ectoderm) substance.

Each adrenal gland weighs on average 4-5 g. More than 50 different steroid compounds (steroids) are formed in the glandular epithelial cells of the adrenal cortex. The medulla, also called chromaffin tissue, synthesizes catecholamines: adrenaline and norepinephrine. The adrenal glands are abundantly supplied with blood and innervated by preganglionic fibers of the neurons of the solar and adrenal plexuses of the SNS. They have a portal vascular system. The first network of capillaries is located in the adrenal cortex, and the second in the medulla.

The adrenal glands are vital endocrine organs at all ages. In a 4-month-old fetus, the adrenal glands are larger than the kidneys, and in a newborn their weight is 1/3 of the weight of the kidneys. In adults, this ratio is 1 to 30.

The adrenal cortex occupies 80% of the entire gland and consists of three cellular zones. In the external zona glomerulosa there are formed mineralocorticoids; in the middle (largest) beam zone they are synthesized glucocorticoids; in the inner mesh zone - sex hormones(male and female) regardless of the person’s gender. The adrenal cortex is the only source of vital mineral and glucocorticoid hormones. This is due to the function of aldosterone to prevent sodium loss in the urine (sodium retention) and maintain normal osmolarity of the internal environment; The key role of cortisol is the formation of the body’s adaptation to the action of stress factors. The death of the body after removal or complete atrophy of the adrenal glands is associated with a lack of mineralocorticoids; it can only be prevented by their replacement administration.

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone)

In humans, the most important and most active mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.

Aldosterone - a hormone of steroid nature, synthesized from cholesterol. The daily secretion of the hormone averages 150-250 mcg, and the content in the blood is 50-150 ng/l. Aldosterone is transported in both free (50%) and protein-bound (50%) forms. Its half-life is about 15 minutes. Metabolized by the liver and partially excreted in the urine. During one passage of blood through the liver, 75% of the aldosterone present in the blood is inactivated.

Aldosterone interacts with specific intracellular cytoplasmic receptors. The resulting hormone-receptor complexes penetrate the cell nucleus and, by binding to DNA, regulate the transcription of certain genes that control the synthesis of ion transport proteins. Due to the stimulation of the formation of specific messenger RNAs, the synthesis of proteins (Na+ K+ - ATPase, a combined transmembrane carrier of Na+, K+ and CI- ions) involved in the transport of ions through cell membranes increases.

Physiological significance of aldosterone in the body consists in the regulation of water-salt homeostasis (isoosmia) and environmental reaction (pH).

The hormone enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ and H+ ions into the lumen of the distal tubules. Aldosterone has the same effect on the glandular cells of the salivary glands, intestines, and sweat glands. Thus, under its influence, sodium retention occurs in the body (at the same time as chlorides and water) to maintain the osmolarity of the internal environment. The consequence of sodium retention is an increase in circulating blood volume and blood pressure. As a result of aldosterone enhancing the excretion of H+ and ammonium protons, the acid-base state of the blood shifts to the alkaline side.

Mineralocorticoids increase muscle tone and performance. They enhance reactions immune system and have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone is carried out by several mechanisms, the main one of which is the stimulating effect of increased levels of angiotensin II (Fig. 1).

This mechanism is realized in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Its trigger point is the formation in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney and the release of the proteinase enzyme, renin, into the blood. The synthesis and secretion of renin increases with a decrease in blood flow through the night, an increase in the tone of the SNS and stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors by catecholamines, a decrease in sodium content and an increase in the level of potassium in the blood. Renin catalyzes the cleavage from angiotensinogen (a 2 -blood globulin, synthesized by the liver) of a peptide consisting of 10 amino acid residues - angiotensin I, which is converted in the blood vessels of the lungs under the influence of the angiotensin converting enzyme into angiotensin II (AT II, ​​a peptide of 8 amino acid residues). AT II stimulates the synthesis and release of aldosterone in the adrenal glands and is a powerful vasoconstrictor.

Rice. 1. Regulation of the formation of adrenal hormones

Increases aldosterone production high level ACTH of the pituitary gland.

The secretion of aldosterone is reduced by restoration of blood flow through the kidney, an increase in sodium levels and a decrease in potassium in the blood plasma, a decrease in the tone of the joint system, hypervolemia (an increase in circulating blood volume), and the effect of natriuretic peptide.

Excessive secretion of aldosterone can lead to retention of sodium, chlorine and water and loss of potassium and hydrogen; development of alkalosis with overhydration and the appearance of edema; hypervolemia and increased blood pressure. With insufficient secretion of aldosterone, loss of sodium, chlorine and water develops, potassium retention and metabolic acidosis, dehydration, drop in blood pressure and shock, in the absence of replacement hormone therapy death of the organism may occur.

Glucocorticoids

Hormones are synthesized by cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex and are represented in humans by 80% cortisol and 20% by other steroid hormones - corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone.

Cortisol is a derivative of cholesterol. Its daily secretion in an adult is 15-30 mg, its content in the blood is 120-150 μg/l. The formation and secretion of cortisol, as well as the hormones ACTH and corticoliberin that regulate its formation, are characterized by a pronounced daily periodicity. Their maximum content in the blood is observed early in the morning, the minimum in the evening (Fig. 8.4). Cortisol is transported in the blood in 95% bound form with transcortin and albumin and in free (5%) form. Its half-life is about 1-2 hours. The hormone is metabolized by the liver and is partially excreted in the urine.

Cortisol binds to specific intracellular cytoplasmic receptors, of which there are at least three subtypes. The resulting hormone receptor complexes penetrate the cell nucleus and, by binding to DNA, regulate the transcription of a number of genes and the formation of specific messenger RNAs that affect the synthesis of many proteins and enzymes.

A number of its effects are a consequence of non-genomic actions, including stimulation of membrane receptors.

The main physiological significance of cortisol in the body consists in the regulation of intermediate metabolism and the formation of adaptive reactions of the body to stressors. There are metabolic and non-metabolic effects of glucocorticoids.

Main metabolic effects:

• influence on carbohydrate metabolism. Cortisol is a counter-insular hormone, as it can cause long-term hyperglycemia. This is where the name glucocorticoids comes from. The mechanism for the development of hyperglycemia is based on stimulation of gluconeogenesis due to increased activity and increased synthesis of key gluconeogenesis enzymes and a decrease in glucose consumption by insulin-dependent cells of skeletal muscles and adipose tissue. This mechanism is of great importance for maintaining normal levels of glucose in the blood plasma and feeding CNS neurons during fasting and for increasing glucose levels during stress. Cortisol increases glycogen synthesis in the liver;
• influence on protein metabolism. Cortisol enhances the catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids in skeletal muscles, bones, skin, and lymphoid organs. On the other hand, it enhances protein synthesis in the liver, providing an anabolic effect;
• influence on fat metabolism. Glucocorticoids accelerate lipolysis in the fat depots of the lower half of the body and increase the content of free fatty acids in the blood. Their action is accompanied by an increase in insulin secretion due to hyperglycemia and increased fat deposition in the upper half of the body and on the face, the fat cells of which are more sensitive to insulin than to cortisol. A similar type of obesity is observed with hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex - Cushing's syndrome.

Major non-metabolic functions:

• increasing the body's resistance to extreme influences is the adaptive role of glucocorgoids. With glucocorticoid deficiency, the body's adaptive capabilities are reduced, and in the absence of these hormones, severe stress can cause a drop in blood pressure, a state of shock and death of the body;
• increased sensitivity of the heart and blood vessels to the action of catecholamines, which is realized through an increase in the content of adrenergic receptors and an increase in their density in the cell membranes of smooth myocytes and cardiomyocytes. Stimulation of a greater number of adrenergic receptors by catecholamines is accompanied by vasoconstriction, an increase in the strength of heart contractions and an increase in blood pressure;
• increased blood flow in the glomeruli of the kidneys and increased filtration, decreased water reabsorption (in physiological doses, cortisol is a functional antagonist of ADH). With a lack of cortisol, edema may develop due to increased action of ADH and water retention in the body;
• in large doses, glucocorticoids have mineralocorticoid effects, i.e. retain sodium, chlorine and water and promote the removal of potassium and hydrogen from the body;
• stimulating effect on the performance of skeletal muscles. With a lack of hormones, muscle weakness develops due to the inability of the vascular system to adequately respond to increased muscle activity. With excess hormones, muscle atrophy may develop due to the catabolic effect of hormones on muscle proteins, calcium loss and bone demineralization;
• stimulating effect on the central nervous system and increased susceptibility to seizures;
• increasing the sensitivity of the senses to the action of specific stimuli;
• suppress cellular and humoral immunity (inhibition of the formation of IL-1, 2, 6; production of T- and B-lymphocytes), prevent rejection of transplanted organs, cause involution of the thymus and lymph nodes, have a direct cytolytic effect on lymphocytes and eosinophils, have an antiallergic effect;
• have antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects due to inhibition of phagocytosis, synthesis of phospholipase A2, arachidonic acid, histamine and serotonin, reduction of capillary permeability and stabilization of cell membranes ( antioxidant activity hormones), stimulation of lymphocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium and accumulation in the lymph nodes;
• in large doses cause ulceration of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum;
• increase the sensitivity of osteoclasts to the action of parathyroid hormone and contribute to the development of osteoporosis;
• promote the synthesis of growth hormone, adrenaline, angiotensin II;
• control the synthesis in chromaffin cells of the enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, necessary for the formation of adrenaline from norepinephrine.

Regulation of the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids is carried out by hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system. The basal secretion of hormones of this system has clear daily rhythms (Fig. 8.5).

Rice. 8.5. Circadian rhythms of formation and secretion of ACTH and cortisol

The action of stress factors (anxiety, restlessness, pain, hypoglycemia, fever, etc.) is a powerful stimulus for the secretion of CRH and ACTH, which increases the secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands. By a negative feedback mechanism, cortisol suppresses the secretion of corticoliberin and ACTH.

Excessive secretion of glucocorticoids ( hypercortisolism, or Cushing's syndrome) or their long-term exogenous administration are manifested by an increase in body weight and redistribution of fat depots in the form of obesity of the face (moon face) and the upper half of the body. Retention of sodium, chlorine and water develops due to the mineralocorticoid effect of cortisol, which is accompanied by hypertension and headaches, thirst and polydipsia, as well as hypokalemia and alkalosis. Cortisol causes depression of the immune system due to involution of the thymus, cytolysis of lymphocytes and eosinophils, and a decrease in the functional activity of other types of leukocytes. Bone resorption increases (osteoporosis) and fractures, skin atrophy and striae (purple stripes on the abdomen due to thinning and stretching of the skin and easy bruising) may occur. Myopathy develops - muscle weakness (due to catabolic action) and cardiomyopathy (heart failure). Ulcers may form in the stomach lining.

Insufficient secretion of cortisol is manifested by general and muscle weakness due to disorders of carbohydrate and electrolyte metabolism; decrease in body weight due to decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting and the development of dehydration of the body. A decrease in cortisol levels is accompanied by excessive release of ACTH by the pituitary gland and hyperpigmentation (bronze skin tone in Addison's disease), as well as arterial hypotension, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hypovolumia, eosinophilia and lymphocytosis.

Primary adrenal insufficiency, caused by autoimmune (98% of cases) or tuberculous (1-2%) destruction of the adrenal cortex, is referred to as Addison's disease.

Adrenal sex hormones

They are formed by cells of the reticular zone of the cortex. Predominantly male sex hormones, represented mainly by dehydroepiandrostenedione and its esters, are secreted into the blood. Their androgenic activity is significantly lower than that of testosterone. Female sex hormones (progesterone, 17a-progesterone, etc.) are produced in smaller quantities in the adrenal glands.

Physiological significance of adrenal sex hormones in the body. The importance of sex hormones is especially great in childhood, when the endocrine function of the gonads is slightly expressed. They stimulate the development of sexual characteristics, participate in the formation of sexual behavior, and have an anabolic effect, increasing protein synthesis in the skin, muscle and bone tissue.

The secretion of sex hormones by the adrenal glands is regulated by ACTH.

Excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal glands causes inhibition of female (defeminization) and enhancement of male (masculinization) sexual characteristics. Clinically, this manifests itself in women hirsutism And virilization, amenorrhea, atrophy mammary glands and uterus, deepening of the voice, increased muscle mass and baldness.

The adrenal medulla makes up 20% of its mass and contains chromaffin cells, which are essentially postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS. These cells synthesize neurohormones - adrenaline (Adr 80-90%) and norepinephrine (NA). They are called hormones of urgent adaptation to extreme influences.

Catecholamines(Adr and NA) are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, which is converted into them through a series of sequential processes (tyrosine -> DOPA (deoxyphenylalanine) -> dopamine -> NA -> adrenaline). CAs are transported in the blood in free form, and their half-life is about 30 s. Some of them may be in bound form in platelet granules. CAs are metabolized by the enzymes monoamine oxidases (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and are partially excreted unchanged in the urine.

They act on target cells through stimulation of α- and β-adrenergic receptors of cell membranes (7-TMS receptor family) and a system of intracellular messengers (cAMP, IFZ, Ca 2+ ions). The main source of NA entering the bloodstream is not the adrenal glands, but the postganglionic nerve endings SNS. The content of NA in the blood averages about 0.3 μg/l, and adrenaline - 0.06 μg/l.

The main physiological effects of catecholamines in the body. The effects of CA are realized through stimulation of α- and β-AR. Many cells in the body contain these receptors (often both types), so CAs have a very wide range of effects on various body functions. The nature of these influences is determined by the type of AR stimulated and their selective sensitivity to Adr or NA. Thus, Adr has a high affinity for β-AR, and for HA - with a-AR. Glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones increase the sensitivity of AR to CA. The functional and metabolic effects of catecholamines are distinguished.

Functional effects of catecholamines are similar to the effects of high SNS tone and manifest themselves:

• an increase in the frequency and strength of heart contractions (stimulation of β1-AR), an increase in myocardial contractility and arterial (primarily systolic and pulse) blood pressure;
• narrowing (as a result of contraction of vascular smooth muscles with the participation of α1-AR) of veins, arteries of the skin and organs abdominal cavity, dilation of arteries (through β 2 -AR, causing relaxation of smooth muscles) of skeletal muscles;
• increased heat generation in brown adipose tissue (through β3-AR), muscles (through β2-AR) and other tissues. Inhibition of gastric and intestinal motility (a2- and β-AR) and increased tone of their sphincters (a1-AR);
• relaxation of smooth myocytes and expansion (β 2 -AR) of the bronchi and improvement of pulmonary ventilation;
• stimulation of renin secretion by cells (β1-AR) of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys;
• relaxation of smooth myocytes (β2,-AR) of the bladder, increased tone of smooth myocytes (a1-AR) of the sphincter and decreased urine output;
• increasing the excitability of the nervous system and the effectiveness of adaptive reactions to adverse influences.

Metabolic functions of catecholamines:

• stimulation of tissue consumption (β 1-3 -AR) of oxygen and oxidation of substances (general catabolic effect);
• increased glycogenolysis and inhibition of glycogen synthesis in the liver (β2-AR) and muscles (β 2 -AR);
• stimulation of gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from other organic substances) in hepatocytes (β2-AR), release of glucose into the blood and development of hyperglycemia;
• activation of lipolysis in adipose tissue (β1-AR and β 3-AR) and the release of free fatty acids into the blood.

Regulation of the secretion of catecholamines is carried out reflexively by the sympathetic division of the ANS. Secretion also increases with muscular work, cooling, hypoglycemia, etc.

Manifestations of excessive secretion of catecholamines: arterial hypertension, tachycardia, increased basal metabolic rate and body temperature, decreased human tolerance high temperature, increased excitability, etc. Insufficient secretion of Adr and NA is manifested by opposite changes and, above all, a decrease in blood pressure (hypotension), a decrease in the strength and frequency of heart contractions.

The adrenal glands are paired organs located above the kidneys, but do not have a direct connection with them. They differ slightly in their structure: the right organ has a triangular shape, and the left one has a crescent shape. Their level of performance is the same, as are their functions.

Due to the fact that the adrenal glands are a part of the endocrine system of organs, their work is influenced by the hormones of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus - endocrine organs located near the cerebral cortex.

The mass of each gland is approximately 7-10 grams. These organs consist of two structures - the medulla and the cortex. Each of these structures has its own function. The medulla produces catecholamines - adrenaline and norepinephrine, and the cortex - androgens, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Fact: the cortex makes up 90% of the total mass of the organ, the remaining volume is occupied by the medulla.

The structure of the adrenal cortex

The adrenal cortex consists of three zones - glomerular, fascicular and reticular, while the medulla has a homogeneous structure.

1. Zona glomerulosa. Mineralocorticoids, which regulate blood pressure, are produced here.
2. Beam. Produces glucocorticoids, the main of which is cortisol. Through its production, the adrenal glands regulate the secretion of glucagon, produced by the pancreas, and catecholamines, produced in the adrenal medulla.
3. Mesh zone. Produces androgens - sex hormones. Here, their produced quantity is considered small; the main volume of androgens is produced in the genitals.

Fact: All three zones have different structures and synthesize different hormones, but the division of the cortex into these zones can only be seen using a microscope.

Blood supply

Blood enters the adrenal glands from the superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries. Blood enters the first artery from the artery of the diaphragm, the second - from the abdominal aorta, and the third - from renal artery. The right and left adrenal veins drain blood.

Important! The adrenal glands are organs with an abundant blood supply. The same degree of blood supply is present only in thyroid glands s. It is due to this property that the adrenal glands are most quickly affected by metastases in the presence of oncology in the lungs.

Functions

The adrenal glands are needed to produce hormones. With their help, many organs and processes occurring in the body are affected, incl. and on the psycho-emotional state of a person. One of the functions of the adrenal glands is to combat stress and adapt the body to various conditions. Stress can be physical, emotional or chemical (chemical poisoning).

Fact: With prolonged stress, the activity of the adrenal glands increases, and to create a reserve of hormones, the glands may increase slightly in size.

The adrenal glands are necessary for a number of functions:

• participation in the processes of protein, protein and fat metabolism. If this function is violated, excess weight may appear;
• control of the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems;
• influence on the functioning of blood vessels;
• stimulation of muscle growth;
• strengthening the immune system;
• regulation of blood glucose levels;
• determining a person’s character and some of his taste preferences;
• maintaining libido.

Adrenal hormones

Glucocorticoids

The main glucocorticoid hormones are cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycortisol and dehydrocorticosterone.

Note. Cortisol is considered the most active; other hormones are auxiliary.

Their secretion occurs during stressful situations, as well as during large blood loss, injuries, hypothermia, poisoning and current infectious diseases.

This happens as follows: stress provokes the release of adrenaline, which enters the hypothalamus and gives the latter a signal to stimulate the production of cortisol.

Fact: When the pituitary gland is removed, the adrenal glands undergo dramatic changes: their activity is disrupted, and the production of many hormones is suppressed.

Functions of glucocorticoids:

• regulation of protein and carbohydrate metabolism;
• increasing the concentration of glucose in the blood by stimulating its synthesis in the liver;
• participation in the process of fat metabolism by converting fat cells into energy;
• stimulation of the nervous system, formation of an appropriate mood;
• fluid retention in the body;
• providing an anti-inflammatory and healing effect.

All of these functions, with low levels of stress, benefit the body. With prolonged stress, an abundant release of glucocorticoids leads to the removal of calcium from the body, increased secretion of hydrochloric acid, the development of muscle weakness, and increased vascular sensitivity. All this leads to quite serious diseases - osteoporosis, stomach ulcers, psychoses, disorders of the development of the bone skeleton, diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Fact: the statement “all diseases arise from stress” can be called true, since excessive release of cortisol and its auxiliary hormones has a destructive effect on the body.

Mineralocorticoids

This group includes aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone and oxycorticosterone. The first hormone is the most active.

Mineralocorticoid levels are determined by sodium and potassium levels. An increased content of these elements suppresses secretion, and their deficiency has the opposite effect. In addition, the amount of mineralocorticoids is determined by the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, but ACTH has a greater influence on the production of cortisol.

Functions of mineralocorticoids:

• participation in mineral metabolism (potassium and sodium);
• regulation of blood pressure;
• monitoring the concentration of electrolytes in the blood.

Androgens

Androgens are important sex hormones needed by both male and female bodies. The main hormone of the androgen group is androstenedione. For women, the adrenal glands are their main supplier, and in the male body this amount of androgens has only a secondary role.

Fact: Androgens are the building blocks for the production of testosterone and estrogen. The latter are female sex hormones.

Androgens are 10-20 times less active than testosterone. But even with such a small amount, an increase in androgen levels can affect the formation of secondary male sexual characteristics in women - body hair, the appearance of a rough voice. These are some of the symptoms of adrenal problems in women.

In the male body, the adrenal glands are the only source of estrogen.

Important! Androgens are the building material for estrogens - female hormones. They can also be converted into testosterone. When testicular function in men is impaired, the adrenal glands become the only source of sex hormones.

Functions of androgens:

• body hair in the armpits, groin area, on the face in men, etc.;
• formation of secondary sexual characteristics;
• formation of sexual behavior;
• maintaining libido;
• influence on the functioning of the sebaceous glands;
• influence on the functioning of the nervous system.

Catecholamines

The adrenal medulla produces catecholamine hormones. This group includes dopamine, adrenaline and norepinephrine. These are fast-acting hormones, the secretion of which occurs only during stressful situations. They are not vital, but play a significant role in the body's adaptation to stress.

Fact: The half-life of catecholamines is no more than half a minute.

Functions of catecholamines:

• influence on the functioning of the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate;
• vasoconstriction;
• decreased peristalsis gastrointestinal tract;
• suppression of urine formation;
• stimulation of the nervous system, strengthening of reflexes, improvement of brain activity;
• strengthening the work of sweat and sebaceous glands;
• dilation of the bronchi.

Adrenal diseases

The occurrence of adrenal gland diseases is always accompanied by characteristic symptoms.

Main diseases and their symptoms:

1. Insufficiency of the cortex. Symptoms: low appetite, skin pigmentation, sweating, cold extremities, mood swings, rare urination, thinness.
2. Hyperaldosteronism is excess production of aldosterone. Symptoms: physical weakness, headaches, cramps, chronic fatigue, excessive urination, constipation, swelling.
3. Adrenal tumors. Symptoms: high blood pressure, abdominal pain, chills, panic attacks, attacks of nausea with vomiting, headaches, aches in the joints.
4. Addison's disease is a complete lack of cortisol production. Symptoms: hand tremors, drinking too much with incessant thirst, enuresis, memory impairment.
5. Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome - increased work of the adrenal glands. Symptoms: deterioration of the skin (the appearance of acne, stretch marks, pigmentation), obesity, swelling, body hair and menstrual irregularities (in women).

To check the functioning of the adrenal glands in women, it is necessary to take tests for hormone levels, undergo ultrasound, CT and MRI. The doctor may order additional tests after talking with the patient.

Conclusion

To maintain your own health, you need to monitor the health of the endocrine glands - they are the ones who are involved in all processes of the body. To do this, you need to check regularly hormonal background, and also undergo an ultrasound to check the condition of the organs.

The hormones produced by the adrenal glands are of great importance to the body. To understand their role, it is worth considering the main groups of these hormones and their representatives.

The adrenal glands produce three groups of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones.

Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone; This is the main hormone from this group. The zone of its production is the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is synthesized most actively in the morning; its production declines at 4 am.

The main purpose of aldosterone is to maintain water balance in the body. In addition, it controls the content of minerals such as magnesium, potassium and sodium.

The influence of this hormone promotes increased sodium absorption by the kidneys. At the same time, more potassium is released into the urine. Due to this, there is a decrease in potassium concentration and an increase in sodium in the blood.

If the level of aldosterone is elevated, then a person experiences weakness, his blood pressure increases, his performance decreases, and headaches appear.

The amount of aldosterone may increase due to the presence of an adenoma in the zona glomerulosa. Another reason; hyperplasia of the areas where the synthesis of this hormone occurs.

Reduced aldosterone levels also negatively affect well-being. In this case, cardiac activity is disrupted, weight loss, and dizziness and loss of consciousness are common.

Glucocorticoids

The main hormone of this type; cortisol It is produced in the fascicular zone. Has a very important role. It is under its influence that fat metabolism, protein and carbohydrate metabolism are realized. It also affects the performance of its functions by the heart, blood vessels and kidneys. The functioning of the central nervous system, the growth process, and the characteristics of the immune system depend on it.

The process of cortisol production occurs under the influence of the hormone ACTH (its synthesis is realized in the pituitary gland, in its anterior lobe).

Excess cortisol in the body leads to the following unpleasant consequences:

• overweight,
• proliferation of fatty tissue in the abdomen and face (with its almost complete absence on the buttocks, arms and legs),
• the formation of stretch marks in areas where the skin has been stretched,
• formation of skin ulcers,
• development of osteoporosis,
• thinning of the skin,
• development of Cushing's syndrome.

An insufficient amount of this hormone affects the human body as follows:

• apathy,
• weakness,
• attacks of nausea,
• low pressure,
• tachycardia,
• a slight increase in temperature without the presence of foci of infection in the body.

Sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands

Otherwise they are called adrenal androgens, among which are:

• DHEAS,
• DHEAS sulfate,
• androstenedione.

The process of protein synthesis is under the control of androgens. They also help increase muscle mass and affect the ability of muscles to contract. Excess androstenedione in female body can cause virilism and hirsutism (due to the fact that in peripheral tissues it can be converted into testosterone). When too little androstenedione is produced, this results in hair loss in the armpits and pubic area. In some cases, hair in these areas may be completely absent. However, this feature is typical only for females.

In a healthy body, all of these hormones are produced in the required quantities, which ensures the successful functioning of organs and systems. However, the presence of abnormalities in the functioning of the adrenal glands can lead to increased or decreased production of certain hormones, which leads to problems.

Adrenal hormones and their functions

Hormones are an important component of the normal functioning of the body. They are produced by special glands, so if there are any problems, doctors know what needs to be treated to normalize their production. Adrenal hormones, their functions and treatment are a very complex process that must be monitored by professionals, so you should not self-medicate.

Adrenal hormones: names and their functions

The adrenal glands have several areas that are responsible for producing hormones. Regulation of production is carried out by the nervous system. Hormones are conventionally divided into those produced by the medulla and those produced by the cortex.

It is important to know what hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla. The medulla produces two very important hormones:

• Adrenaline is one of the main substances needed to combat stress. It appears in the most emergency situations, when there is a danger to life on a subconscious level and you need to attack or run away. Adrenaline appears during burns, injuries, anxious situations, sudden changes in the surrounding situation and shock. A clear sign signs that the level of this hormone has increased in the body are dilated pupils, a sharp tightening of muscles, and an increased heart rate. Increases endurance, strength, attention and other factors important for survival. A person's pain receptors become dulled.
• Norepinephrine – it is also one of the hormones responsible for stress. Based on its chemical structure, norepinephrine can be considered a precursor to adrenaline. In its action it is very similar to the previous hormone, but has a less significant effect on the body. It regulates blood pressure, stimulates the heart and constricts blood vessels.

The functions of the hormones of the adrenal cortex are somewhat similar to those produced by the medulla, but at the same time they have their own differences. They are classified as corticosteroids. The bark itself has a complex structure. It has three main parts:

• mesh zone;
• Beam;
• Glomerular.

The zona reticularis produces hormones that relate to the sexual sphere, the so-called androgens. The development of secondary sexual characteristics depends on them. The functions of adrenal hormones during menopause from this zone may be unclaimed and their production decreases. They are responsible for libido, lowering cholesterol and lipids in the blood, and gaining muscle mass.

From the zona fasciculata, adrenal hormones and their functions in women and men are as follows:

• Cortisol is a hormone responsible for preserving energy resources in the human body. It helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism, which affects weight gain. It is also involved in the response to stress, which is why it received its second name “stress hormone”. When it is in excess, a person becomes too irritable. Throughout the day, cortisol levels fluctuate greatly in the body, with maximum levels in the morning and minimum levels in the evening.
• Corticosterone is produced in the same zone and if the function of the adrenal glands is impaired, it can also have excesses and deficiencies.

The zona glomerulosa produces the following types of hormones:

• Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone, the like of which is no longer found in the human body. With its help, the content of potassium and sodium ions in the blood is regulated. This adrenal hormone has the function of restoring water-salt balance, which is realized by participating in metabolism.
• Corticosterone – is involved in regulating water-salt balance. This is a fairly inactive hormone that is produced in the adrenal glands.
• Deoxycorticosterone is a minor hormone of the cortex. It also takes part in water-salt balance, affects the strength of skeletal muscles and is responsible for the body's endurance.

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the functions of the adrenal cortex

In addition to the fact that the adrenal glands themselves produce hormones that affect the functions of any organs or systems, the adrenal glands themselves also require stimulation. Adrenocorticotropic hormone is responsible for their stimulation. It is produced by basophilic cells of the pituitary gland located in the anterior lobe. The physiological role of this substance is the secretion and synthesis of hormones in the adrenal cortex. It affects the fascicular zone most of all. In general, all production functions of the adrenal glands depend on it. Renal insufficiency is caused precisely by failures in the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Thus, treatment will consist not only of influencing the adrenal glands, but also the hypothalamus. In some cases, a synthesized hormone is taken, which is successfully used to treat many diseases based on hormonal problems.

The role and mechanism of action of adrenal hormones

The action of adrenal hormones plays an important role in the human body. They help cope with many harmful factors that have a psychological and physical impact on a person. Inside the adrenal glands there are several areas that produce hormones.

Adrenal glands: the role of their hormones in the body

The adrenal cortex is a whole factory for the production of hormones. The raw materials for their production are cholesterol and other substances that enter the body with food. The role of adrenal hormones is reduced to regulating carbohydrate metabolism, as well as mineral composition. They also affect the ratio of sodium and potassium. In addition, there are adrenal hormones that act in the same way as sex hormones. In particular, they influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Normal activity of the adrenal glands counteracts the development of inflammatory reactions and also helps protect tissues from the destructive effects of microorganisms. The production of adrenaline helps reduce pain and activate the body's strength in emergency situations. Thus, the hormones of the adrenal cortex and their actions turn out to be very important for the body

Adrenal glands: hormones and the effect of hormones on the body

The adrenal cortex produces about 30 steroid hormones called corticosteroids. All of them can be divided into three separate groups, among which are:

• Mineralocorticoids. They contain aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone, which are involved in regulating mineral and water metabolism in the body.
• Glucocorticoids. This includes cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone. It is these hormones that are responsible for extinguishing inflammatory reactions and also affect carbohydrate metabolism.
• Sex hormones. Androgens, estrogens, progesterone, all of this relates to effects on sexual development. They affect sexual functions, as well as the formation of secondary reproductive organs.

The steroid hormones produced here can be quickly destroyed when they reach the liver. When passing through this organ, they are converted into water-soluble forms, after which they are excreted through the kidneys. Production activity can be checked using urine and blood tests.

Adrenal hormone preparations and their synthetic analogues

If with production necessary substances problems arise and there is a lack of them in the body, then the mechanism of action of adrenal hormones fails. To fill this gap and help the body function normally, you should use chemical analogues that will act the same way natural hormones. If the function of the adrenal glands is reduced and the physiological role of adrenal hormones cannot be fulfilled due to their lack, then doctors recommend the use of synthetic analogues. This situation can occur with rheumatism, bronchial asthma, joint diseases and other situations.

Adrenal cortex hormone preparations have classifications and contraindications. The main medications in this area include:

• Cortisone. It is used during replacement therapy when a patient is diagnosed with renal failure. The medicine is produced in tablets. It is allowed to be used only if the liver function is stable. The substances contained in it affect the water and salt balance.
• Hydrocortisone. It is prescribed when renal failure is detected. Contraindicated in the presence of edema, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction. When used, potassium is removed from the body, and sodium is also retained. Forms of production: suspension and liquid for injection.
• Prednisolone. This drug is often prescribed by specialists. It is produced in the form of liquid, tablets, powders and suspensions. Used for obesity and stomach ulcers.
• Methylprednisolone. It is a more powerful analogue of the previous medicine. It also contains less side effects and a wider range of applications. This is due to the higher cost of the product. It may also be prescribed for mental illness. Produced in vials, dry substances, tablets and suspensions.
• Dexamethasone. It is one of the most powerful drugs in this area. Because of this, it has a large number of negative effects that can manifest themselves during and after use. It is used mainly for short-term treatment, or the course of administration itself is relatively short. With its help, the patient’s condition is alleviated after chemical therapy. It is also used when the patient has problems with breathing (most often in premature babies). Available in the form of injections and tablets.
• Betamethasone. It is a powerful drug but with fewer side effects. It is produced in the form of a liquid, as it is most often prescribed as an injection.

Adrenal hormone preparations are produced with varying concentrations and additional effects. It all depends on the complexity of the case. Indeed, for some, it is necessary to restore hormones to the required level, after which the body itself begins to produce them in accordance with the norm. Others have a pathological case and life may depend on timely injection. Low dosage synthetic drugs is that they are stronger than natural ones. Accordingly, they must be taken very carefully so that there is no overdose.

Blood test for adrenal hormone

A blood test for adrenal hormones is necessary for various diseases. This is necessary for diagnosing diseases, tracking its progress, and also to ensure the correctness of treatment results. Also increased or reduced rate any of them may show the reasons for some of the patients' complaints. Each test must be approached with appropriate preparation.

Adrenal hormones: names, tests for women

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. This hormone is a steroidal androgen that is produced in the adrenal cortex. The body uses it to produce estrogen and testosterone. If it increases in a woman’s body during pregnancy, there is a risk of miscarriage. An increase in dehydroepiandrosterone becomes common cause miscarriages.

Take tests for adrenal hormones, dehydroepiandrosterone is prescribed in following cases:

• Fetal hypotrophy;
• Adrenal tumor;
• Problems associated with delayed puberty;
• Adrenogenital syndrome;
• Not gestation;
• Ectopic tumors;
• Diagnosis in the middle of the second trimester of pregnancy.

Preparation for this analysis suggests that, at least a day before taking it, you need to try to avoid stressful situations, give up sports training and other physical activities. You should also stop smoking. Blood is donated on an empty stomach in the morning. If you cannot do this in the morning, then it is advisable not to eat anything for 5 hours before taking the exam.

It should be remembered when donating blood for adrenal hormones that the tests can be affected by drugs such as:

• Hydrocortisone;
• Diprospan;
• Dexamethasone;
• Prednisolone;
• Estrogens.

They are not recommended to be taken before taking tests, just like oral contraceptives, as they can affect the accuracy of the result. If the appointment cannot be postponed, then their appointment must be announced at the time of testing. The execution time for such analyzes is up to 2 days.

When considering tests for adrenal hormones and what their norms are, it is worth understanding that they will be different for men and women. They also depend on age. The following indicators are considered the average norm:

• For men: 3590-11900 nmol/liter;
• For a woman: 810 – 8990 nmol/liter.

How to donate blood for adrenal hormones: cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone. It is very important for enduring stressful situations, as it provides protection against this by activating the appropriate reactions of the body. If the level of this hormone is elevated, serious diseases occur. The only normal condition for increasing its level is pregnancy, since then it can increase up to 5 times the norm.

A urine test for adrenal hormones is performed with the same reliability as a blood test. To determine the level of cortisol, it is prescribed in such cases as:

• Osteoporosis;
• Hirsutism;
• Premature puberty of the child;
• Oligomenorrhea;
• Chronic muscle weakness;
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease;
• Addison's disease;
• Increased skin pigmentation.

Preparation for this analysis involves abstaining from the use of estrogens, oral contraceptives, substances containing opium, as well as others. medical supplies. It is better to consult your doctor before taking the test. One day before the analysis you should not undergo physical activity. The analysis is carried out within 1 or 2 days.

Cortisol levels vary greatly with age. It also depends on the time when the blood is taken, but the norms are compiled based on the morning hours, since later it decreases and depends on the internal rhythms of the body. This can lead to large errors. Blood sampling should be done on an empty stomach in morning hours. Based on this, the norm looks like this:

• For persons under 16 years of age – 83-580 nmol/liter;
• For persons over 16 years old – 138-635 nmol/liter.

It is worth understanding that not only increased level The hormone turns out to be dangerous to health, since a low level can threaten a person’s life.

Aldosterone: adrenal hormones, what tests to take

Aldosterone is an adrenal hormone that is responsible for water-salt balance. It regulates sodium and potassium levels, so its normal levels are vital. With its help, the kidney channels retain chlorine and sodium. This affects the amount of fluid excreted in the urine as it decreases. Aldosterone is responsible for maintaining blood pressure. With increased levels of the hormone, muscle tone decreases, swelling appears on the body, and blood pressure increases. Muscles are more likely to experience cramps and heart rhythm disturbances are possible.

The price of an adrenal hormone test depends on the clinic where it will take place. This analysis is prescribed in the following situations:

• Orthostatic hypotension;
• Arterial hypertension, which is difficult to control with standard methods;
• Adrenal insufficiency;
• Suspicion of adrenal adenoma;
• Adrenal hyperplasia;
• Hyperaldosteronism.

You need to approach preparation for an aldosterone test very responsibly and address this issue in advance. Here you need to spend about two weeks on a low-carbohydrate diet. Salt should not be limited in this case. A few days before the test, you should avoid possible stressful situations, as well as give up physical activity during sports and other life situations. You should avoid taking medications that affect the metabolism of potassium and sodium ions, which include steroids, diuretics, oral contraceptives, antihypertensive drugs and estrogens. All this is agreed upon with the attending physician. It is also worth clarifying what the test for adrenal hormones is called before taking it.

Analysis results can usually be obtained within 1-2 days. The normal content is 35-350 lg/ml.

Types of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands produce hormones that are very important in the functioning of the body. They are produced by special glands located in various parts of the adrenal glands. If any problems arise with the maintenance standards, then specialists can determine where the problem lies in order to eliminate it

What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands in women?

The adrenal glands have several areas that produce hormones. The work of each of the areas is regulated by the nervous system, since some of them begin to be synthesized during strong emotional arousal. According to the areas of production, hormones produced by the adrenal medulla are divided into those produced by their cortex. Most of them are produced from bark. They are divided into several types, depending on the area in which they originate. They are called corticosteroids.

Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands from the zona reticularis affect the activity of the genital area. Androgens are synthesized here, which influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics in people of both sexes. Androgens affect muscle gain, reduction of lipids and cholesterol, as well as libido.

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete from the zona fasciculata?

• Corticosterone – produced to regulate mineral metabolism. When the function of the adrenal glands is impaired, severe disruptions of this hormone are noticeable, both more and less than normal.
• Cortisol is responsible for providing a supply of resources for the body, due to which, when it fails, changes in a person’s weight are observed. Regulating carbohydrate metabolism can become very difficult if cortisol starts to rise, since it reduces muscle growth but also promotes fat storage. This hormone is also involved in creating the body's response to stress. As the level increases, the person becomes more irritable and nervous in stressful situations. Its content in the blood is unstable if you look at the amount over the whole day, since its level gradually drops in the evening to minimum values.

The hormones produced by a woman's adrenal glands in this area are called glucocorticoids. They have a wide range of effects on the body. They are responsible for the glucose content in the blood plasma. Hormonal imbalance can lead to hyperglycemia. This is due to the fact that glucogenesis is stimulated in the liver. Thus, more fatty acids and amino acids are converted into glucose than is required by the body.

The glucocorticoid group reduces hexokinase activity, which leads to less glucose utilization. Accordingly, body tissues do not consume it and the amount of the substance increases. These substances have the opposite effect of insulin. They have a catabolic effect on protein metabolism. This prevents muscles from developing, as muscle protein is inhibited. The transport of amino acids to muscle tissue, which also complicates its growth. All this explains why excess cortisol leads to weight gain.

When considering which hormone is produced by the adrenal glands in the zona glomerulosa, it is worth considering a number of substances, since there are more of them here than in the others. The zona glomerulosa produces:

• Deoxycorticosterone is a regulator of the balance of salt and water in the body. Its activity affects the endurance of the body, as well as muscle strength. Despite this, he is classified as a minor group.
• Aldosterone is the only hormone in the human body that is a mineralocorticoid. It affects the amount of sodium and potassium in the blood. It is also involved in metabolism and affects water-salt balance.
• Corticosterone - produced to regulate water-salt balance. Among all other hormones, it has one of the weakest activities.

The adrenal cortex produces hormones that are important for daily human activities. When they worsen, the condition worsens significantly and this can develop into pathology. In some cases, their imbalance can cause infertility.

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

• Norepinephrine – is involved in the body’s response to various stressful situations and sudden changes in environment, which can be life-threatening. In its chemical structure, the hormone looks like a precursor to adrenaline. It helps to activate the body's activity in an enhanced mode, which should help to survive in emergency situations. Norepinephrine is involved in the fight and flight response. It promotes vasoconstriction, increases heart rate, and also regulates blood pressure.
• Adrenaline is similar in action to its predecessor, but has a more significant effect on the body. This is one of the most important hormones needed to combat stress. Discharge occurs in emergency situations when there is a feeling of danger to life. When a shock situation or sudden event occurs, active production of adrenaline begins, whereas in a calm state this does not happen. A clear sign of increased levels are dilated pupils and a sharp increase in heart rate. This also happens with injuries and burns. Adrenaline helps numb the pain during accidents.

The adrenal medulla produces hormones that are more responsible for short-term life periods, as opposed to those. What is produced in the adrenal glands. However, they are also important for normal functioning. There are fewer problems with them and there are not so many diseases based on their deficiency or excess. In many cases, a person does not even notice that something is wrong with them until will undergo examination. When considering what hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla, we should not forget that when the glands are damaged, problems are observed not only in it, but also in the cortex.

Adrenal glands: hormones are elevated

The adrenal glands are located in the area of ​​the 12th rib. These glands produce a number of hormones that are responsible for a variety of areas of the body’s life. Violation of their level can lead to various diseases, including chronic ones. But in order to find out what exactly to treat, you need to have a complete picture of your hormonal levels. After all, an increase in adrenal hormones does not necessarily occur in all its areas at once.

Adrenal glands: excess and deficiency of hormones

All substances produced by these glands can be divided according to the areas of their production. If they are produced in the medulla, then they are of the catecholamine type. These are norepinephrine and adrenaline, which function as neurotransmitters in the body. With their help, neuroendocrine cells are released. The main effect of catecholamines is the stimulation of cellular respiration and the process of glycolysis. With their help, glycogen breaks down into molecules. All this leads to an increase in heart rate, increased breathing, and dilation of the respiratory bronchioles. When the hormone level increases, all these symptoms are observed. Also, when an emergency occurs, even more adrenaline is released, which can harm your health. Constantly elevated levels contribute to rapid wear and tear of the heart.

To determine whether women have elevated adrenal hormones or not, an analysis should be performed. Before it you need to give up coffee, cheese, bananas and strong tea. Also, some medications can affect hormone levels. of this type. The maximum limit for adrenaline in the blood for adults is 60 ng/l. If we take a urine test, the maximum norm here is 81.9 nmol/day. In this case, the minimum value should not fall below 16.4 nmol/day. The indicators for norepinephrine are slightly different. The maximum level is 522 ng/l.

If the level of catecholamines is elevated, I diagnose a brain tumor or pheochromocytoma. At reduced level- adrenal insufficiency.

Adrenal glands: hormones increased from the cortical zone

The cortex produces the following types of hormones:

• Androgens;
• Glucocorticoids;
• Mineralocorticoids.

Thanks to mineralocorticoids, the water-salt balance in the human body is regulated. This is important for the normal functioning of the body. Glucocorticoids target the production of glycogen, glucose, and the release of fatty acids. These steroids are very important because without them a person will not last a week.

If you notice a high level of the adrenal hormone cortisol, then this threatens a number of problems. It makes up up to 90% of all corticoids in the body. When its level decreases or increases, other corticoids usually increase. The normal upper limit of the hormone level for an adult is 650 nmol/liter. In the evening it drops to 280 nmol/liter, and sometimes even less. The fact that the adrenal cortex hormone is elevated can also be determined by urine analysis. The upper limit of normal here is 134 mcg/day.

When cortisol rises, a person quickly gains excess weight and loses muscle mass. He also becomes more irritable. In serious forms, the disease can lead to infertility. The result of an increased level may be:

• Acute psychoses;
• Severe stress;
• Itsenko-Cushing syndrome;
• Uncompensated diabetes mellitus.

Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid. Its production depends on a vasoactive polypeptide. Normal level hormone allows you to maintain the level of the mineral in the proper amount. Any deviations lead to imbalance, which in turn entails various consequences. All this largely depends on a person’s diet, since with a lack or excess of the corresponding substances in food, everything can become much worse or not so noticeable. Excess adrenal hormones in women leads to an imbalance of minerals in the body.

In order for the tests to be as reliable as possible, before taking them you need to avoid using laxatives, medications with potassium and diuretics for at least a week. For adults, the upper limit of normal when donating blood is 160 ng/liter. A special feature of the test is the position of the body, since when tested in a standing position, the norm rises to 310 ng/liter. When donating urine, maximum values ​​of up to 25 mcg/day are allowed.

Excess hormones of the adrenal cortex do not pass without leaving a trace for the normal state of the body. People do not always attach this importance, citing temporary illnesses. But if you don't take this seriously, big problems can arise in the future.

Adrenal hormone deficiency

When there are problems with hormones, elevated levels of these substances are often noted; too low levels are also harmful to health. Adrenal hormone insufficiency can occur in different ways, depending on which hormone is low.

Insufficiency of adrenal hormones

If a person has a deficiency of aldosterone, this can lead to an imbalance of minerals in the body, which can affect other areas of health. This situation may arise when:

• Damage to the adrenal glands;
• Primary hypoaldosteronism;
• Secondary hypoaldosteronism.

One of the most common problem hormones is cortisol. Its jumps depend on the emotional state of a person. Although it is considered a stress hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, which is caused by high levels of something, low levels can also cause problems. Pathological deficiency of cortisol can even lead to death when stress occurs. Its level decreases when:

• Gout;
• Primary adrenal insufficiency;
• Hypothyroidism;
• Spondylitis;
• Bronchial asthma;
• Several types of arthritis;
• Insufficient functionality of the pituitary gland, which controls its production.

The lack of catecholamines is not very noticeable. Even symptoms of adrenal hormone deficiency may not appear at first glance. But if their number decreases or production stops altogether, then death may occur within a few days. This is a very severe case and illnesses often occur in the form of a simple deficiency to normal. Damage to the adrenal medulla becomes the most common cause of hormonal imbalances.

Regulation of adrenal hormones

The regulation of the synthesis of corticosteroids involves the hypothalamus. It is divided into several parts. The nuclei of the anterior part produce the hormone corticoliberin. It enters the adenohypophysis through the portal system. With its help, corticotropin is formed. The regulation of adrenal hormones through corticotropin is carried out due to the formation of glucocorticoids according to the principle of feedback and feedforward. The fact is that it promotes the formation of glucocorticoids, while they block its synthesis in the body. Based on this, it becomes clear that the regulation process due to the adenohypophysis, hypothalamus and adrenal cortex is carried out in close interrelation, forming a single system.

The activity of adenylate cyclase leads to the synthesis of glucocorticoid hormones. This process requires the presence of Ca2+, which ensures the connection of corticotropin with the sensitive endings of the glandular cell. Due to this, the activity of protein kinase increases.

The creation of ACTH is determined by the level of glucocorticoids in the blood. They affect the secretion and synthesis of releasing hormone. This whole scheme begins to work in a different way when a person finds himself in a stressful situation, or is subjected to high physical stress, mental disorders or infections. In this case, glucocorticoids do not become a block for the creation of OS. In addition to this scheme, the level of adrenal hormones can be regulated with the help of mediators. In particular, norepinephrine serves to suppress OS, while acetylcholine and serotonin promote its better synthesis.

Mineralocorticoids can be synthesized through the action of angiotensin. It activates other substances that should increase its production. Aldosterone cannot be synthesized without K+. An increase in K+ concentration leads to the opening of calcium channels, which occurs due to membrane depolarization. Sodium and dopamine are inhibitors for the production and secretion of aldosterone.

Adrenal hormone: treatment

When hormones are out of balance, the only way to correct the situation is to create the right balance. At increased rates it is reduced, and if it is low, it is increased.

For this, doctors prescribe pills, injections, diets and other means, depending on the situation.

The work and structure of the adrenal glands play an important role in the human body. They are directly involved in the normalization of endocrine secretion. Disturbances in their function can cause serious health problems and many diseases.

The adrenal glands are a paired organ. It is located in humans above the upper zone of the kidneys and is located in close proximity to their poles. According to their structure, the adrenal glands are distinguished by outer and posterior surfaces, covered with folds. The central part of the organ contains the largest of them. The adrenal glands are paired glands that regulate the production of several types of hormones that are directly involved in metabolic processes.

The adrenal glands are located in the layers of subcutaneous adipose tissue and the renal membrane in the area of ​​the 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae. The organ has a medial crus, a body and a lateral crus. Their location diagram is easy to find on the Internet.

The development of the adrenal glands occurs in the womb. The shape of the right organ is always different from the left. Another special feature is that one of them has appearance a triangular pyramid, the other - a lunar crescent. The location of the gates in the iron is also different. The physiology of the adrenal glands is such that on the left organ the gate is located at the base, and on the right - at the apex. Organ parameters:

The adrenal glands normally differ in size. Usually the left gland is larger than the right. Despite its small size, this organ plays an important role in the functioning of the entire body and some of its systems, in particular. This does not apply to kidney function. The name of the organ reflects only the anatomy of the location of the adrenal glands. This location also allows them to come into contact with important internal organs not only through blood, but also by contact.

Main functions of the paired organ

Despite the fact that the sizes of the adrenal glands differ in adults and children, they perform the same functions:

1. Responsible for the correctness of the metabolic process.
2. Prevents disruption of metabolic processes.
3. Help the body adapt to a stressful situation and quickly recover from it.
4. Produce hormones responsible for the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and cardiac system; regulating the level of sugar, fats and carbohydrates; protecting against exposure to toxins and allergens.

When the human body is in a state of stress for a long time, the paired organ can increase in size. This physiology of the adrenal glands can cause exhaustion when the gland loses its ability to produce hormones. At the same time, she must be responsible for protecting internal organs, ensuring the body’s readiness to fight back physical or nervous stress.

Each of the two adrenal glands in the human body has 2 substances: internal (cerebral) and external (cortical). They are structured differently, differ in origin and type of hormone produced. The former are actively involved in the activity of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus, as well as the central nervous system. The latter are responsible for metabolism (carbohydrate, electrolyte and fat) and the volume of sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands in men and women, and are associated with the work of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

The structure of a paired organ

The structure of the adrenal glands is a combination of 3 layers: capsule, cortex and medulla. The capsule is a separate fat layer that performs a protective function. The other two layers are located in close proximity to each other, but differ in the work they perform. The cortex produces:

• Cortisol
• Androgen
• Aldosterone

The volume of production, regardless of the mass of the adrenal glands, is about 35 mg. The cortex also includes 3 zones: glomerular, fascicular and reticular.

The center of the gland is the medulla. It synthesizes the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine. The operating instructions come from spinal cord under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system.

The influence of the adrenal glands on gender characteristics

The adrenal glands in women play the role of regulating the ratio of androgens and estrogens. To be able to have offspring, men must have a certain level of the hormone estrogen, and their companions must have testosterone.

In young women, estrogens are produced in the ovaries, and when age-related changes(menopause) this function is performed by the adrenal glands. At the same time, they regulate cholesterol metabolism, preventing the formation of plaques in blood vessels. The insufficiency of produced hormones in women is expressed in a disruption of the menstrual cycle, and in men, problems in the functioning of the adrenal glands can cause:

• Weight problems
• Obesity
• Impotence

During pregnancy, the activity of the adrenal glands is stimulated by increasing the proportion of the pituitary gland by 2 times. In women, diseases of the adrenal glands can cause the absence of pregnancy. Only after their functioning is restored is it possible to conceive a child.

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands

The main function of the adrenal glands is to produce hormones. The main ones:

1. Adrenalin
2. Norepinephrine

The first type of hormone helps the body resist stress. Its concentration increases when a person is in a positive mood, as well as when injured and during strong emotional experiences. This substance is responsible for the body's resistance to pain and for providing a surge of additional strength.

Norepinephrine is a precursor of adrenaline. It has less effect on the body, takes part in establishing blood pressure, and ensures normal heart function. The corticosteroid hormones are produced in the cortex layer:

• Aldosterone
• Corticosterone
• Deoxycorticosterone

These hormones are mostly involved in regulating water-salt balance, improving blood pressure and increasing the body's resistance. The following hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata:

• Cortisol
• Corticosterone

They preserve the body's energy reserves and are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The adrenal cortex also has a zona reticularis. It releases sex hormones, the so-called androgens. They are responsible for:

1. Blood fat and cholesterol levels
2. Thickness of lipid deposits
3. Muscle growth
4. Sexual desire

This is why a person needs adrenal glands. They produce hormones for the body, without which its normal functioning is impossible. A pair of these organs is necessary to ensure proper hormonal levels. Excessive or insufficient levels of the hormone cause disruption in the functioning of many internal systems.

Symptoms of a disease of the paired organ

Hormonal imbalance is one of the first symptoms of a malfunction in the body. This is how signs of adrenal disease manifest themselves. The manifestation of symptoms depends on which hormone production is disrupted. Lack of aldosterone increases the amount of sodium in the urine, potassium in the blood and reduces blood pressure.

There may be a disruption in the production of cortisol. Then one should expect adrenal insufficiency, as a result of which the heart rate increases, pressure decreases and dysfunction of some internal organs appears.

If the adrenal glands in children, especially during intrauterine growth of boys, produce insufficient androgens, then abnormalities occur in the structure of the genital organs and urethra - pseudohermaphrodism. Girls experience delayed sexual development, which manifests itself in the absence of critical days. Symptoms of pathology of the paired organ include:

• Increased fatigue
• Sleep problems
• Irritability
• Muscle weakness
• Severe weight loss
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increased pigmentation of open areas on the body

The condition, which is characterized by darkening of the mucous membranes, also indicates serious problems in the adrenal glands performing their functions. Often initial stage illnesses are confused with fatigue and overwork.

What diseases can develop?

With Itsenko's disease (or Itsenko-Cushing syndrome), there is increased fat deposition on the face, neck, back and abdomen. Muscle tissue atrophy begins and muscle tone decreases. The patient's skin has a characteristic vascular pattern. Treatment may include removal of the adrenal glands. This most often provokes adrenal insufficiency. This condition is already considered Nelson's syndrome. Its main features are:

1. Decreased visual acuity
2. Loss of taste bud sensitivity
3. Change in skin color of areas on the body

Also appear severe pain in my head. When treating diseases of this nature, medications are selected that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary system. There are often cases that require surgical intervention. Surgeries are performed only when drug therapy is ineffective.

Another adrenal pathology is Addison's disease. Bilateral damage to the paired organ occurs. The production of hormones stops completely or partially. Sometimes the term “bronze disease” is used to name this disease.

Other diseases include the development of adrenal tumors. Formations in them can develop both malignant and benign. At the same time, the cells of the organ grow significantly. This process can affect the cortex or medulla. The difference will be in the presentation of symptoms and structure. The most common signs of adrenal tumors are:

1. Trembling in the muscles
2. Increased pressure
3. Tachycardia
4. Overexcited state
5. Feeling afraid of death
6. Painful cramps in the abdomen and sternum
7. Excessive urination

Tumors in the adrenal glands are most often diagnosed in women. In the stronger sex they form 2-3 times less often. If the tumor is malignant, metastases spread to neighboring organs. Due to decreased adrenal function, hormonal levels are disrupted. To restore it, the patient is prescribed a hormonal drug, and the tumor is removed only through surgery. Untimely treatment leads to the development diabetes mellitus or dysfunction of the kidneys, above which the adrenal glands are located.

When diseases develop in the adrenal glands, inflammation often occurs. At first it causes mental disorders and heart problems. Over time, the desire to eat disappears, nausea and vomiting appear, and hypertension develops, which significantly worsens the patient’s quality of life. The main diagnostic method for detecting inflammation is ultrasound.

How are diseases diagnosed?

When symptoms of adrenal gland disease appear in men or women, they are sent for diagnostics to establish the clinical picture. For these purposes, a number of studies are carried out, prescribed by the doctor, taking into account the patient’s medical history. First of all, excess or deficiency of hormones in the paired organ is determined. To make an accurate diagnosis, the following examinations of the adrenal gland zone can be performed:

• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Computed tomography
• Histological examination(tissue examination)

Based on the results obtained, a clinical picture health status and the appropriate course of treatment is prescribed. When choosing it, the causes of the disease, the patient’s age, the presence of contraindications and concomitant diseases of other internal organs are taken into account. The course consists of drug therapy or surgery.

As is known, in the human body there are many mechanisms necessary for the regulation of life. One of them is the endocrine system, which is responsible for the formation and secretion of hormones. It includes organs such as the thyroid and pancreas, adrenal glands, and reproductive cells. Each of them is responsible for the secretion of certain hormones and their own functions. One of the most important endocrine glands is the adrenal glands. Despite their small size, they provide regulation of many processes occurring in the human body. This is due to the fact that the adrenal glands secrete several hormones at once, each of which performs a specific role.

Functions and structure of the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are paired organs that are located in the retroperitoneum. They are located right on the upper surface of the kidneys and have their own capsule. The right and left glands differ from each other in shape, but have approximately the same size and location. Both adrenal glands consist of two layers: the cortex and the medulla. The first occupies the bulk of the thickness of the organs. Thanks to it, water-salt balance, mineral metabolism are maintained, and sexual functions are also ensured. The adrenal medulla occupies a smaller part, but its role is also very important for life. Thanks to it, hormones such as adrenaline and norepinephrine enter the blood. These substances are necessary not only for the normal functioning of the heart, but are also one of the main mediators of the nervous system. The structure and functions of the adrenal glands are directly related to each other, since each zone of these organs is responsible for the production of its own hormone. This allows you to diagnose disorders of a specific area of ​​the gland.

Adrenal cortex

Beneath the fibrous capsule is the adrenal cortex. It occupies 90% of the thickness of the gland. In turn, this layer is divided into 3 parts. The zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and reticularis are part of one anatomical formation called the “adrenal cortex.” The functions of each of these layers are different. They are associated with hormones that are produced in a particular zone. The glomerular layer is responsible for maintaining mineral metabolism in the body. It releases hormones such as aldosterone and corticosterone into the blood. Thanks to their action, the functioning of the renal tubules is regulated, as a result of which excess fluid is not retained in the body. In addition to maintaining ion exchange, these hormones help maintain normal blood pressure. The functions of the adrenal glands are also determined by the zona fasciculata of the cortex. It produces glucocorticosteroids - the main regulators of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. In addition, these hormones are in close relationship with catecholamines and insulin. Corticosteroids affect many processes occurring in the body. Among them are the suppression of inflammatory reactions, dilation of the bronchi, decreased immune response, etc. The reticular zone of the cortex produces androgens - sex hormones responsible for the formation of secondary sexual characteristics.

Adrenal medulla

The functions of the adrenal glands largely depend on the medulla. This is where adrenaline is produced. This hormone is responsible for such important indicators as blood pressure and pulse. Adrenaline, otherwise known as epinephrine, is released into the blood under the influence of stressful situations. At rest, the hormone is released only in small quantities. The adrenal medulla produces and stores adrenaline. The functions of this hormone are also associated with the transmission nerve impulses. In this case, adrenaline acts as a mediator.

Adrenal glands: hormones and functions in the body

Although the adrenal cortex and medulla secrete different hormones, they are all interconnected. The functions of the adrenal glands are performed due to the close interaction of both layers. For example, adrenaline is released into the blood with the help of corticosteroids, which, as it were, “signal” the body about stress. In addition, hormones of the zona fasciculata are responsible for the regulation of all types of metabolism, which occurs due to their relationship with the secretions of the pancreas and thyroid glands. Their effect is aimed at helping such biogenic amines as thyroxine, glucagon and adrenaline. They also regulate the production of insulin by pancreatic cells. All this is carried out by the adrenal glands; their functions in the body are very important for life. If there is a disturbance in these glands, the entire endocrine system.

Functions of the adrenal glands in women and men

In addition to the fact that the adrenal glands are involved in many vital processes, they are responsible for a person’s appearance, voice and sexual behavior. All this is provided by sex hormones - androgens, produced in the reticular zone of the cortex. It can be argued that the functions of the adrenal glands in women and men are identical. However, thanks to androgens in the zona reticularis, secondary sexual characteristics appear during adolescence. In women, it is characterized by a lack of facial hair, a thin voice and breast growth. Androgens in men contribute to the development of muscle mass, the appearance of a mustache and beard, and behavioral changes during adolescence.

Adrenal gland dysfunction

Dysfunction of the adrenal glands leads to various consequences for the body. Manifestations depend on the spread of the lesion to the gland tissue. In addition, the disorder may be associated with both hyper- and hyposecretion of hormones. Depending on this, one or another function of the human adrenal glands suffers. The most common symptoms are: increased blood pressure, female obesity, increased skin pigmentation (most often on the abdomen), alopecia. In addition to these manifestations, there are more serious problems, such as combined disorders of all types of metabolism, hermaphroditism, hypertensive crisis with the development of heart attack and stroke.

Diseases caused by disorders of the adrenal cortex

There are many pathologies associated with disorders in the adrenal cortex. The most common of them are Cushing's disease and Conn's syndrome. The first is associated with increased formation and release of corticosteroids. The main manifestations of Itsenko-Cushing's disease: hyperglycemia, obesity of the face and upper half of the body, muscle weakness, increased pigmentation of the abdominal skin in the form of stripes (striae). Conn's syndrome develops when there is a disorder in the zona glomerulosa cortex. It is characterized by increased levels of aldosterone. Clinically, this is manifested by muscle weakness and cramps, itching, symptoms of diabetes - thirst and polyuria. Violations in the reticular zone in boys can lead to acceleration - early puberty or, on the contrary, to infantilism. Girls experience symptoms such as hirsutism - male-type hair growth, rough timbre of voice, underdevelopment of the mammary glands. In rare cases, disruption of the reticular zone leads to hermaphroditism. The combined deficiency of all cortical hormones is called Addison's disease.

Adrenal medulla disorder

Another function of the adrenal glands in the human body is related to the medulla. If this layer is disrupted, a disease such as pheochromocytoma develops. It is characterized by increased production and secretion of adrenaline into the blood. The consequences of this are an increase in blood pressure to critical values. The disease is often confused with hypertension and kidney disease. Its difference is that the increase in blood pressure occurs suddenly and reaches high numbers. In addition, the patient’s condition returns to normal just as unexpectedly. Hypertension with pheochromocytoma requires special treatment. The consequences of this condition are dangerous due to the development of a heart attack and acute cerebrovascular accident.

Diagnosis and treatment of adrenal diseases

Adrenal disease can be suspected by clinical manifestations. The final diagnosis will become clear only after donating blood for hormone levels and instrumental examination methods (ultrasound, MRI, scintigraphy). The most common cause of disease is adrenal tumors. Pathologies associated with hypersecretion of hormones require surgical treatment. After surgery, adrenal function can be fully restored. Hormone deficiency requires lifelong replacement therapy.